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Urs Von Gunten - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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efficiency and Energy Requirements for the transformation of organic micropollutants by ozone o3 h2o2 and uv h2o2
Water Research, 2011Co-Authors: Ioannis A Katsoyiannis, Silvio Canonica, Urs Von GuntenAbstract:The Energy consumptions of conventional ozonation and the AOPs O3/H2O2 and UV/H2O2 for transformation of organic micropollutants, namely atrazine (ATR), sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) were compared. Three lake waters and a wastewater were assessed. With p-chlorobenzoic acid (pCBA) as a hydroxyl radical (•OH) probe compound, we experimentally determined the rate constants of organic matter of the selected waters for their reaction with •OH (kOH,DOM), which varied from 2.0 × 104 to 3.5 × 104 L mgC-1 s-1. Based on these data we calculated •OH scavenging rates of the various water matrices, which were in the range 6.1-20 × 104 s-1. The varying scavenging rates influenced the required oxidant dose for the same degree of micropollutant transformation. In ozonation, for 90% pCBA transformation in the water with the lowest scavenging rate (lake Zurich water) the required O3 dose was roughly 2.3 mg/L, and in the water with the highest scavenging rate (Dubendorf wastewater) it was 13.2 mg/L, corresponding to an Energy consumption of 0.035 and 0.2 kWh/m3, respectively. The use of O3/H2O2 increased the rate of micropollutant transformation and reduced bromate formation by 70%, but the H2O2 production increased the Energy Requirements by 20-25%. UV/H2O2 efficiently oxidized all examined micropollutants but Energy Requirements were substantially higher (For 90% pCBA conversion in lake Zurich water, 0.17-0.75 kWh/m3 were required, depending on the optical path length). Energy Requirements between ozonation and UV/H2O2 were similar only in the case of NDMA, a compound that reacts slowly with ozone and •OH but is transformed efficiently by direct photolysis. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
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efficiency and Energy Requirements for the transformation of organic micropollutants by ozone o3 h2o2 and uv h2o2
Water Research, 2011Co-Authors: Ioannis A Katsoyiannis, Silvio Canonica, Urs Von GuntenAbstract:The Energy consumptions of conventional ozonation and the AOPs O(3)/H(2)O(2) and UV/H(2)O(2) for transformation of organic micropollutants, namely atrazine (ATR), sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) were compared. Three lake waters and a wastewater were assessed. With p-chlorobenzoic acid (pCBA) as a hydroxyl radical ((•)OH) probe compound, we experimentally determined the rate constants of organic matter of the selected waters for their reaction with (•)OH (k(OH,DOM)), which varied from 2.0 × 10(4) to 3.5 × 10(4) L mgC(-1) s(-1). Based on these data we calculated (•)OH scavenging rates of the various water matrices, which were in the range 6.1-20 × 10(4) s(-1). The varying scavenging rates influenced the required oxidant dose for the same degree of micropollutant transformation. In ozonation, for 90% pCBA transformation in the water with the lowest scavenging rate (lake Zurich water) the required O(3) dose was roughly 2.3 mg/L, and in the water with the highest scavenging rate (Dubendorf wastewater) it was 13.2 mg/L, corresponding to an Energy consumption of 0.035 and 0.2 kWh/m(3), respectively. The use of O(3)/H(2)O(2) increased the rate of micropollutant transformation and reduced bromate formation by 70%, but the H(2)O(2) production increased the Energy Requirements by 20-25%. UV/H(2)O(2) efficiently oxidized all examined micropollutants but Energy Requirements were substantially higher (For 90% pCBA conversion in lake Zurich water, 0.17-0.75 kWh/m(3) were required, depending on the optical path length). Energy Requirements between ozonation and UV/H(2)O(2) were similar only in the case of NDMA, a compound that reacts slowly with ozone and (•)OH but is transformed efficiently by direct photolysis.
Joel Aubin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a new method of biophysical allocation in lca of livestock co products modeling metabolic Energy Requirements of body tissue growth
International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2017Co-Authors: Xiaobo Chen, Aurelie Wilfart, Laurence Puillet, Joel AubinAbstract:Purpose In agricultural life cycle assessment (LCA), the allocation method chosen to divide impacts among co-products is an important issue, since it may change conclusions about a product’s impacts. We developed a biophysical allocation method to assign upstream environmental burdens and the use of raw materials at farm gate to the livestock co-products at the slaughterhouse based on their metabolic Energy Requirements.
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a new method of biophysical allocation in lca of livestock co products modeling metabolic Energy Requirements of body tissue growth
International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2017Co-Authors: Xiaobo Chen, Aurelie Wilfart, Laurence Puillet, Joel AubinAbstract:In agricultural life cycle assessment (LCA), the allocation method chosen to divide impacts among co-products is an important issue, since it may change conclusions about a product’s impacts. We developed a biophysical allocation method to assign upstream environmental burdens and the use of raw materials at farm gate to the livestock co-products at the slaughterhouse based on their metabolic Energy Requirements. Biophysical allocation is designed to build a relationship between co-products of a meat-production system and their associated net metabolic Energy Requirements. A metabolic growth model (Gompertz function) was combined with an Energy calculation model to estimate metabolic Energy Requirements for the growth of an animal from birth to slaughter age. Allocation factors were calculated based on the Energy required to maintain and produce body tissues (excluding waste), as a function of their chemical (protein and lipid) and physiological properties. This method was applied for an average beef cow and then compared to other allocation methods (e.g., mass, dry matter, protein, and economic). At slaughter age, carcass tissues required the most Energy (44 %) due to their high quantity of protein; the gastrointestinal tract and liver required about 28 and 5 %, respectively, of total metabolic Energy Requirements due to their roles in body metabolism. Biophysical allocation considers the Energy cost of building and maintaining the tissues, regardless of their final uses. It reflects physical relationships among co-products as well as other allocation methods do. It also reveals the cause-effect relationship between tissues according to the Energy required to maintain physiological functions. Once the growing time until slaughter is set, biophysical allocation factors are not influenced over time, unlike those of economic allocation, which is highly influenced by price variability. This study provides a generic and robust biophysical allocation method for estimating environmental burdens of co-products, in accordance with ISO allocation rules. The method can be considered an original contribution to international debates on allocation methods applied to livestock products in LCA. In this paper, it is applied to cattle-related product, but it is generic and the principles can be adapted to any kind of livestock species. It should be considered and discussed by stakeholders in livestock production industries.
Xiaobo Chen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a new method of biophysical allocation in lca of livestock co products modeling metabolic Energy Requirements of body tissue growth
International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2017Co-Authors: Xiaobo Chen, Aurelie Wilfart, Laurence Puillet, Joel AubinAbstract:Purpose In agricultural life cycle assessment (LCA), the allocation method chosen to divide impacts among co-products is an important issue, since it may change conclusions about a product’s impacts. We developed a biophysical allocation method to assign upstream environmental burdens and the use of raw materials at farm gate to the livestock co-products at the slaughterhouse based on their metabolic Energy Requirements.
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a new method of biophysical allocation in lca of livestock co products modeling metabolic Energy Requirements of body tissue growth
International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2017Co-Authors: Xiaobo Chen, Aurelie Wilfart, Laurence Puillet, Joel AubinAbstract:In agricultural life cycle assessment (LCA), the allocation method chosen to divide impacts among co-products is an important issue, since it may change conclusions about a product’s impacts. We developed a biophysical allocation method to assign upstream environmental burdens and the use of raw materials at farm gate to the livestock co-products at the slaughterhouse based on their metabolic Energy Requirements. Biophysical allocation is designed to build a relationship between co-products of a meat-production system and their associated net metabolic Energy Requirements. A metabolic growth model (Gompertz function) was combined with an Energy calculation model to estimate metabolic Energy Requirements for the growth of an animal from birth to slaughter age. Allocation factors were calculated based on the Energy required to maintain and produce body tissues (excluding waste), as a function of their chemical (protein and lipid) and physiological properties. This method was applied for an average beef cow and then compared to other allocation methods (e.g., mass, dry matter, protein, and economic). At slaughter age, carcass tissues required the most Energy (44 %) due to their high quantity of protein; the gastrointestinal tract and liver required about 28 and 5 %, respectively, of total metabolic Energy Requirements due to their roles in body metabolism. Biophysical allocation considers the Energy cost of building and maintaining the tissues, regardless of their final uses. It reflects physical relationships among co-products as well as other allocation methods do. It also reveals the cause-effect relationship between tissues according to the Energy required to maintain physiological functions. Once the growing time until slaughter is set, biophysical allocation factors are not influenced over time, unlike those of economic allocation, which is highly influenced by price variability. This study provides a generic and robust biophysical allocation method for estimating environmental burdens of co-products, in accordance with ISO allocation rules. The method can be considered an original contribution to international debates on allocation methods applied to livestock products in LCA. In this paper, it is applied to cattle-related product, but it is generic and the principles can be adapted to any kind of livestock species. It should be considered and discussed by stakeholders in livestock production industries.
Bo Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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exports driven primary Energy Requirements and the structural paths of chinese regions
Frontiers in Earth Science, 2020Co-Authors: Ying Liu, Xudong Sun, Bo Zhang, Chenghe GuanAbstract:As the major primary Energy importer in the world, China has engaged in considerable efforts to ensure Energy security. However, little attention has been paid to China’s embodied primary Energy exports. Separating the international export from regional final demand, this paper focuses on quantifying provincial primary Energy requirement arising from China’s exports, and tracing its concrete interprovincial supply chains using multi-regional input-output analysis and structural path analysis. Results show that China’s embodied primary Energy uses in exports (EEE) reached 633.01 Mtce in 2012, compared to 565.15 Mtce in 2007. Four fifths of the EEE were supplied through interprovincial trade. Eastern coastal provinces accounted for nearly 70% of the national total EEE, while their primary Energy supply mainly sourced from the central and western provinces. Most interprovincial supply chain paths of embodied primary Energy exports were traced to the coal mining sectors of Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi. Critical receiving sectors in the final export provinces were Chemical industry, Metallurgy, Electronic equipment, Textile and other manufacturing sectors. Important transmission sectors were Electricity and hot water production and supply and Petroleum refining, coking, etc. In view of the specific role of exports in primary Energy Requirements, provincial Energy uses are largely dependent on its domestic trade position and degrees of industrial participation in the global economy. Managing critical industrial sectors and supply chain paths associated with the international exports provide new insights to ensure China’s Energy security and to formulate targeted Energy policies.
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demand driven primary Energy Requirements by chinese economy 2012
Energy Procedia, 2017Co-Authors: Jing Meng, Xudong Sun, Bo ZhangAbstract:This study examines demand-driven primary Energy Requirements of the Chinese economy in 2012. The discrepancies and inter-linking paths of demand-driven Energy uses via domestic supply chains have been identified. The total embodied Energy uses (EEUs) in final demand amount to 3318.69 Mtce, of which investment contributes 45.97% to the total. All manufacturing sectors account for 45.75% of the total EEUs, followed by construction for 29.43% and services for 13.69%. By tracing embodied Energy fluxes starting from resource extraction to final uses, several critical industrial sectors and crucial routes starting from resource extraction to final use are extracted and ranked. To develop more appropriate policy designs for Energy saving and emission reduction in China, demand-driven embodied Energy uses deserve to be considered from a systematic viewpoint.
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identifying primary Energy Requirements in structural path analysis a case study of china 2012
Applied Energy, 2017Co-Authors: Bo Zhang, Jing Meng, Xudong SunAbstract:Abstract Primary Energy Requirements have close interaction with resource, technology, environment, infrastructure, as well as the socio-economic development. This study links the entire supply chain of the Chinese economy from Energy extraction to final consumption by using input-output analysis and structural path analysis. The results show that the domestic primary Energy input amounted to 3318.7 Mtce in 2012, of which 49.5% was induced by investment demands. Despite being one of the world's largest Energy importers, embodied Energy uses (EEUs) in China’s exports were equivalent to about one fourth of its total domestic supply. All Manufacturing sectors accounted for 44.3% of the total EEUs, followed by Construction for 33.3%, Services for 11.6% and Power & Heat for 3.9%. After examining the embodied Energy paths, critical economic sectors such as Construction of Buildings, Construction Installation Activities, Transport Via Road, Production and Supply of Electricity and Steam and Processing of Steel Rolling Processing, and supply chain routes starting from final uses to resource extraction such as “Capital formation → Construction of Buildings → Production and Supply of Electricity and Steam → Production and Supply of Electricity and Steam → Mining and Washing of Coal”, were identified as the main contributors to China’s raw coal and other primary Energy Requirements. Restructuring Chinese economy from manufacturing industries to construction and services with huge economic costs cannot fundamentally conserve Energy, owing to their almost identical structures in higher production tiers; more appropriate policies on technology efficiency gains, Energy mix improvement, economic structure adjustment and green consumption deserve to be considered in the light of upstream and downstream responsibilities from a systematic viewpoint.
Shonali Pachauri - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a comparative multivariate analysis of household Energy Requirements in australia brazil denmark india and japan
Energy, 2006Co-Authors: Shonali Pachauri, Manfred Lenzen, Claude Cohen, Mette Wier, Hitoshi Hayami, Roberto SchaefferAbstract:In this paper, we appraise sustainable household consumption from a global perspective. Using per capita Energy Requirements as an indicator of environmental pressure, we focus on the importance of income growth in a cross-country analysis. Our analysis is supported by a detailed within-country analysis encompassing five countries, in which we assess the importance of various socioeconomic-demographic characteristics of household
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an analysis of cross sectional variations in total household Energy Requirements in india using micro survey data
Energy Policy, 2004Co-Authors: Shonali PachauriAbstract:Abstract Using micro level household survey data from India, we analyse the variation in the pattern and quantum of household Energy Requirements, both direct and indirect, and the factors causing such variation. An econometric analysis using household survey data from India for the year 1993–1994 reveals that household socio-economic, demographic, geographic, family and dwelling attributes influence the total household Energy Requirements. There are also large variations in the pattern of Energy Requirements across households belonging to different expenditure classes. Results from the econometric estimation show that total household expenditure or income level is the most important explanatory variable causing variation in Energy Requirements across households. In addition, the size of the household dwelling and the age of the head of the household are related to higher household Energy Requirements. In contrast, the number of members in the household and literacy of the head are associated with lower household Energy Requirements.
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Direct and indirect Energy Requirements of households in India
Energy Policy, 2002Co-Authors: Shonali Pachauri, Daniel SprengAbstract:Abstract This study is based on the 115 sector classification input–output tables for India for the years 1983–84, 1989–90 and 1993–94. Calculated total primary Energy intensities along with private final consumption expenditures are used as a basis for determining the indirect Energy Requirements of Indian households. Results reveal that total household Energy consumption is about evenly divided between direct and indirect Energy and together comprises 75% of the total Energy consumption of India. Most of household Energy consumed directly is still non-commercial and the consumption of food is responsible for about half the indirect Energy consumption. Household Energy Requirements have increased significantly, both in total and per capita terms over this time period. The commercial component of direct household Energy consumption and the indirect Energy Requirements have increased continuously. The main drivers of this increase have been (1) the growing expenditures per capita, (2) population and (3) increasing Energy intensity in the food and agricultural sectors.