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N. Parthasarathy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Tree growth, mortality and recruitment in four tropical wet Evergreen Forest sites of the Kolli hills, eastern ghats, India
Tropical Ecology, 2020Co-Authors: Bharath Sundaram, N. ParthasarathyAbstract:Patterns of tree growth, mortality and recruitment in four permanent plots of tropical wet Evergreen Forest in Kolli hills of the eastern ghats, India, were investigated between 1996 and 1999. Permanent tree plots of 2 ha (200 m x 100 m) were established in four Evergreen Forest sites- Perumakkai shola (PS), Vengodai shola (VS), Kuzhivalavu shola (KS) and Mottukadu shola (MS) along an elevational and disturbance gradient. A total of 3814 trees ≥30 cm girth at breast height from 78 species and 36 families were enumerated. There was no change in species richness during the study period. Mean stand basal area increased by 4.1 %. Basal area increment was maximum in the highly disturbed site MS and minimum in the relatively undisturbed site PS (11.6% and 1.7% respectively). Range of growth variation in species increased with Forest disturbance and conspecifics exhibited variation within and across sites. Mortality was independent of tree size. Mortality rates exceeded recruitment rates and the stand turnover time was calculated to be 136 years.
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Reproductive Traits and Phenology of Plants in Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest on the Coromandel Coast of India
Biodiversity and Conservation, 2006Co-Authors: M. Arthur Selwyn, N. ParthasarathyAbstract:Qualitative reproductive traits of 84 plant species belonging to 41 families were studied in tropical dry Evergreen Forest on the Coromandel coast of India. Majority of species had rotate type, white-coloured, scented flowers, rewarding nectar and pollen and pollinated chiefly by bees. An association between floral traits and pollination spectrum is evident. Bee pollination was prevalent in pollination systems. Among the fruit types, drupe and berry were common in black and red colour respectively, and dispersed by zoochorous mode. Seeds of brown- and green-coloured dry fruits, without any reward were disseminated by wind and explosion. The reproductive phenophase of trees and lianas occurred mostly during the dry period from January to June, which receives rainfall of less than 50 mm a month. However, shrubs showed a peak in flowering and fruiting in wet period. Detailed phenological observations of 22 woody species revealed a seasonal and unimodal pattern in flowering. Although some species were in flower round the year, flowering activity was skewed towards the dry season. The fruiting activity showed a bimodal pattern, one peak in dry season and another in wet season. Many species displayed a temporal aggregation in flowering and fruiting. The significant relation was obtained between reproductive traits and phenology of plants in the tropical dry Evergreen Forest.
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Diversity and distribution of herbaceous vascular epiphytes in a tropical Evergreen Forest at Varagalaiar, Western Ghats, India
Biodiversity & Conservation, 2001Co-Authors: J. Annaselvam, N. ParthasarathyAbstract:Herbaceous vascular epiphytes were screened in a total sample of 13 445 trees (in 153 species) and 348 lianas (in 30 species) ≥30 cm girth at breast height in a 30 ha plot of tropical Evergreen Forest at Varagalaiar, Indian Western Ghats. Of these, 4.3% of trees and 3.7% of lianas were infested with epiphytes. Epiphyte diversity totaled 26 species in 19 genera and 10 families. Sixteen species were angiosperms in three families (Orchidaceae 54%; Piperaceae and Araceae 8%) and 10 species (38%) were pteridophytes in seven families. The orchid, Pholidota pallida was most abundant and occurred on 178 (29.6%) stems. Asplenium nidus occurred on the maximum of 62 host species. The species richness estimators employed for species accumulation curves after 100 times randomization of sample order have stabilized the curve at 18th and 19th hectares respectively for Incidence-based Coverage Estimator and Chao2. A total of 588 trees and 13 liana stems lodged epiphytes, 74% of which were Evergreen species and 26% deciduous. Epiphyte density was greater (56%) in deciduous species ( Bischofia javanica 30% and Vitex altissima 8%). A significant positive relationship was found between trunk size and epiphyte association. Larger epiphyte species occurred mostly on middle and larger stems and smaller epiphyte species occurred on smaller stems. The majority of epiphytes (92%) were of autochorous dispersal type, bearing capsule or dust diaspores, while the remaining species with berries and nutlets are dispersed by small vertebrates.
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changes in Forest composition and structure in three sites of tropical Evergreen Forest around sengaltheri western ghats
2001Co-Authors: N. ParthasarathyAbstract:Changes in woody species composition, abundance and Forest stand structure were investigated in three sites of tropical wet Evergreen Forest around Sengaltheri in Kalakad–Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Western Ghats, south India. Three 1-ha plots were established one each in undisturbed, selectively-felled, and moderately disturbed sites, located 2 to 4 km apart. In a total of 3.14 ha, 2673 stems (mean 851 ha) of ≥ 30 cm girth at breast height covering 125 species (range: 64 to 82 species per site) were enumerated. Species richness and tree density varied moderately among the sites. Changes in species composition and abundance are related to natural site variations as well as human impacts. Need for Forest conservation is emphasized.
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attenuated tree species diversity in human impacted tropical Evergreen Forest sites at kolli hills eastern ghats india
Biodiversity and Conservation, 2000Co-Authors: C V Chittibabu, N. ParthasarathyAbstract:Tree diversity (≥30 cm gbh) in undisturbed and human-impacted tropical Evergreen Forest sites was investigated in the Kolli hills, Eastern Ghats, India. Four 2-ha contiguous permanent plots were erected, one each in Perumakkai shola (site PS), Vengodai shola (VS), Kuzhivalavu shola (KS) and Mottukkadu shola (MS) at 1000, 1050, 1200 and 1250 m elevation, with increasing human disturbance, to evaluate the difference in tree species composition, stand structure and dynamics. This paper discusses the results of the first survey. A total of 3825 individuals and 78 species from 61 genera and 36 families were enumerated in the 8 ha area. Among the four 2-ha sites, species richness was greatest (58) in the undisturbed site PS and lowest (39) in the highly disturbed site MS. Shannon, Simpson, Hill diversity and evenness indexes revealed a progressive reduction in diversity with increasing disturbance. The asymptote species-area curves imply adequate site sampling. Tree density (1151 to 651 trees ha−2) and basal area (106 to 46.6 m2 ha−2) decreased from undisturbed to disturbed site, due to selective felling. Single species, Memecylon umbellatum dominated sites MS (39%) and VS (26%), while Nothopegia heyneana, Memecylon umbellatum and Diospyros ovalifolia were dominant in PS, and Meliosma simplicifolia, Myristica dactyloides and Phoebe wightii in KS. Based on species abundance, we classify the study area as Memecylon–Phoebe–Beilschmiedia association with Neolitsea and Myristica as codominants. Tree population structure revealed a step-wise decline in girth frequencies with increasing size class in undisturbed site PS, whereas tree density fell sharp (>50%) in medium girth class in the disturbed site MS. Population of the dominant species varied widely. The diversity values of this inventory are compared with similar studies in India and other tropical Forests. Evidently, the reduction in species richness (by 52%), basal area (56%) and tree density (58%) in disturbed sites, with 57.6% of species rarity of this tropical Evergreen Forest, in secluded patches (‘sholas’) of Kolli hills, underlines conservation need to prevent species loss.
Mamoru Kanzaki - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Comparison of soil depths between Evergreen and deciduous Forests as a determinant of their distribution, Northeast Thailand
Journal of Forest Research, 2020Co-Authors: Naoki Murata, Seiichi Ohta, Mamoru Kanzaki, Atsushi Ishida, Chongrak Wachirinrat, Taksin Artchawakom, Hiroyuki SaseAbstract:In several areas in Northeast Thailand, Evergreen and deciduous Forests coexist under uniform terrain and climatic conditions. We compared depth and physical properties of soils between Evergreen and deciduous Forests in the Sakaerat Environmental Research Station to clarify what factor determines their distribution. The averaged soil depths were 79 ± 27 cm and 135 ± 58 cm in the deciduous and Evergreen Forests, respectively. The soils in the deciduous Forests were relatively coarser in soil texture than those in the Evergreen Forests, particularly in the surface layers. The average available water capacity of the solum was lower in the deciduous Forest soils (78 mm) than in the Evergreen Forest soils (123 mm). Compared with the evapotranspiration from the Evergreen Forest in the study area, the available water capacity of the Evergreen Forest soil was almost the same as the water deficit during the dry season (November–February), while that of the deciduous Forest soil was lower and insufficient to maintain the evapotranspiration. These results suggest that the distribution of deciduous and Evergreen Forests in the study area was associated with soil water availability, which mainly depends on soil depth.
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seasonal and spatial variation of nitrogen dynamics in the litter and surface soil layers on a tropical dry Evergreen Forest slope
Forest Ecology and Management, 2010Co-Authors: Naoyuki Yamashita, Seiichi Ohta, Hiroyuki Sase, Jesada Luangjame, Thiti Visaratana, Bopit Kievuttinon, Hathairatana Garivait, Mamoru KanzakiAbstract:Abstract Seasonal and spatial variability of litterfall and NO 3 − and NH 4 + leaching from the litter layer and 5-cm soil depth were investigated along a slope in a tropical dry Evergreen Forest in northeastern Thailand. Using ion exchange resin and buried bag methods, the vertical flux and transformation of inorganic nitrogen (N) were observed during four periods (dry, early wet, middle wet, and late wet seasons) at 15 subplots in a 180-m × 40-m rectangular plot on the slope. Annual N input via litterfall and inorganic N leached from the litter layer and from 5-cm depth soil were 12.5, 6.9, and 3.7 g N m −2 year −1 , respectively, whereas net mineralization and the inorganic N pool in 0–5-cm soil were 7.1 g N m −2 year −1 and 1.4 g N m −2 , respectively. During the early wet season (90 days), we observed 82% and 74% of annual NO 3 − leaching from the litter layer and 5-cm soil depth, respectively. Higher N input via leaf litterfall in the dry season and via precipitation in the early wet season may have led to higher NO 3 − leaching rate from litter and surface soil layers during the early wet season. Large spatial variability in both NO 3 − vertical flux and litterfall was also observed within stands. Small-scale spatial patterns of total N input via litterfall were significantly correlated with NO 3 − leaching rate from the surface soil layer. In tropical dry Evergreen Forests, litterfall variability may be crucial to the remarkable seasonal changes and spatial variation in annual NO 3 − vertical flux in surface soil layers.
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soils under different Forest types in the dry Evergreen Forest zone of cambodia morphology physicochemical properties and classification
2007Co-Authors: Jumpei Toriyama, Makoto Araki, Saret Khorn, Seiichi Ohta, Mamoru Kanzaki, Phearak PithAbstract:We studied the morphology and physicochemical properties of soils under three different types of Forest, i.e., dry Evergreen Forest (DEF), dry deciduous Forest (DDF), and mixed Forest with Evergreen and deciduous trees (MF), in the dry Evergreen Forest zone of Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia. The morphological features of soils varied among the three different Forest types. The physical characteristics of the soils in the study area were strongly correlated with soil texture. Clay content was clearly higher in DEF soils than in the DDF or MF soils. Bulk density was generally high (1.27–1.92), except in the surface horizons. It was especially high at depths of 100–200 cm and 160–200 cm in the DDF and MF soils, respectively. Total soil porosity was 0.32–0.44 (m3 m−3), except in the surface horizons, and was slightly higher in DEF soils. The DEF soils were characterized by a higher percentage of fine pores (less than −49 kPa) than the other pore classes. DDF soils were characterized by decreasing percentages of coarse pores (0 to −0.2 kPa; the point of capillary saturation), medium pores (−0.2 to −4.9 kPa), and small pores (−4.9 to −49 kPa), and by a concomitant increase in fine pores with depth. In MF soils, the proportion of small pores slightly decreased with depth. The soils were generally poor in cation-exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable cations (ECEC). ECEC and CEC were closely related to clay content. The stock of exchangeable Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ was larger in DEF soils than in DDF soils. The pH (H2O) of DDF soils was clearly higher than that of the other soil types at 0–50 cm in depth and showed different patterns in vertical changes. The stock of total carbon at 0–70 cm in depth was highest in MF soils.
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open woodland patches in an Evergreen Forest of kampong thom cambodia correlation of structure and composition with microtopography
2007Co-Authors: Reiko Hiramatsu, Jumpei Toriyama, Saret Khorn, Seiichi Ohta, Mamoru Kanzaki, Phearak Pith, Takayuki Kaneko, Youichirou Okuda, Makoto ArakiAbstract:Open woodland patches scattered in dense Evergreen Forest are a landscape peculiar to Kampong Thom Province. One of these open woodland patches was studied by setting a belt transect, and floral composition, stand structure, and habitat conditions were examined. Based on a census for trees 10 cm or greater in diameter at breast height (DBH), the Forest along the transect was divided into three types that varied with topography. Most of the area was covered by gentle slopes and was dominated by Dipterocarpus obtusifolius, which displayed 50% canopy openness and poor species richness. The stands were located on rectilinear to convex sloping sites with low clay content that were waterlogged in the rainy season. Melaleuca cajuputi stands occurred in a small swamp, whereas on the slope M. cajuputi was mixed with D. obtusifolius. The M. cajuputi stands were geographically isolated from the coastal location more characteristic of the species. Along the stream or beside the swamp, where no waterlogging occurred even in the rainy season, we found Vatica odorata stands. Physical habitat conditions associated with the topography, such as clay content and soil water conditions, enable the three Forest types with different physiognomies to coexist at this small spatial scale and may also explain the outpost patches of M. cajuputi.
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spatial distribution patterns of the dominant canopy dipterocarp species in a seasonal dry Evergreen Forest in western thailand
Forest Ecology and Management, 2003Co-Authors: Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin, Mamoru Kanzaki, James V Lafrankie, Patrick J Baker, Peter S Ashton, Takuo YamakuraAbstract:Abstract Population structure and spatial patterns were examined for four species of canopy dipterocarps (Anisoptera costata, Dipterocarpus alatus, Hopea odorata, Vatica cinerea) in a 50 ha plot in seasonal dry Evergreen Forest at the Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary in western Thailand. Spatial dispersion was assessed with Morisita’s index for quadrat sizes ranging from 61 m2 to 25 ha; spatial attraction and repulsion between species and size classes were measured with Iwao’s index. Only Vatica had a negative exponential diameter distribution suggesting continuous recruitment. The other species had either normal (Hopea) or irregular diameter distributions with peaks in the large size classes (Anisoptera, Dipterocarpus). All four species were significantly clumped at most quadrat sizes. At the local scale, saplings and poles of Hopea and Anisoptera were negatively associated with adults at quadrat sizes
Makoto Araki - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Changes of Vertical Soil Moisture Conditions of a Dry Evergreen Forest in Kampong Thom, Cambodia
Forest Environments in the Mekong River Basin, 2020Co-Authors: Makoto Araki, Akira Shimizu, Tatsuhiko Nobuhiro, Naoki Kabeya, Jumpei Toriyama, Bora Tith, Saret KhornAbstract:Changes of soil water conditions in a soil profile were observed and estimated using a one-dimensional vertical soil water movement model for a dry Evergreen Forest area of Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia. The research site was in a dry Evergreen Forest where a meteorological observation tower had been established. Soil water matric potentials were measured at 20-, 50-, 100-, 150-, 200-, and 250-cm depths in an observation plot. Groundwater levels were observed at the site. Soil water matric potentials at each observation depth in a soil profile were simulated using a one-dimensional water movement model that was based on Richards’ equation. Results of observations and simulation revealed the following. (1) The site’s water-saturated zone was close to the ground surface during the rainy season. Water conditions in the unsaturated zone, which was above the groundwater level, were influenced strongly by groundwater. The groundwater level was 400 cm deep even in the dry season. The entire soil profile, from the surface to the bottom, never dried completely. (2) At the beginning of the rainy season, at the surface and subsurface depths of 20 cm and 50 cm, respectively, soil matric potentials were increased by rainfall events, which often supply water to the ground surface. Meanwhile, matric potentials at 200 and 250 cm depths were influenced directly by groundwater; they retained high potential values even during the dry season. In the middle zone, at depths of 100 and 150 cm, the soil was quite dried; the minimum matric potentials in the rainy season resembled those of the surface zone. (3) At the beginning of the dry season, matric potentials at 20- and 50-cm depths decreased because of soil water loss by transpiration of trees and evaporation from the ground surface.
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variations in leaf photosynthetic and morphological traits with tree height in various tree species in a cambodian tropical dry Evergreen Forest
Jarq-japan Agricultural Research Quarterly, 2012Co-Authors: Tanaka Kenzo, Akira Shimizu, Makoto Araki, Reiji Yoneda, Makoto Sano, Ayumi Tanakaoda, Sophal ChannAbstract:In this study, we demonstrate changes in leaf morphological and physiological traits with tree height from dark understory to bright canopy conditions in various tree species in the Cambodian tropical dry Evergreen Forest. The vegetation mainly consisted of Dipterocarpaceae and Myristicaceae and the canopy trees usually reached 30-40 m in height. We investigated 25 individuals of 18 tree species ranging from 0.8 to 33 m in height. We measured the leaf photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and respiration rate for 3 to 5 leaves per sampling position in the early dry season. All leaves were then divided into two parts: one for measuring dry weight, nitrogen content and δ13C; the other for observation of leaf morphology. The leaf morphological traits, such as leaf mass per area (LMA), cuticle thickness, palisade layer thickness, leaf hardness and stomatal density increased linearly with tree height. The leaf nitrogen content per unit leaf area (Narea) peaked at 10 m from the ground, though the nitrogen content per unit dry leaf mass (Nmass) decreased linearly with tree height. Higher LMA, cuticle thickness and hard leaves in canopy condition may contribute to high drought tolerance and physical strength. The leaf-area-based photosynthetic rate (Amax-area) peaked at an intermediate tree height of approximately 10 m, and then decreased toward the upper canopy. In contrast, the leaf-mass-based photosynthetic rate (Amax-mass) decreased linearly with tree height. Reduction of leaf nitrogen content and stomatal conductance mainly limit photosynthetic capacities with tree height. Overall, many leaf morphological traits could be summarized in a simple and significant relation with tree height, though increasing tree height, which is related to the micro-climatic gradient, leads to both nitrogen and stomatal constraints of leaf photosynthetic capacities, even when considering many different tree species.
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Evapotranspiration Characteristics of a Lowland Dry Evergreen Forest in Central Cambodia Examined Using a Multilayer Model
Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 2009Co-Authors: Tatsuhiko Nobuhiro, Koji Tamai, Akira Shimizu, Naoki Kabeya, Makoto Araki, Katsunori Tanaka, Takanori Shimizu, Sophal ChannAbstract:Development pressure has led to serious deForestation on the Indochina Peninsula. Particularly rapid defor-estation has occurred in easily accessible lowland areas, and it is thus important to accumulate knowledge about these Forests immediately. We measured evapotranspiration rates for a lowland dry Evergreen Forest in Kampong Thom Province, central Cambodia, using the energy balance Bowen ratio (EBBR) method based on meteorological data collected from a 60-m-high observation tower. Daily evapotranspiration was higher during the dry season than during the rainy season of the Asian monsoon climate. The seasonal variation in evapotranspiration generally corresponded to the seasonal difference in the vapor pressure deficit. A multi-layer model was used to simulate the seasonal variation in evapotranspiration. The multilayer model also reproduced the larger evapotranspiration rate in the dry season than in the rainy season. However, observed values substantially exceeded model-calculated results during certain periods at the beginning of the dry season and in the late dry season. Moreover, during the rainy season, the model tended to overestimate evapotranspiration. The differences between these observed and simulated values may have been caused by seasonal characteristics of photosynthesis and transpiration in the lowland dry Evergreen Forest that were not considered in the model simulation.
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Seasonal change in thick regolith hardness and water content in a dry Evergreen Forest in Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia
Geoderma, 2008Co-Authors: Yasuhiro Ohnuki, Akira Shimizu, Sophal Chann, Jumpei Toriyama, Chansopheaktra Kimhean, Makoto ArakiAbstract:In dry Evergreen Forests in Kampong Thom Province, Cambodia, regoliths over 10 m thick are widely distributed. At one study site in an Evergreen Forest, a 9.4-m-deep soil profile was excavated and certain physical properties, including soil hardness, soil water content, and extent of root systems, were measured in rainy and dry seasons. A new finding was that the Evergreen Forests used soil water from regolith in the dry season. The root system penetrated more than 9 m into the soil and withdrew soil water. Soil hardness from the surface to a depth of 4 m changed each dry and rainy season from extremely hard to soft. The reason for the change was related to soil texture; the silty soils readily changed their binding power in response to water content. A seasonal change in soil hardness was also observed at other points by penetration tests indicating very hard surface soils to a depth of 4.3 m at the end of the dry season, very soft surface soils to a depth of 1.0 m at the beginning of the rainy season (apparent soil thickness was 4.2 m), and 3.5 m of soft surface soil at the end of the rainy season. Thick regoliths and silty surface soil layers were found to store water and maintain dry Evergreen Forests in central Cambodia.
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Comparison of soil moisture effects on surface conductance between late dry and rainy seasons in an Evergreen Forest of central Cambodia
Paddy and Water Environment, 2008Co-Authors: Koji Tamai, Akira Shimizu, Tatsuhiko Nobuhiro, Naoki Kabeya, Makoto ArakiAbstract:Some Forests in the Asian monsoon region are reported to transpire actively, even in the late dry season. The Evergreen Forest in central Cambodia is included in them. The surface conductance was estimated for an Evergreen Forest in central Cambodia in the late dry (May) and rainy (August) seasons, and the effects of environmental conditions on surface conductance were compared between seasons. The effects of soil moisture did not differ between seasons, indicating that soil water drought in the late dry season does not limit transpiration from the entire Forest community. Evergreen Forests in central Cambodia are thought to transpire actively in the late dry season.
Liza S Comita - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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intraspecific and phylogenetic density dependent seedling recruitment in a subtropical Evergreen Forest
Oecologia, 2017Co-Authors: Yanjun Du, Simon A Queenborough, Lei Chen, Yunquan Wang, Xiangcheng Mi, Liza S ComitaAbstract:Recent evidence suggests that plant performance can be influenced by the phylogenetic diversity of neighboring plants. However, no study to date has examined the effect of such phylogenetic density dependence on the transition from seed to seedling. Using 6 years of data on seedling recruitment and seed rain of 13 species from 130 stations (one 0.5 m2 seed trap and three adjacent 1 m2 seedling plots) in a subtropical Evergreen Forest, we asked: (1) Does negative density dependence act across seed to seedling stages? (2) Is there evidence for phylogenetic density dependence during the seed to seedling transition? (3) Does the strength of density dependence vary among years? Generalized linear mixed-effects models were used to model seed to seedling transition as a function of conspecific seed and seedling densities, heterospecific seed and seedling densities, and mean phylogenetic distance of heterospecific seeds and seedling. Conspecific seed density had a significant negative effect on seedling transition rates for 12 of 13 focal species. In contrast, conspecific seedling density had a positive effect for 7 species, suggesting species-specific habitat preferences. Few species were significantly affected by the density or phylogenetic relatedness of heterospecific seeds and seedlings. Only conspecific seed density effects varied among years for most focal species. Overall, our results reveal that conspecific seed and seedling densities play a more important role than the density or relatedness of heterospecific seeds and seedlings during the seed to seedling stage, suggesting that species-specific seed predators, along with habitat preferences, may contribute to diversity maintenance in this Forest.
Kwang-ok Byun - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Diversity of Epiphyte in the Warm Temperate Evergreen Forest.
2020Co-Authors: Young-je Kang, Hwa-ja Hyeon, Kwang-ok ByunAbstract:This study surveyed the distribution and characteristics of epiphytes and host trees in Jejudo's warm-temperate Evergreen Forests area. The gathered data will be used for evaluating ecological changes according to climate change. The study found 46 species of epiphytes in Jejudo; 12 of which were species of pteridophytes and 5 species of orchids, totaling 17 species of epiphytes. The appearance frequency was the greatest with Lepisorus thunbergianus, followed by Lemmaphyllum microphyllum and Lepisorus onoei. The area with the greatest diversity of epiphytes was nutmeg tree Forests which have the largest number of 2.89 average species. Lemmaphyllum microphyllum had the greatest percent cover of the epiphytes whose importance was found to be the greatest. The factors involved were the epiphytes' diversity index (0.64), maximum species diversity (1.23), evenness (0.52), and dominance (0.48). The study has noted the distribution characteristics of epiphytes according to altitudes above sea level. The Lemmaphyllum microphyllum can survive at an altitude of 600 m above sea level, Lepisorus thunbergianus at 200-1,400m above sea level, Lepisorus onoei. at 400-1,000 m, and Gonocormus minutus at an altitude above 800 m. The host trees, consisting of Quercus serrata, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii, and Carpinus laxiflora, stands at 2-19 m high and 2.5-120 ㎝ wide, showing diverse kinds of trees and sizes. Jejudo's warm-temperate Evergreen Forests have lower epiphyte diversity compared with those of subtropical and tropical areas in Japan and China. Based on the characteristics of the host trees order, epiphytes' distribution associated with the altitude above sea level was typical.
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Diversity of Epiphyte in the Warm Temperate Evergreen Forest. Jejudo
Journal of Environmental Sciences-china, 2013Co-Authors: Kuk-man Song, Young-je Kang, Hwa-ja Hyeon, Kwang-ok ByunAbstract:This study surveyed the distribution and characteristics of epiphytes and host trees in Jejudo's warm-temperate Evergreen Forests area. The gathered data will be used for evaluating ecological changes according to climate change. The study found 46 species of epiphytes in Jejudo; 12 of which were species of pteridophytes and 5 species of orchids, totaling 17 species of epiphytes. The appearance frequency was the greatest with Lepisorus thunbergianus, followed by Lemmaphyllum microphyllum and Lepisorus onoei. The area with the greatest diversity of epiphytes was nutmeg tree Forests which have the largest number of 2.89 average species. Lemmaphyllum microphyllum had the greatest percent cover of the epiphytes whose importance was found to be the greatest. The factors involved were the epiphytes' diversity index (0.64), maximum species diversity (1.23), evenness (0.52), and dominance (0.48). The study has noted the distribution characteristics of epiphytes according to altitudes above sea level. The Lemmaphyllum microphyllum can survive at an altitude of 600 m above sea level, Lepisorus thunbergianus at 200 - 1,400m above sea level, Lepisorus onoei. at 400 - 1,000 m, and Gonocormus minutus at an altitude above 800 m. The host trees, consisting of Quercus serrata, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii, and Carpinus laxiflora, stands at 2-19 m high and 2.5 - 120 cm wide, showing diverse kinds of trees and sizes. Jejudo's warm-temperate Evergreen Forests have lower epiphyte diversity compared with those of subtropical and tropical areas in Japan and China. Based on the characteristics of the host trees order, epiphytes' distribution associated with the altitude above sea level was typical.