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J Lydon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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1 hydroxytropaCocaine an abundant alkaloid of Erythroxylum novogranatense var novogranatense and var truxillense
Phytochemistry, 1994Co-Authors: James M Moore, John F. Casale, Patrick A Hays, Donald A Cooper, J LydonAbstract:A new alkaloid, 1-hydroxytropaCocaine, was isolated from leaves of greenhouse-cultivated Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense and identified. Quantitative levels of this alkaloid in dry leaf were similar to those for Cocaine, i.e. 0.3–0.5% w/w. 1-HydroxytropaCocaine was also detected at 0.04–0.07% w/w (relative to dry Coca leaf) in greenhouse-cultivated Erythroxylum novogranatense var. truxillense and at similar levels in Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense, grown at a tropical site other than in South America. The presence of 1-hydroxytropaCocaine was <0.01% w/w (relative to dry Coca leaf) in suspected Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense and Erythroxylum Coca var. Coca, field-cultivated in Colombia and Bolivia, respectively.
Emanuel L. Johnson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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kaempferol rhamnosyl glucoside a new flavonol from Erythroxylum Coca var ipadu
Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 2003Co-Authors: Emanuel L. Johnson, Walter F Schmidt, S D Emche, M M Mossoba, S M MusserAbstract:Abstract A new flavonol, kaempferol rhamnosyl diglycoside, was isolated from leaf tissue of Amazonian field-grown Coca Erythroxylum Coca var. ipadu Plowman. The structure of the flavonol has been determined as kaempferol 4′- O -(rhamnosyl)glucoside by spectral analyses. The array of flavonoids present in E. c . var. ipadu currently under cultivation in Colombian fields is indicative of a recent cross, consistent with ancestralship to E. c. var. Coca and the flavonol is useful as a chemotaxonomic marker for the taxon.
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Effect of soil pH on mineral element concentrations of two Erythroxylum species
Journal of Plant Nutrition, 1997Co-Authors: Emanuel L. Johnson, T. A. Campbell, C. D. FoyAbstract:Abstract Erythroxylum Coca var. Coca Lam. (E. Coca) and Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense (Morris) Hieron (E. n. novogranatense) are two of four Erythroxylum species grown in the tropics of South America for cultural medicines and the alkaloid benzoylmethylecgonine. In a published study of biomass production over a soil pH range of 3.5 to 7.0, E. Coca grew best at a pH equal to and below 5.5, and E. n. novogranatense grew best within the pH range of 4.7 to 6.0. Erythroxylum Coca was tentatively classified as more tolerant to metal toxicities [aluminum (Al) and manganese (Mn)] than E. n. novogranatense, however, concentration patterns of mineral elements for E. Coca and E. n. novogranatense tissue have not been reported, nor have the mechanisms of differential acid‐soil‐tolerance been elucidated. In the current study, the effects of soil pH on concentrations of Al, calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), Mn, and zinc (Zn) in leaves, stems, and roots were investiga...
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alkaloid content in Erythroxylum Coca tissue during reproductive development
Phytochemistry, 1996Co-Authors: Emanuel L. JohnsonAbstract:Abstract The content (% dry wt) of eight alkaloids in branch segments with and without flower buds, terminal leaves, and divided flower parts of Erythroxylum Coca var. Coca , varied greatly in the different tissues. Cocaine, the principal alkaloid in E. Coca , was the most abundant alkaloid in all plant parts analysed. Cuscohygrine was least among the alkaloids, and observed only in leaf tissue. Cocaine content in unopened flower buds, pedicels, perianths and stamens was three times that in immature flower buds; and in pistils of opened flowers, two times that in the immature flower buds. Of all the tissue tested during reproductive development, young leaves at the terminal end of branches contained the most alkaloids.
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Biomass accumulation and alkaloid content in leaves of Erythroxylum Coca and Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense grown in soil with varying pH
Journal of Plant Physiology, 1996Co-Authors: Emanuel L. Johnson, C. D. FoyAbstract:Summary Erythroxylum Coca var. Coca Lam. ( E. Coca ) and Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense (Morris) Hieron ( E. novo, novogranatense ) were grown in greenhouse pots of Monmouth sandy loam, over a pH range of 3.5 through 7.0, to determine patterns for biomass accumulation and the content of hygrine, tropinone, methyl ecgonine, cuscohygrine, tropaCocaine, Cocaine, cis - and trans -cinnamoylCocaine in their leaves. Optimal growth for E. Coca occurred at pH 3.5, and for E. novo. novogranatense at pH 4.7 through 6.0. The pH extreme (sub-optimal biomass accumulation, above and below optimal pH) for E. Coca was ≥6.5 and for E. novo, novogranatense ≤ 3.5 and ≥ 6.5. Hence, E. Coca is tentatively termed a calcifuge (Al-tolerant, Fe-inefficient) while E. novo. novogranatense more nearly resembles a calcicole (Fe-efficient, Alsensitive). Increases in leaf alkaloid content observed at the pH extremes for E. Coca and E. novo, novogranatense appeared to be caused by plant stress. E. novo. novogranatense was more tolerant to the high pH extreme than E. Coca . Twenty-two months after transplanting, 55% of E. Coca plants grown at soil pH 7.0 died, and those that remained were chlorotic. In addition, among E. Coca plants grown at soil pH 6.5, only 55 % were alive at the third harvest. Cocaine concentration in E. Coca was independent of leaf biomass. Leaves of E. Coca grown in soil at pH 3.5 through 6.0 had higher concentrations of Cocaine than those of E. novo. novogranatense . Conversely, leaves of E. novo. novogranatense contained a higher concentration of trans - and cis -cinnamoylCocaine and methyl ecgonine than those of E. Coca . The least abundant alkaloid observed in E. Coca and E. novo. novogranatense was tropinone which was low or commonly not detected. Of the eight alkaloids monitored in leaves of E. novo. novogranatense grown in soils at various pH levels, methyl ecgonine was the most abundant.
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content and distribution of Erythroxylum Coca leaf alkaloids
Annals of Botany, 1995Co-Authors: Emanuel L. JohnsonAbstract:Abstract Fully expanded leaves of Erythroxylum Coca var. Coca Lam. (Erythroxylaceae) 35-70-d-old were harvested from 21-month-old plants grown under greenhouse conditions. Each harvested leaf was placed on a plexiglass silhouette according to its dimensions and divided into four primary sections (petiole, base, mid and anterior) and three subsections (lamina periphery, false mid-rib, and true mid-rib) to determine the distribution and content of hygrine, cuscohygrine, trans -cinnamoylCocaine, cis -cinnamoylCocaine, tropaCocaine, tropinone, methyl ecgonine and Cocaine. The leaf sub-sections and petiole were extracted and analysed for alkaloid content (%) by HPLC (Cocaine alkaloid only) gas chromatography and GC/MS. Cocaine, methyl ecgonine and hygrine were highest in the lamina periphery with a content of 0·48, 0·46 and 0·32%, respectively. Trans -cinnamoylCocaine was pre-eminent of the cinnamoylCocaines and was most abundant in the petiole at a content of 0·24%. Cis -cinnamoylCocaine, tropinone, cuscohygrine and tropaCocaine were ubiquitously distributed throughout the leaf where the average contents were 0·14, 0·004, 0·16 and 0·04%, respectively.
John F. Casale - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Chemosystematic identification of fifteen new Cocaine-bearing Erythroxylum cultigens grown in Colombia for illicit Cocaine production.
Forensic science international, 2014Co-Authors: John F. Casale, Jennifer R. Mallette, Laura M. JonesAbstract:Colombian Coca farmers have historically cultivated three varieties of Coca for Cocaine production (Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense, Erythroxylum novogranatense var. truxillense, and Erythroxylum Coca var. ipadu). Within the past 13 years, 15 new cultigens of Cocaine-bearing Erythroxylum have been propagated by Colombian Coca farmers; each with differing physical characteristics, yet producing Cocaine alkaloids at similar levels found in the historical and native varieties. Fifteen new cultigens were collected from throughout Colombia and propagated along with the three historical varieties within an experimental field in Colombia. Five plants/cultigen were randomly selected and examined for alkaloid content to determine their varietal characteristics when compared to the three known varieties. Ten cultigens gave classic Erythroxylum Coca var. ipadu alkaloid profiles, four cultigens produced alkaloid profiles consistent with a hybridization of Erythroxylum novogranatense and Erythroxylum Coca var. ipadu, while one cultigen gave heterogeneous alkaloid profiles that could not be characterized.
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alkaloid content of the seeds from Erythroxylum Coca var Coca
Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2005Co-Authors: John F. Casale, Steven G Toske, Valerie L ColleyAbstract:Alkaloid extracts from the seeds of Erythroxylum Coca var. Coca grown in the Chapare Valley of Bolivia were subjected to gas and liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses. Several alkaloids from these seeds were detected and characterized, including methylecgonidine, tropine, 3α-acetoxytropane, ecgonine methyl ester, cuscohygrine, N-norbenzoyltropine, benzoyltropine, hexanoylecgonine methyl ester, Cocaine, cis-cinnamoylCocaine, and trans-cinnamoylCocaine. Methylecgonidine was determined to be the primary constituent and not an analytical artifact. Additionally, two significant new uncharacterized alkaloids were established as present. Recent evidence suggests that some Cocaine processors are adding this seed extraction material to Cocaine extracted from Coca leaf and may impact Cocaine impurity signature profiles. Recent debriefings of Coca growers and Cocaine base producers in the Chapare Valley of Bolivia reveal that some growers/processors are extracting Coca seeds for their alkaloid content. The extraction of these alkaloids is a by-product of seed preparation for planting new Coca fields. Coca seeds mature from a green berry to a red mature fruit that is about the size of a green pea. The seeds must be soaked in water to loosen a thin pulp from the encapsulated seed. Once loosened, the seed is separated from the pulp and sun- dried prior to planting new fields. The encapsulated seed fruit is commonly referred to as the seed. Processors have discovered that they can isolate alkaloids from the seed preparation remnants. This recovered material is then added to Cocaine base that has been extracted from Coca leaf. The illicit method for extracting Cocaine from Coca leaf has been well documented (1). The same general illicit procedure is now utilized for isolating alkaloids from Coca seeds. Seeds are collected by pick- ing from the Coca plant. Seeds are most plentiful on plants that are at least three years old. Usually, immature and mature seeds are simultaneously picked. Once the seeds have been soaked for 48 h (about 50 lb. of seed in 180 L of water for example), they are rolled in the hands to remove any unloosened pulp and set aside. The water solution is filtered, lime (about 60 g) and approximately 20 L of diesel fuel are added to the filtrate, and the resulting solution is mixed well. The layers are allowed to separate and the diesel layer is then transferred to a bucket containing approximately 10 L of dilute sulfuric acid. The two layers are mixed well to back extract the alkaloids into the dilute acid, afterwhich the layers are allowed to separate. The diesel is then removed. Ammonium hydroxide is added to the dilute acid to precipitate the alkaloids, which are then captured by filtration through a cloth. The dried material is white in appearance. This material is added to Cocaine base that has been 1 Special Testing and Research Laboratory, Drug Enforcement Administra-
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Lesser Alkaloids of Cocaine-Bearing Plants. Part I: Nicotinoyl-, 2′-Pyrroloyl, and 2′- and 3′-Furanoylecgonine Methyl Ester—Isolation and Mass Spectral Characterization of Four New Alkaloids of South AmericanErythroxylum CocaVar.Coca
Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1997Co-Authors: James M Moore, John F. CasaleAbstract:Four new trace-level alkaloids of South American Coca leaf, Erythroxylum Coca var. Coca, have been isolated from the bulk leaf/alkaloids matrix and characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and synthesis. These alkaloids, nicotinoyl-, 2′-pyrroloyl- and 2′- and 3′-furanoylecgonine methyl ester, were detected in Peruvian Coca leaf and/or in a commercial, industrial-grade extract of South American Coca. Alkaloid isolation methodology included toluene extraction of the leaf followed by dilute acid/Celite and alumina column chromatography and recrystallization. This methodology also allowed for the detection and partial characterization of an additional 125–150 new tropane alkaloids in Coca leaf. Forensic implications are discussed.
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lesser alkaloids of Cocaine bearing plants ii 3 oxo substituted tropane esters detection and mass spectral characterization of minor alkaloids found in south american Erythroxylum Coca var Coca
Journal of Chromatography A, 1996Co-Authors: John F. Casale, James M MooreAbstract:Abstract Alkaloid extracts from the leaves of Erythroxylum Coca var. Coca , grown in South America, were subjected to ion-pair chromatography and then to gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses. Eight previously unreported trace level alkaloids were detected and characterized via comparison to synthesized standards, including 3α-benzoyloxytropane, 3α-phenylacetoxytropane, 3 β - cis - and 3 β - trans -cinnamoyloxytropane, 3 β -2′-hydroxybenzoyloxytropane, 3 α -3′,4′ 5′-tri-methoxybenzoyloxythropane, 3 α - and 3 β -3′,4′,5′-trimethoxy- trans -cinnamoyloxytropane. Two additional alkaloids 3α- and 3 β -3′,4′,5′-trimethoxy- cis -cinnamoyloxytropane, were also tentatively identified.
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1 hydroxytropaCocaine an abundant alkaloid of Erythroxylum novogranatense var novogranatense and var truxillense
Phytochemistry, 1994Co-Authors: James M Moore, John F. Casale, Patrick A Hays, Donald A Cooper, J LydonAbstract:A new alkaloid, 1-hydroxytropaCocaine, was isolated from leaves of greenhouse-cultivated Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense and identified. Quantitative levels of this alkaloid in dry leaf were similar to those for Cocaine, i.e. 0.3–0.5% w/w. 1-HydroxytropaCocaine was also detected at 0.04–0.07% w/w (relative to dry Coca leaf) in greenhouse-cultivated Erythroxylum novogranatense var. truxillense and at similar levels in Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense, grown at a tropical site other than in South America. The presence of 1-hydroxytropaCocaine was <0.01% w/w (relative to dry Coca leaf) in suspected Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense and Erythroxylum Coca var. Coca, field-cultivated in Colombia and Bolivia, respectively.
James M Moore - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Lesser Alkaloids of Cocaine-Bearing Plants. Part I: Nicotinoyl-, 2′-Pyrroloyl, and 2′- and 3′-Furanoylecgonine Methyl Ester—Isolation and Mass Spectral Characterization of Four New Alkaloids of South AmericanErythroxylum CocaVar.Coca
Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1997Co-Authors: James M Moore, John F. CasaleAbstract:Four new trace-level alkaloids of South American Coca leaf, Erythroxylum Coca var. Coca, have been isolated from the bulk leaf/alkaloids matrix and characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and synthesis. These alkaloids, nicotinoyl-, 2′-pyrroloyl- and 2′- and 3′-furanoylecgonine methyl ester, were detected in Peruvian Coca leaf and/or in a commercial, industrial-grade extract of South American Coca. Alkaloid isolation methodology included toluene extraction of the leaf followed by dilute acid/Celite and alumina column chromatography and recrystallization. This methodology also allowed for the detection and partial characterization of an additional 125–150 new tropane alkaloids in Coca leaf. Forensic implications are discussed.
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lesser alkaloids of Cocaine bearing plants ii 3 oxo substituted tropane esters detection and mass spectral characterization of minor alkaloids found in south american Erythroxylum Coca var Coca
Journal of Chromatography A, 1996Co-Authors: John F. Casale, James M MooreAbstract:Abstract Alkaloid extracts from the leaves of Erythroxylum Coca var. Coca , grown in South America, were subjected to ion-pair chromatography and then to gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses. Eight previously unreported trace level alkaloids were detected and characterized via comparison to synthesized standards, including 3α-benzoyloxytropane, 3α-phenylacetoxytropane, 3 β - cis - and 3 β - trans -cinnamoyloxytropane, 3 β -2′-hydroxybenzoyloxytropane, 3 α -3′,4′ 5′-tri-methoxybenzoyloxythropane, 3 α - and 3 β -3′,4′,5′-trimethoxy- trans -cinnamoyloxytropane. Two additional alkaloids 3α- and 3 β -3′,4′,5′-trimethoxy- cis -cinnamoyloxytropane, were also tentatively identified.
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1 hydroxytropaCocaine an abundant alkaloid of Erythroxylum novogranatense var novogranatense and var truxillense
Phytochemistry, 1994Co-Authors: James M Moore, John F. Casale, Patrick A Hays, Donald A Cooper, J LydonAbstract:A new alkaloid, 1-hydroxytropaCocaine, was isolated from leaves of greenhouse-cultivated Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense and identified. Quantitative levels of this alkaloid in dry leaf were similar to those for Cocaine, i.e. 0.3–0.5% w/w. 1-HydroxytropaCocaine was also detected at 0.04–0.07% w/w (relative to dry Coca leaf) in greenhouse-cultivated Erythroxylum novogranatense var. truxillense and at similar levels in Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense, grown at a tropical site other than in South America. The presence of 1-hydroxytropaCocaine was <0.01% w/w (relative to dry Coca leaf) in suspected Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense and Erythroxylum Coca var. Coca, field-cultivated in Colombia and Bolivia, respectively.
Francisco Baca-dejo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Efecto del extracto acuoso, ácido y alcohólico de las hojas secas de Erythroxylum Coca var Coca (Coca) en Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis y Candida albicans in vitro
Horizonte Médico, 2017Co-Authors: Medalit Luna-vílchez, Cristian Díaz-vélez, Francisco Baca-dejoAbstract:Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto del extracto acuoso, acido y alcoholico de las hojas secas Erythroxylum Coca var Coca (Coca) en Trichophyton rubrum (TR), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (TM), Microsporum canis (MC) y Candida albicans (CA) in vitro.Materiales y metodos: Estudio experimental, que evaluo la presencia o ausencia de crecimiento, la velocidad de crecimiento de los hongos a partir del punto de siembra comparando con su crecimiento en Agar Sabouraud (AS). Se analizo con Siegel-Tukey, Kruskal-Wallis, con p
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Effect of the aqueous, acidic and alcoholic extract of dried leaves of Erythroxylum Coca var. Coca (Coca) in Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis and Candida albicans in vitro
Universidad de San Martín de Porres, 2017Co-Authors: Medalit Luna-vílchez, Cristian Díaz-vélez, Francisco Baca-dejoAbstract:Objective: To evaluate the effect of the aqueous, acidic and alcoholic extract of dried leaves of Erythroxylum Coca var. Coca (Coca) in Trichophyton rubrum (TR), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (TM), Microsporum canis (MC) and Candida albicans (CA) in vitro. Materials and methods: An experimental study which evaluated the presence or absence of fungal growth, and fungal growth rate from the seeding point, compared to fungal growth in Sabouraud Agar (SA) using Siegel-Tukey and KruskalWallis tests (p