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Eric Colman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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anorectics on trial a half century of Federal Regulation of prescription appetite suppressants
Annals of Internal Medicine, 2005Co-Authors: Eric ColmanAbstract:Beginning with the passage of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in 1938 and escalating with the 1962 Kefauver-Harris amendments, increasing pressure has been placed on pharmaceutical manufacturers to demonstrate that a drug's benefits outweigh its risks. Nowhere has the question of risk versus benefit come under greater scrutiny than with anorectics. After the approval in the 1940s and 1950s of a number of amphetamine and amphetamine-like compounds for the treatment of obesity, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration struggled to define the efficacy and safety of these agents. Labeling restrictions on duration of use and warnings about abuse and addiction ultimately contributed to the reduced use of anorectics. That trend continued until the mid-1990s, when the off-label use of fenfluramine plus phentermine (fen-phen) and the approval of dexfenfluramine gave rise to widespread, long-term use of anorectics to treat obesity. The adverse effects that came to be associated with fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine, leading to their eventual withdrawal from the market, gave pause to regulators, physicians, patients, and drug companies alike. Sibutramine, the latest anorectic to enter the market, is now the focus of a landmark trial that is examining, for the first time, whether drug-induced weight loss reduces the risk for fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular disease.
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anorectics on trial a half century of Federal Regulation of prescription appetite suppressants
Annals of Internal Medicine, 2005Co-Authors: Eric ColmanAbstract:After rapidly approving several desoxyephedrine compounds in the 1950s, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration appeared to second-guess itself by requiring strong warning labels that marginalized an...
Nicolas R Ziebarth - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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does price framing affect the consumer price sensitivity of health plan choice
Journal of Human Resources, 2017Co-Authors: Hendrik Schmitz, Nicolas R ZiebarthAbstract:This paper provides field evidence on how price framing affects consumers’ decision to switch health plans. In 2009 German Federal Regulation required insurers to express premium differences between standardized health plans in absolute euro values relative to a Federal reference price, rather than in percentage point payroll tax differences. Representative individual-level panel data and aggregated health plan level panel data on the universe of health plans show that the reform strongly increased enrollees’ willingness to switch plans, with demand elasticities increasing fourfold. The salience of premium differences and the default premium are obviously key driving forces in the decision to switch insurers.
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in absolute or relative terms how framing prices affects the consumer price sensitivity of health plan choice
SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research, 2011Co-Authors: Hendrik Schmitz, Nicolas R ZiebarthAbstract:This paper provides fi eld evidence on (a) how price framing aff ects consumers' decision to switch health insurance plans and (b) how the price elasticity of demand for health insurance can be influenced by policymakers through simple regulatory efforts. In 2009, in order to foster competition among health insurance companies, German Federal Regulation required health insurance companies to express price differences between health plans in absolute Euro values rather than percentage point payroll tax differences. Using individual-level panel data, as well as aggregated health plan-level panel data, we find that the reform led to a sixfold increase in an individual's switching probability and a threefold demand elasticity increase.
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in absolute or relative terms how framing prices affects the consumer price sensitivity of
Research Papers in Economics, 2011Co-Authors: Hendrik Schmitz, Nicolas R ZiebarthAbstract:This paper provides fi eld evidence on (a) how price framing aff ects consumers' decision to switch health insurance plans and (b) how the price elasticity of demand for health insurance can be influenced by policymakers through simple regulatory efforts. In 2009, in order to foster competition among health insurance companies, German Federal Regulation required health insurance companies to express price differences between health plans in absolute Euro values rather than percentage point payroll tax differences. Using individual-level panel data, as well as aggregated health plan-level panel data, we find that the reform led to a sixfold increase in an individual's switching probability and a threefold demand elasticity increase.
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in absolute or relative terms how framing prices affects the consumer price sensitivity of
Ruhr Economic Papers, 2011Co-Authors: Hendrik Schmitz, Nicolas R ZiebarthAbstract:Health Plan Choice Abstract: This paper provides field evidence on (a) how price framing affects consumers’ decision to switch health insurance plans and (b) how the price elasticity of demand for health insurance can be influenced by policymakers through simple regulatory efforts. In 2009, in order to foster competition among health insurance companies, German Federal Regulation required health insurance companies to express price differences between health plans in absolute Euro values rather than percentage point payroll tax differences. Using individual-level panel data, as well as aggregated health plan-level panel data, we find that the reform led to a sixfold increase in an individual’s switching probability and a threefold demand elasticity increase.
Hendrik Schmitz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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does price framing affect the consumer price sensitivity of health plan choice
Journal of Human Resources, 2017Co-Authors: Hendrik Schmitz, Nicolas R ZiebarthAbstract:This paper provides field evidence on how price framing affects consumers’ decision to switch health plans. In 2009 German Federal Regulation required insurers to express premium differences between standardized health plans in absolute euro values relative to a Federal reference price, rather than in percentage point payroll tax differences. Representative individual-level panel data and aggregated health plan level panel data on the universe of health plans show that the reform strongly increased enrollees’ willingness to switch plans, with demand elasticities increasing fourfold. The salience of premium differences and the default premium are obviously key driving forces in the decision to switch insurers.
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in absolute or relative terms how framing prices affects the consumer price sensitivity of health plan choice
SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research, 2011Co-Authors: Hendrik Schmitz, Nicolas R ZiebarthAbstract:This paper provides fi eld evidence on (a) how price framing aff ects consumers' decision to switch health insurance plans and (b) how the price elasticity of demand for health insurance can be influenced by policymakers through simple regulatory efforts. In 2009, in order to foster competition among health insurance companies, German Federal Regulation required health insurance companies to express price differences between health plans in absolute Euro values rather than percentage point payroll tax differences. Using individual-level panel data, as well as aggregated health plan-level panel data, we find that the reform led to a sixfold increase in an individual's switching probability and a threefold demand elasticity increase.
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in absolute or relative terms how framing prices affects the consumer price sensitivity of
Research Papers in Economics, 2011Co-Authors: Hendrik Schmitz, Nicolas R ZiebarthAbstract:This paper provides fi eld evidence on (a) how price framing aff ects consumers' decision to switch health insurance plans and (b) how the price elasticity of demand for health insurance can be influenced by policymakers through simple regulatory efforts. In 2009, in order to foster competition among health insurance companies, German Federal Regulation required health insurance companies to express price differences between health plans in absolute Euro values rather than percentage point payroll tax differences. Using individual-level panel data, as well as aggregated health plan-level panel data, we find that the reform led to a sixfold increase in an individual's switching probability and a threefold demand elasticity increase.
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in absolute or relative terms how framing prices affects the consumer price sensitivity of
Ruhr Economic Papers, 2011Co-Authors: Hendrik Schmitz, Nicolas R ZiebarthAbstract:Health Plan Choice Abstract: This paper provides field evidence on (a) how price framing affects consumers’ decision to switch health insurance plans and (b) how the price elasticity of demand for health insurance can be influenced by policymakers through simple regulatory efforts. In 2009, in order to foster competition among health insurance companies, German Federal Regulation required health insurance companies to express price differences between health plans in absolute Euro values rather than percentage point payroll tax differences. Using individual-level panel data, as well as aggregated health plan-level panel data, we find that the reform led to a sixfold increase in an individual’s switching probability and a threefold demand elasticity increase.
Lisa Bero - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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defining financial conflicts and managing research relationships an analysis of university conflict of interest committee decisions
Science and Engineering Ethics, 2007Co-Authors: Elizabeth A Boyd, Lisa BeroAbstract:Despite a decade of Federal Regulation and debate over the appropriateness of financial ties in research and their management, little is known about the actual decision-making processes of university conflict of interest (COI) committees. This paper analyzes in detail the discussions and decisions of three COI committees at three public universities in California. University committee members struggle to understand complex financial relationships and reconcile institutional, state, and Federal policies and at the same time work to protect the integrity of the scientific process, the autonomy and intellectual freedom of their faculty colleagues and students, and the financial interests of the university.
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the creation of industry front groups the tobacco industry and get government off our back
American Journal of Public Health, 2007Co-Authors: Dorie E Apollonio, Lisa BeroAbstract:We investigated how industries use front groups to combat public health measures by analyzing tobacco industry documents, contemporaneous media reports, journal articles, and press releases regarding "Get Government Off Our Back," a coalition created by the tobacco industry. RJ Reynolds created Get Government Off Our Back in 1994 to fight Federal Regulation of tobacco. By keeping its involvement secret, RJ Reynolds was able to draw public and legislative support and to avoid the tobacco industry reputation for misrepresenting evidence. The tobacco industry is not unique in its creation of such groups. Research on organizational background and funding could identify other industry front groups. Those who seek to establish measures to protect public health should be prepared to counter the argument that government should not regulate private behavior.
Ferris G Wayne - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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developing smokeless tobacco products for smokers an examination of tobacco industry documents
Tobacco Control, 2009Co-Authors: Carrie M Carpenter, Gregory N Connolly, Olalekan A Ayoyusuf, Ferris G WayneAbstract:Objective: To investigate whether development of smokeless tobacco products (SLT) is intended to target current smokers. Methods: This study analysed internal tobacco industry documents to describe research related to the smokeless tobacco market. Relevant documents included those detailing the development and targeting of SLT products with a particular emphasis on moist snuff. Results: Cigarette and SLT manufacturers recognised that shifting demographics of SLT users, as well as indoor smoking restrictions, health concerns and reduced social acceptability of smoking could impact the growth of the SLT market. Manufacturers developed new SLT products to target cigarette smokers promoting dual cigarette and SLT use. Conclusions: Heavy marketing of new SLT products may encourage dual use and result in unknown public health effects. SLT products have been designed to augment cigarette use and offset regulatory strategies such as clean indoor air laws. In the United States, the SLT strategy may provide cigarette companies with a diversified range of products under the prospect of Federal Regulation. These products may pose significant challenges to efforts by Federal agencies to reduce harm caused by tobacco use.