The Experts below are selected from a list of 450 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
N. Elmegaard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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2000. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of copper to black bindweed (Fallopia convolvulus) in relation to bioavailability and the age of soil contamination
2015Co-Authors: Bruus M Pedersen, C. Kjær, N. ElmegaardAbstract:Abstract. The use of ecotoxicity test results obtained in the laboratory for prediction of effects of potentially toxic concen-trations of chemicals in the field is hampered by several factors differing between the laboratory and the field situations. One important factor is the binding of test chemicals to soil, which is affected by the age of the contamination and soil type. The present study investigated the effect of contamination age by introducing an aging period of 1 to 12 weeks between mixing the test substance, copper sulfate, in with soil and introducing the test plant, Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Löve. Copper accumulation, emergence of cotyledons, and growth were as-sessed and related to total (boiling with HNO3) and 0.01 M CaCl2- and DTPA-extractable soil copper concentrations. Ag-ing of the copper-contaminated soil had only small effects on bioaccumulation of copper, copper toxicity, and extractabl
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Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Copper to Black Bindweed (Fallopia convolvulus) in Relation to Bioavailability and the Age of Soil Contamination
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2000Co-Authors: M. Bruus Pedersen, C. Kjær, N. ElmegaardAbstract:The use of ecotoxicity test results obtained in the laboratory for prediction of effects of potentially toxic concentrations of chemicals in the field is hampered by several factors differing between the laboratory and the field situations. One important factor is the binding of test chemicals to soil, which is affected by the age of the contamination and soil type. The present study investigated the effect of contamination age by introducing an aging period of 1 to 12 weeks between mixing the test substance, copper sulfate, in with soil and introducing the test plant, Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Löve. Copper accumulation, emergence of cotyledons, and growth were assessed and related to total (boiling with HNO_3) and 0.01 M CaCl_2- and DTPA-extractable soil copper concentrations. Aging of the copper-contaminated soil had only small effects on bioaccumulation of copper, copper toxicity, and extractable soil copper fractions. Soil copper had no effect on emergence of cotyledons. Estimated EC_50 values for shoot and root growth averaged 280 mg Cu/kg. Effects on growth in these laboratory-treated soils were much more severe than in a study performed in soil from an old copper-contaminated field site. Neither CaCl_2- nor DTPA-extractable copper fractions could explain all of the differences in effects between aged spiked soil and field soil. The accumulation pattern for roots and shoots of F. convolvulus indicated that excessive copper was accumulated and adsorbed mainly by the fine roots, whereby the copper concentrations of other plant parts were kept low until the plant was no longer able to maintain this regulation. An internal threshold for effects on growth of about 20 mg Cu/kg shoot dry weight was estimated, coinciding with a soil copper concentration of approximately 200 mg/kg.
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toxicity and bioaccumulation of copper to black bindweed Fallopia convolvulus in relation to bioavailability and the age of soil contamination
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2000Co-Authors: Bruus M Pedersen, C. Kjær, N. ElmegaardAbstract:The use of ecotoxicity test results obtained in the laboratory for prediction of effects of potentially toxic concentrations of chemicals in the field is hampered by several factors differing between the laboratory and the field situations. One important factor is the binding of test chemicals to soil, which is affected by the age of the contamination and soil type. The present study investigated the effect of contamination age by introducing an aging period of 1 to 12 weeks between mixing the test substance, copper sulfate, in with soil and introducing the test plant, Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Love. Copper accumulation, emergence of cotyledons, and growth were assessed and related to total (boiling with HNO3) and 0.01 M CaCl2- and DTPA-extractable soil copper concentrations. Aging of the copper-contaminated soil had only small effects on bioaccumulation of copper, copper toxicity, and extractable soil copper fractions. Soil copper had no effect on emergence of cotyledons. Estimated EC50 values for shoot and root growth averaged 280 mg Cu/kg. Effects on growth in these laboratory-treated soils were much more severe than in a study performed in soil from an old copper-contaminated field site. Neither CaCl2- nor DTPA-extractable copper fractions could explain all of the differences in effects between aged spiked soil and field soil.
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Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Copper to Black Bindweed (Fallopia convolvulus) in Relation to Bioavailability and the Age of Soil Contamination
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2000Co-Authors: M. Bruus Pedersen, C. Kjær, N. ElmegaardAbstract:The use of ecotoxicity test results obtained in the laboratory for prediction of effects of potentially toxic concentrations of chemicals in the field is hampered by several factors differing between the laboratory and the field situations. One important factor is the binding of test chemicals to soil, which is affected by the age of the contamination and soil type. The present study investigated the effect of contamination age by introducing an aging period of 1 to 12 weeks between mixing the test substance, copper sulfate, in with soil and introducing the test plant, Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Löve. Copper accumulation, emergence of cotyledons, and growth were assessed and related to total (boiling with HNO_3) and 0.01 M CaCl_2- and DTPA-extractable soil copper concentrations. Aging of the copper-contaminated soil had only small effects on bioaccumulation of copper, copper toxicity, and extractable soil copper fractions. Soil copper had no effect on emergence of cotyledons. Estimated EC_50 values for shoot and root growth averaged 280 mg Cu/kg. Effects on growth in these laboratory-treated soils were much more severe than in a study performed in soil from an old copper-contaminated field site. Neither CaCl_2- nor DTPA-extractable copper fractions could explain all of the differences in effects between aged spiked soil and field soil. The accumulation pattern for roots and shoots of F. convolvulus indicated that excessive copper was accumulated and adsorbed mainly by the fine roots, whereby the copper concentrations of other plant parts were kept low until the plant was no longer able to maintain this regulation. An internal threshold for effects on growth of about 20 mg Cu/kg shoot dry weight was estimated, coinciding with a soil copper concentration of approximately 200 mg/kg.
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Temperature—dependent, time–dose–effect model for pesticide effects on growing, herbivorous arthropods: Bioassays with dimethoate and cypermethrin
Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 1999Co-Authors: Gerard A. J. M. Jagers Op Akkerhuis, C. Kjær, Christian Damgaard, N. ElmegaardAbstract:A toxicokinetics-based, temperature-dependent survival model for growing animals with oral uptake of toxicants is used to analyze the results of two pesticide bioassays. With this approach, we aim at simultaneously addressing two complementary goals of pesticide bioassays, namely to assess species sensitivity and to elucidate underlying mechanisms of toxic effects. As test organisms, newly hatched larvae of the chrysomelid beetle Gastrophysa polygoni L., dwelling on the underside of leaves of black bindweed Fallopia convolvulus (L.), kept at 12, 17, or 25°C were used. Plants with larvae were sprayed with dimethoate and cypermethrin at five dosages and a control. Survival was assessed during the following 6 d. The pesticide deposition pattern on the plants and the overall concentrations in the plants were determined. For dimethoate, which is mainly taken up orally, observed survival curves could be simulated successfully by the model. In the case of cypermethrin, which acts as a feeding deterrent, the model showed poor correspondence to the data. The significance of the results is discussed in relation to the test conditions and to toxicokinetics.
John Porch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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performance of potential non crop or wild species under oecd 208 testing guideline study conditions for terrestrial non target plants
Pest Management Science, 2007Co-Authors: Ken Pallett, Jon Cole, Christian Oberwalder, John PorchAbstract:The inclusion of 52 potential non-crop or wild species in new OECD guidelines for terrestrial non-target plant (TNTP) testing led to a ring test conducted by four laboratories experienced in regulatory testing. Species selected had shown potential to meet validity criteria of emergence for TNTP studies in a previous evaluation of the 52 species. OECD 208 guideline conditions were applied, with and without seed pretreatments recommended to enhance germination. These species were Abutilon theophrasti (L.) Medic., Avena fatua L., Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Adans., Galium aparine L., Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. and Veronica persica Poir. Only I. hederacea met the validity criterion of 70% emergence in all laboratories and showed a low variability in biomass. Of the other species, none led to 70% emergence in all four laboratories. The recommended pretreatments did not have a major impact on emergence. Biomass was also investigated with A. theophrasti, A. fatua, Centaurea cyanus L., I. hederacea and Rumex crispus L. Variability of biomass, a key parameter in TNTP regulatory studies, exceeded normal biomass variability of crop species used for TNTP studies. The addition of a thin layer of quartz sand to the soil surface resulted in improved emergence of C. cyanus, G. aparine and V. persica; however, such a procedure, while routine in screening studies to improve germination, is a deviation from the TNTP guidelines. These initial studies indicate that some species could meet the emergence criteria for TNTP testing. However, there is a need for further studies on seed source, seed quality and conditions for uniform emergence before their use in routine regulatory testing. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
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Performance of potential non-crop or wild species under OECD 208 testing guideline study conditions for terrestrial non-target plants.
Pest management science, 2007Co-Authors: Ken Pallett, Jon Cole, Christian Oberwalder, John PorchAbstract:The inclusion of 52 potential non-crop or wild species in new OECD guidelines for terrestrial non-target plant (TNTP) testing led to a ring test conducted by four laboratories experienced in regulatory testing. Species selected had shown potential to meet validity criteria of emergence for TNTP studies in a previous evaluation of the 52 species. OECD 208 guideline conditions were applied, with and without seed pretreatments recommended to enhance germination. These species were Abutilon theophrasti (L.) Medic., Avena fatua L., Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Adans., Galium aparine L., Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. and Veronica persica Poir. Only I. hederacea met the validity criterion of 70% emergence in all laboratories and showed a low variability in biomass. Of the other species, none led to 70% emergence in all four laboratories. The recommended pretreatments did not have a major impact on emergence. Biomass was also investigated with A. theophrasti, A. fatua, Centaurea cyanus L., I. hederacea and Rumex crispus L. Variability of biomass, a key parameter in TNTP regulatory studies, exceeded normal biomass variability of crop species used for TNTP studies. The addition of a thin layer of quartz sand to the soil surface resulted in improved emergence of C. cyanus, G. aparine and V. persica; however, such a procedure, while routine in screening studies to improve germination, is a deviation from the TNTP guidelines. These initial studies indicate that some species could meet the emergence criteria for TNTP testing. However, there is a need for further studies on seed source, seed quality and conditions for uniform emergence before their use in routine regulatory testing.
C. Kjær - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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2000. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of copper to black bindweed (Fallopia convolvulus) in relation to bioavailability and the age of soil contamination
2015Co-Authors: Bruus M Pedersen, C. Kjær, N. ElmegaardAbstract:Abstract. The use of ecotoxicity test results obtained in the laboratory for prediction of effects of potentially toxic concen-trations of chemicals in the field is hampered by several factors differing between the laboratory and the field situations. One important factor is the binding of test chemicals to soil, which is affected by the age of the contamination and soil type. The present study investigated the effect of contamination age by introducing an aging period of 1 to 12 weeks between mixing the test substance, copper sulfate, in with soil and introducing the test plant, Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Löve. Copper accumulation, emergence of cotyledons, and growth were as-sessed and related to total (boiling with HNO3) and 0.01 M CaCl2- and DTPA-extractable soil copper concentrations. Ag-ing of the copper-contaminated soil had only small effects on bioaccumulation of copper, copper toxicity, and extractabl
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Relationships between sulfonylurea herbicide treatment of host plants and the performance of herbivorous insects.
Pest management science, 2001Co-Authors: C. Kjær, Udo HeimbachAbstract:Previous work had shown that the sulfonylurea herbicide chlorsulfuron affected the survival of a herbivorous insect species dwelling on a sub-lethally exposed host plant. Further experiments have been conducted to establish whether this negative effect was a single occurrence characteristic for the specific insect–plant interaction and the specific herbicide tested. Three insect–plant interactions were tested for the effects of selected sulfonylurea herbicides, ie metsulfuron-methyl, chlorsulfuron and tribenuron-methyl. The species pairs tested were Pieris brassicae/Brassica napus, Gastrophysa polygoni/Fallopia convolvulus and Sitobium avenae/Triticum aestivium. No significant effects on survival and relative growth rate of P brassicae or G polygoni were found when treating the host plants with sulfonylurea herbicides. However, the host plants had a significantly reduced root and shoot growth rate when treated with herbicide. Treating T aestivium with the recommended field rate of metsulfuron-methyl did not cause any change in development time, growth rate or fecundity of S avenae feeding on the host plants. The data presented suggest that the increased mortality observed for G polygoni larvae feeding on chlorsulfuron-treated host plants observed earlier was characteristic for this herbicide and for the specific plant–insect interaction only. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
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Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Copper to Black Bindweed (Fallopia convolvulus) in Relation to Bioavailability and the Age of Soil Contamination
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2000Co-Authors: M. Bruus Pedersen, C. Kjær, N. ElmegaardAbstract:The use of ecotoxicity test results obtained in the laboratory for prediction of effects of potentially toxic concentrations of chemicals in the field is hampered by several factors differing between the laboratory and the field situations. One important factor is the binding of test chemicals to soil, which is affected by the age of the contamination and soil type. The present study investigated the effect of contamination age by introducing an aging period of 1 to 12 weeks between mixing the test substance, copper sulfate, in with soil and introducing the test plant, Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Löve. Copper accumulation, emergence of cotyledons, and growth were assessed and related to total (boiling with HNO_3) and 0.01 M CaCl_2- and DTPA-extractable soil copper concentrations. Aging of the copper-contaminated soil had only small effects on bioaccumulation of copper, copper toxicity, and extractable soil copper fractions. Soil copper had no effect on emergence of cotyledons. Estimated EC_50 values for shoot and root growth averaged 280 mg Cu/kg. Effects on growth in these laboratory-treated soils were much more severe than in a study performed in soil from an old copper-contaminated field site. Neither CaCl_2- nor DTPA-extractable copper fractions could explain all of the differences in effects between aged spiked soil and field soil. The accumulation pattern for roots and shoots of F. convolvulus indicated that excessive copper was accumulated and adsorbed mainly by the fine roots, whereby the copper concentrations of other plant parts were kept low until the plant was no longer able to maintain this regulation. An internal threshold for effects on growth of about 20 mg Cu/kg shoot dry weight was estimated, coinciding with a soil copper concentration of approximately 200 mg/kg.
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toxicity and bioaccumulation of copper to black bindweed Fallopia convolvulus in relation to bioavailability and the age of soil contamination
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2000Co-Authors: Bruus M Pedersen, C. Kjær, N. ElmegaardAbstract:The use of ecotoxicity test results obtained in the laboratory for prediction of effects of potentially toxic concentrations of chemicals in the field is hampered by several factors differing between the laboratory and the field situations. One important factor is the binding of test chemicals to soil, which is affected by the age of the contamination and soil type. The present study investigated the effect of contamination age by introducing an aging period of 1 to 12 weeks between mixing the test substance, copper sulfate, in with soil and introducing the test plant, Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Love. Copper accumulation, emergence of cotyledons, and growth were assessed and related to total (boiling with HNO3) and 0.01 M CaCl2- and DTPA-extractable soil copper concentrations. Aging of the copper-contaminated soil had only small effects on bioaccumulation of copper, copper toxicity, and extractable soil copper fractions. Soil copper had no effect on emergence of cotyledons. Estimated EC50 values for shoot and root growth averaged 280 mg Cu/kg. Effects on growth in these laboratory-treated soils were much more severe than in a study performed in soil from an old copper-contaminated field site. Neither CaCl2- nor DTPA-extractable copper fractions could explain all of the differences in effects between aged spiked soil and field soil.
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Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Copper to Black Bindweed (Fallopia convolvulus) in Relation to Bioavailability and the Age of Soil Contamination
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2000Co-Authors: M. Bruus Pedersen, C. Kjær, N. ElmegaardAbstract:The use of ecotoxicity test results obtained in the laboratory for prediction of effects of potentially toxic concentrations of chemicals in the field is hampered by several factors differing between the laboratory and the field situations. One important factor is the binding of test chemicals to soil, which is affected by the age of the contamination and soil type. The present study investigated the effect of contamination age by introducing an aging period of 1 to 12 weeks between mixing the test substance, copper sulfate, in with soil and introducing the test plant, Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Löve. Copper accumulation, emergence of cotyledons, and growth were assessed and related to total (boiling with HNO_3) and 0.01 M CaCl_2- and DTPA-extractable soil copper concentrations. Aging of the copper-contaminated soil had only small effects on bioaccumulation of copper, copper toxicity, and extractable soil copper fractions. Soil copper had no effect on emergence of cotyledons. Estimated EC_50 values for shoot and root growth averaged 280 mg Cu/kg. Effects on growth in these laboratory-treated soils were much more severe than in a study performed in soil from an old copper-contaminated field site. Neither CaCl_2- nor DTPA-extractable copper fractions could explain all of the differences in effects between aged spiked soil and field soil. The accumulation pattern for roots and shoots of F. convolvulus indicated that excessive copper was accumulated and adsorbed mainly by the fine roots, whereby the copper concentrations of other plant parts were kept low until the plant was no longer able to maintain this regulation. An internal threshold for effects on growth of about 20 mg Cu/kg shoot dry weight was estimated, coinciding with a soil copper concentration of approximately 200 mg/kg.
P. Kobulnický - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Weed infestation dynamics in the winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) canopy.
Research Journal of Agricultural Science, 2010Co-Authors: J. Smatana, T. Vereš, N. Smatanová, P. KobulnickýAbstract:The field trial was conducted at the experimental farm Koliňany (south-west Slovakia) in 1999-2006. Experimental farm is situated in warm and moderate arid climatic region with altitude of field from 180 to 310 m. The average annual rainfall is 580.0 mm. The average annual rainfall during the growing season is 320.3 mm. The mean annual temperature is 9.6˚C. The mean temperature during growing season is 16.3˚C. The soil is Orthic Luvisol with loamy texture with different thickness of humus layer. Winter wheat was growing on minimum 10 large scale field range from 30 to 50 ha. An actual weed infestation was evaluated before application of post emergent herbicides and 3-4 week after application of herbicides and third evaluation just before harvest with concordance to international scale. Screening of each field was made on the quadrant of 1 m 2 area by counting method with four replications. The four randomly established sample quadrants were situated minimally 20 m from field margin and apart each other, respectively. The dominant weed species in winter wheat field were as follows: Elytrigia repens, Galium aparine, Tripleurospermum perforatum, Cirsium arvense, Fallopia convolvulus, Lamium purpureum, Stellaria media, Capsella bursa pastoris, Thlaspi arvense and Viola arvense with low to medium infestation level. Total weed density was high. The different level of seasonal dynamics was evaluated. Generally in all species declination of infestation level and weed density was noted at the end of evaluation period. The increasing level of infestation was detected in 4 species Tripleurospermum perforatum, Fallopia convolvulus, Stellaria media and Capsella bursa pastoris. The highest actual weed infestation was noted in 2003 and 2004.
M. Bruus Pedersen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Copper to Black Bindweed (Fallopia convolvulus) in Relation to Bioavailability and the Age of Soil Contamination
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2000Co-Authors: M. Bruus Pedersen, C. Kjær, N. ElmegaardAbstract:The use of ecotoxicity test results obtained in the laboratory for prediction of effects of potentially toxic concentrations of chemicals in the field is hampered by several factors differing between the laboratory and the field situations. One important factor is the binding of test chemicals to soil, which is affected by the age of the contamination and soil type. The present study investigated the effect of contamination age by introducing an aging period of 1 to 12 weeks between mixing the test substance, copper sulfate, in with soil and introducing the test plant, Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Löve. Copper accumulation, emergence of cotyledons, and growth were assessed and related to total (boiling with HNO_3) and 0.01 M CaCl_2- and DTPA-extractable soil copper concentrations. Aging of the copper-contaminated soil had only small effects on bioaccumulation of copper, copper toxicity, and extractable soil copper fractions. Soil copper had no effect on emergence of cotyledons. Estimated EC_50 values for shoot and root growth averaged 280 mg Cu/kg. Effects on growth in these laboratory-treated soils were much more severe than in a study performed in soil from an old copper-contaminated field site. Neither CaCl_2- nor DTPA-extractable copper fractions could explain all of the differences in effects between aged spiked soil and field soil. The accumulation pattern for roots and shoots of F. convolvulus indicated that excessive copper was accumulated and adsorbed mainly by the fine roots, whereby the copper concentrations of other plant parts were kept low until the plant was no longer able to maintain this regulation. An internal threshold for effects on growth of about 20 mg Cu/kg shoot dry weight was estimated, coinciding with a soil copper concentration of approximately 200 mg/kg.
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Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Copper to Black Bindweed (Fallopia convolvulus) in Relation to Bioavailability and the Age of Soil Contamination
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2000Co-Authors: M. Bruus Pedersen, C. Kjær, N. ElmegaardAbstract:The use of ecotoxicity test results obtained in the laboratory for prediction of effects of potentially toxic concentrations of chemicals in the field is hampered by several factors differing between the laboratory and the field situations. One important factor is the binding of test chemicals to soil, which is affected by the age of the contamination and soil type. The present study investigated the effect of contamination age by introducing an aging period of 1 to 12 weeks between mixing the test substance, copper sulfate, in with soil and introducing the test plant, Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A. Löve. Copper accumulation, emergence of cotyledons, and growth were assessed and related to total (boiling with HNO_3) and 0.01 M CaCl_2- and DTPA-extractable soil copper concentrations. Aging of the copper-contaminated soil had only small effects on bioaccumulation of copper, copper toxicity, and extractable soil copper fractions. Soil copper had no effect on emergence of cotyledons. Estimated EC_50 values for shoot and root growth averaged 280 mg Cu/kg. Effects on growth in these laboratory-treated soils were much more severe than in a study performed in soil from an old copper-contaminated field site. Neither CaCl_2- nor DTPA-extractable copper fractions could explain all of the differences in effects between aged spiked soil and field soil. The accumulation pattern for roots and shoots of F. convolvulus indicated that excessive copper was accumulated and adsorbed mainly by the fine roots, whereby the copper concentrations of other plant parts were kept low until the plant was no longer able to maintain this regulation. An internal threshold for effects on growth of about 20 mg Cu/kg shoot dry weight was estimated, coinciding with a soil copper concentration of approximately 200 mg/kg.
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Effects of soil copper on black bindweed (Fallopia convolvulus) in the laboratory and in the field
Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology, 1998Co-Authors: C. Kjær, M. Bruus Pedersen, N. ElmegaardAbstract:The present study aims to identify factors of importance to the extrapolation from laboratory toxicity test to field effects using copper and black bindweed as a model. In the laboratory the influence of Cu on seed germination and seedling survival was studied in both soil spiked with Cu in the laboratory and soil collected at a Cu-polluted site. Maternal effects were also studied. We found that seeds from Cu-stressed plants germinated more readily after a short, cold storage than control seeds, but no differences were found after a longer storage. The low germination of control seeds compared to maternal treated seeds could not be attributed to differences in thickness of the seed coat. Germination was slightly stimulated at 232 mg Cu kg−1. At the highest Cu level (i.e. 1,330 mg Cu kg−1) only 5% of the seeds germinated. Mortality of the seedlings increased with increasing Cu concentration reaching 40% at 391 mg Cu kg−1. At higher concentrations mortality decreased. Germination was not affected in laboratory tests with soil from a Cu-polluted site, but the biomass of the plants decreased with increasing Cu concentration. The distribution of the plants on a Cu-polluted site was registered in relation to soil Cu concentration. Cu was analyzed using three different extractors, i.e. HNO3, CaCl2, and DTPA. The distribution of the plant in the field was predicted from calculated lifetime effect of a given Cu soil concentration based on the laboratory tests. The results revealed that growth is more sensitive in the field than should be expected from laboratory tests due to several stressors in the former situation. Bioavailability was lower in the field soil but this was counteracted by the increased effect. Incorporating bioavailability in the prediction of field effects thus reduced the fit of the model and bioavailability measures could not be further evaluated.