The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Om V Singh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Extremophiles as sources of inorganic bio-nanoparticles
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2016Co-Authors: Erik Beeler, Om V SinghAbstract:Industrial use of nanotechnology in daily life has produced an emphasis on the safe and efficient production of nanoparticles (NPs). Traditional chemical oxidation and reduction methods are seen as inefficient, environmentally unsound, and often dangerous to those exposed and involved in NP manufacturing. However, utilizing microorganisms for biosynthesis of NPs allows efficient green production of a range of inorganic NPs, while maintaining specific size, shape, stability, and dispersity. Microorganisms living under harsh environmental conditions, called “Extremophiles,” are one group of microorganisms being utilized for this biosynthesis. Extremophiles’ unique living conditions have endowed them with various processes that enable NP biosynthesis. This includes a range of Extremophiles: thermophiles, acidophilus, halophiles, psychrophiles, anaerobes, and some others. Fungi, bacteria, yeasts, and archaea, i.e. Ureibacillus thermosphaericus , and Geobacillus stearothermophilus, among others, have been established for NP biosynthesis. This article highlights the Extremophiles and methods found to be viable candidates for the production of varying types of NPs, as well as interpreting selective methods used by the organisms to synthesize NPs.
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survival mechanisms of Extremophiles
2015Co-Authors: Prasanti Babu, Anuj K Chandel, Om V SinghAbstract:It is vital for Extremophiles to cope with their environments making them viable to withstand under harsh environmental conditions. Extremophiles are known to adapt to the changes in their environment and surroundings that enable them to stabilize the changes in their homeostasis. The adaptability of Extremophiles arrives from alteration of varying genes and proteins. Extremophiles produce extremolytes, which helps them to maintain their homeostasis such as ectoine-mediated mechanism, which is produced by halophiles and organisms alike. Evolutionary diversity, increased catalytic activity, amino acid accumulation, aggregation resistance strategies, resistance to cell death, activation of the nuclear factor, the use of heat shock proteins, and cellular compartmentalization, are all vital tools that Extremophiles take on in order to conserve their genes.
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challenges in advancing Extremophiles for therapeutic applications
2015Co-Authors: Prasanti Babu, Anuj K Chandel, Om V SinghAbstract:Varying types of Extremophiles have been identified, however, many more are yet to be discovered from rare earth habitats. The challenges remain to grow these bacteria in the laboratory without knowing the optimum growth media and conditions. Advancements made in molecular biology of Extremophiles are too limited to investigate the routes Extremophiles adopt for themselves at molecular level under harsh environmental conditions. However, modern biology such as the “–omics” making it easier for researchers to sequence entire genome of bacteria and explore the systems biology approaches that enables Extremophiles to cope with its surroundings. Reference libraries for chemical properties of extremolytes would make it easier to screen a variety of extremolytes against specific diseases. Developing bioreactors for efficient production of extremolytes is among the major challenges toward commerical benefits of Extremophiles.
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therapeutic implications of Extremophiles
2015Co-Authors: Prasanti Babu, Anuj K Chandel, Om V SinghAbstract:Extremophiles use specific mechanisms to alter the primary and/or secondary metabolites (i.e., extremolytes) to thrive under harsh environmental conditions, which could be exploited in therapeutics. Extremolytes from thermophiles, i.e., stable proteins, stable amylase, and thermozymes, have potential implications in regulation of intracellular environment and metabolism, and in energy transduction. Extremolytes mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), scytonemin, bacterioruberin, ectoine from radiation-resistant Extremophiles can help to protect from UVR and gamma radiations. Extremolytes from acidophiles have been considered to use in protein pumps, reduce the pH of the cells within the cell surfaces, and as probiotics. Halophile carries unprecedented properties of carotenoids, high-antioxidant composition, and reductases. Further, investigations on extremolytes will pave the way toward next-generation medical innovation.
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Radiation-resistant Extremophiles and their potential in biotechnology and therapeutics
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2013Co-Authors: Prashant Gabani, Om V SinghAbstract:Extremophiles are organisms able to thrive in extreme environmental conditions. Microorganisms with the ability to survive high doses of radiation are known as radioresistant or radiation-resistant Extremophiles. Excessive or intense exposure to radiation (i.e., gamma rays, X-rays, and particularly UV radiation) can induce a variety of mutagenic and cytotoxic DNA lesions, which can lead to different forms of cancer. However, some populations of microorganisms thrive under different types of radiation due to defensive mechanisms provided by primary and secondary metabolic products, i.e., extremolytes and extremozymes. Extremolytes (including scytonemin, mycosporine-like amino acids, shinorine, porphyra-334, palythine, biopterin, and phlorotannin, among others) are able to absorb a wide spectrum of radiation while protecting the organism’s DNA from being damaged. The possible commercial applications of extremolytes include anticancer drugs, antioxidants, cell-cycle-blocking agents, and sunscreens, among others. This article aims to review the strategies by which microorganisms thrive in extreme radiation environments and discuss their potential uses in biotechnology and the therapeutic industry. The major challenges that lie ahead are also discussed.
Prashant Gabani - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Radiation-resistant Extremophiles and their potential in biotechnology and therapeutics
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2013Co-Authors: Prashant Gabani, Om V SinghAbstract:Extremophiles are organisms able to thrive in extreme environmental conditions. Microorganisms with the ability to survive high doses of radiation are known as radioresistant or radiation-resistant Extremophiles. Excessive or intense exposure to radiation (i.e., gamma rays, X-rays, and particularly UV radiation) can induce a variety of mutagenic and cytotoxic DNA lesions, which can lead to different forms of cancer. However, some populations of microorganisms thrive under different types of radiation due to defensive mechanisms provided by primary and secondary metabolic products, i.e., extremolytes and extremozymes. Extremolytes (including scytonemin, mycosporine-like amino acids, shinorine, porphyra-334, palythine, biopterin, and phlorotannin, among others) are able to absorb a wide spectrum of radiation while protecting the organism’s DNA from being damaged. The possible commercial applications of extremolytes include anticancer drugs, antioxidants, cell-cycle-blocking agents, and sunscreens, among others. This article aims to review the strategies by which microorganisms thrive in extreme radiation environments and discuss their potential uses in biotechnology and the therapeutic industry. The major challenges that lie ahead are also discussed.
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Emergence of antibiotic-resistant Extremophiles (AREs)
Extremophiles, 2012Co-Authors: Prashant Gabani, Dhan Prakash, Om V SinghAbstract:Excessive use of antibiotics in recent years has produced bacteria that are resistant to a wide array of antibiotics. Several genetic and non-genetic elements allow microorganisms to adapt and thrive under harsh environmental conditions such as lethal doses of antibiotics. We attempt to classify these microorganisms as antibiotic-resistant Extremophiles (AREs). AREs develop strategies to gain greater resistance to antibiotics via accumulation of multiple genes or plasmids that harbor genes for multiple drug resistance (MDR). In addition to their altered expression of multiple genes, AREs also survive by producing enzymes such as penicillinase that inactivate antibiotics. It is of interest to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms by which the AREs are able to survive in the presence of wide arrays of high-dosage antibiotics. Technologically, “omics”-based approaches such as genomics have revealed a wide array of genes differentially expressed in AREs. Proteomics studies with 2DE, MALDI-TOF, and MS/MS have identified specific proteins, enzymes, and pumps that function in the adaptation mechanisms of AREs. This article discusses the molecular mechanisms by which microorganisms develop into AREs and how “omics” approaches can identify the genetic elements of these adaptation mechanisms. These objectives will assist the development of strategies and potential therapeutics to treat outbreaks of pathogenic microorganisms in the future.
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Extremophiles radiation resistance microbial reserves and therapeutic implications
Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2011Co-Authors: Om V Singh, Prashant GabaniAbstract:Micro-organisms with the ability to survive in extreme environmental conditions are known as 'Extremophiles'. Currently, Extremophiles have caused a sensation in the biotechnology/pharmaceutical industries with their novel compounds, known as 'extremolytes'. The potential applications of extremolytes are being investigated for human therapeutics including anticancer drugs, antioxidants, cell cycle-blocking agents, anticholesteric drugs, etc. It is hypothesized that the majority of ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-resistant micro-organisms can be used to develop anticancer drugs to prevent skin damage from UVR. The metabolites from UVR-resistant microbes are a great source of potential therapeutic applications in humans. This article aims to discuss the potentials of extremolytes along with their therapeutic implications of UVR Extremophiles. The major challenges of therapeutic development using Extremophiles are also discussed.
Ian Von Hegner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Extremophiles a special or general case in the search for extra terrestrial life
Extremophiles, 2020Co-Authors: Ian Von HegnerAbstract:Since time immemorial life has been viewed as fragile, yet over the past few decades it has been found that many extreme environments are inhabited by organisms known as Extremophiles. Knowledge of their emergence, adaptability, and limitations seems to provide a guideline for the search of extra-terrestrial life, since some Extremophiles presumably can survive in extreme environments such as Mars, Europa, and Enceladus. Due to physico-chemical constraints, the first life necessarily came into existence at the lower limit of its conceivable complexity. Thus, the first life could not have been an extremophile; furthermore, since biological evolution occurs over time, then the dual knowledge regarding what specific Extremophiles are capable of, and to the analogue environment on extreme worlds, will not be sufficient as a search criterion. This is because, even though an extremophile can live in an extreme environment here-and-now, its ancestor however could not live in that very same environment in the past, which means that no contemporary Extremophiles exist in that environment. Furthermore, a theoretical framework should be able to predict whether Extremophiles can be considered a special or general case in the galaxy. Thus, a question is raised: does Earth's continuous habitability represent an extreme or average value for planets? Thus, dependent on whether it is difficult or easy for worlds to maintain the habitability, the search for extra-terrestrial life with a focus on Extremophiles will either represent a search for dying worlds, or a search for special life on living worlds, focusing too narrowly on extreme values.
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Extremophiles a special or general case in the search for extra terrestrial life
arXiv: Biological Physics, 2019Co-Authors: Ian Von HegnerAbstract:Since time immemorial life has been viewed as being fragile, yet over the past few decades it has been found that many extreme environments are inhabited by organisms known as Extremophiles.Knowledge of their emergence, adaptability, and limitations seems to provide a guideline for the search of extra-terrestrial life, since some Extremophiles presumably can survive in extreme environments such as Mars, Europa, and Enceladus. Due to physicochemical constraints, the first life necessarily came into existence at the lower limit of lifes conceivable complexity.Thus, the first life could not have been an extremophile, furthermore, since biological evolution occurs over time, then the dual knowledge regarding what specific Extremophiles are capable of, and to the analogue environment on extreme worlds, will not be sufficient as a search criterion.This is because, even though an extremophile can live in an extreme environment here-and-now, its ancestor however could not live in that very same environment in the past, which means that no contemporary Extremophiles exist in that environment.Furthermore, a theoretical framework should be able to predict whether Extremophiles can be considered a special or general case in the galaxy.Thus, a question is raised: does Earths continuous inhabitability represent an extreme or average value for planets? Thus, dependent on whether it is difficult or easy for worlds to maintain this inhabitability, the search for extra-terrestrial life with a focus on Extremophiles will either represent a search after dying worlds, or a search after special life on living worlds, where one focus too narrowly on extreme values.
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Extremophiles a special or general case in the search for extra terrestrial life
viXra, 2019Co-Authors: Ian Von HegnerAbstract:Since time immemorial, life has been viewed as being fragile, yet over the past few decades it has been found that many extreme environments are inhabited by organisms known as Extremophiles. Knowledge of their emergence, adaptability, and limitations seems to provide a guideline for the search of extra-terrestrial life, since some Extremophiles presumably can survive in extreme environments such as Mars, Europa, and Enceladus. Due to physico-chemical constraints, the first life necessarily came into existence at the lower limit of life’s conceivable complexity. Thus, the first life could not have been an extremophile, furthermore, since biological evolution occurs over time, then the dual knowledge regarding what specific Extremophiles are capable of, and to the analogue environment on extreme worlds, will not be sufficient as a search criterion. This is because, even though an extremophile can live in an extreme environment here-and-now, its ancestor however could not live in that very same environment in the past, which means that no contemporary Extremophiles exist in that environment. Furthermore, Extremophiles are in many ways still special life in comparison to general life. A theoretical framework should be able to predict whether Extremophiles can be considered a special or general case in the galaxy. Thus, a question is raised: does Earth’s continuous inhabitability represent an extreme or average value for planets? Thus, dependent on whether it is difficult or easy for worlds to maintain this inhabitability, the search for extra-terrestrial life with a focus on Extremophiles will either represent a search after dying worlds, or a search after special life on living worlds, where one focus too narrowly on extreme values.
Alane Beatriz Vermelho - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Marine Extremophiles a source of hydrolases for biotechnological applications
Marine Drugs, 2015Co-Authors: Gabriel Zamith Leal Dalmaso, Davis Ferreira, Alane Beatriz VermelhoAbstract:The marine environment covers almost three quarters of the planet and is where evolution took its first steps. Extremophile microorganisms are found in several extreme marine environments, such as hydrothermal vents, hot springs, salty lakes and deep-sea floors. The ability of these microorganisms to support extremes of temperature, salinity and pressure demonstrates their great potential for biotechnological processes. Hydrolases including amylases, cellulases, peptidases and lipases from hyperthermophiles, psychrophiles, halophiles and piezophiles have been investigated for these reasons. Extremozymes are adapted to work in harsh physical-chemical conditions and their use in various industrial applications such as the biofuel, pharmaceutical, fine chemicals and food industries has increased. The understanding of the specific factors that confer the ability to withstand extreme habitats on such enzymes has become a priority for their biotechnological use. The most studied marine Extremophiles are prokaryotes and in this review, we present the most studied archaea and bacteria Extremophiles and their hydrolases, and discuss their use for industrial applications.
Licia Lama - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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exploring marine environments for the identification of Extremophiles and their enzymes for sustainable and green bioprocesses
Sustainability, 2018Co-Authors: Paola Di Donato, Barbara Nicolaus, Andrea Buono, Annarita Poli, Ilaria Finore, Gennaro Roberto Abbamondi, Licia LamaAbstract:Sea environments harbor a wide variety of life forms that have adapted to live in hard and sometimes extreme conditions. Among the marine living organisms, Extremophiles represent a group of microorganisms that attract increasing interest in relation to their ability to produce an array of molecules that enable them to thrive in almost every marine environment. Extremophiles can be found in virtually every extreme environment on Earth, since they can tolerate very harsh environmental conditions in terms of temperature, pH, pressure, radiation, etc. Marine Extremophiles are the focus of growing interest in relation to their ability to produce biotechnologically useful enzymes, the so-called extremozymes. Thanks to their resistance to temperature, pH, salt, and pollutants, marine extremozymes are promising biocatalysts for new and sustainable industrial processes, thus representing an opportunity for several biotechnological applications. Since the marine microbioma, i.e., the complex of microorganisms living in sea environments, is still largely unexplored finding new species is a central issue for green biotechnology. Here we described the main marine environments where Extremophiles can be found, some existing or potential biotechnological applications of marine extremozymes for biofuels production and bioremediation, and some possible approaches for the search of new biotechnologically useful species from marine environments.
