The Experts below are selected from a list of 4236 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Karl-michael Schebesch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Fluorescein Sodium in the Surgical Treatment of Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme.
World neurosurgery, 2019Co-Authors: Julius Höhne, Alexander Brawanski, Karl-michael Schebesch, Camilla De Laurentis, Mehmet Osman Akçakaya, Christian Bonde Pedersen, Frantz Rom Poulsen, Talat Kırış, Claudio Cavallo, Morgan BroggiAbstract:Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor and has a high recurrence rate. Maximizing the extent of resection (EOR) in recurrent GBM has proved to be the cornerstone of neurosurgical retreatment. The development of surgical microscopes fitted with Fluorescein-specific filters has facilitated Fluorescein-guided microsurgery and the identification of tumor tissue. Use of Fluorescein Sodium (FL) in primary high-grade glioma resection has shown promising results. Here, we present our experience with FL and the dedicated surgical microscope filter YELLOW 560 nm in 106 patients with recurrent GBM. Methods A total of 106 patients with recurrent GBM were included (53 women, 53 men; mean age, 53 years). A total of 5 mg/kg bodyweight of FL was intravenously injected approximately 45 minutes before craniotomy. A YELLOW 560 nm filter (PENTERO 900 [Carl Zeiss Meditec, Oberkochen Germany]) was used for microsurgical tumor resection and resection control. Surgical reports were reviewed regarding the degree of fluorescent staining. Postoperative magnetic resonance images were examined within 48 hours after surgery regarding the EOR and postoperative course regarding neurologic outcome, complications, and any adverse events. Results Bright fluorescent staining was present in all patients, which markedly enhanced tumor visibility and was deemed helpful for tumor resection. Seventeen patients (16%) showed residual tumor tissue on postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Therefore, gross total resection was achieved in 89 patients (84%). No adverse events were registered postoperatively. Conclusions FL and YELLOW 560 nm are readily available methods for fluorescence-guided tumor resection, similar to contrast enhancement in T1-weighted MRI. FL may improve resection in recurrent GBM with minimal risk, and tumor margins are clearly visualized. FL and the YELLOW 560 nm filter are safe and feasible tools for safe maximal resection of recurrent glioblastoma.
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Fluorescein Sodium-guided surgery of parotid gland tumors as a technical advance
BMC ear nose and throat disorders, 2017Co-Authors: Frank Haubner, Alexander Brawanski, Holger G. Gassner, Karl-michael SchebeschAbstract:Complete tumor removal and preservation of the facial nerve are essential in parotid gland surgery. A technical adjunct that potentially enhances the contrast between the facial nerve and the adherent tumor tissue and allows to identify residual tumor tissue could be Fluorescein Sodium. Retrospective chart analysis on 7 patients with benign parotid gland lesions that were operated using Fluorescein Sodium intravenously and the application of the YELLOW 560 nm filter of the operating microscope. Safety and feasibility were evaluated. All tumors showed fluorescence and the rating ´contrast-enhancing´ was assigned in all cases. In 2 patients, satellite nodules were identified and resected meaning that the fluorescence staining of the tumor margins was significantly better than under white light. The use of Fluorescein Sodium in parotidectomy is promising. In two cases residual tumor was detected that would have been left behind under white light. Further research in parotid gland surgery and other head and neck tumor procedures is warranted.
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Fluorescein Sodium-guided surgery of a brain abscess: A case report.
Surgical neurology international, 2016Co-Authors: Julius Höhne, Alexander Brawanski, Karl-michael SchebeschAbstract:Up to now, the feasibility and benefit of using Fluorescein Sodium under a dedicated surgical microscope filter (YE560, YELLOW 560 nm filter, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Germany) has never been clinically evaluated in infectious disorders of the brain. Here, we report the case of a male patient with a brain abscess in the right parietal lobe that was removed under fluorescence-guidance (intravenous administration of Fluorescein Sodium 10%, 5 mg/kg bodyweight). The abscess capsule showed intensive yellow fluorescent staining, while - under white light - the cortex appeared normal. This technique may improve the identification and surgical removal of brain abscesses.
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Fluorescein Sodium-guided surgery of a brain abscess: A case report.
Surgical Neurology International, 2016Co-Authors: Julius Höhne, Alexander Brawanski, Karl-michael SchebeschAbstract:Background: Up to now, the feasibility and benefit of using Fluorescein Sodium under a dedicated surgical microscope filter (YE560, YELLOW 560 nm filter, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Germany) has never been clinically evaluated in infectious disorders of the brain. Case Description: Here, we report the case of a male patient with a brain abscess in the right parietal lobe that was removed under fluorescence-guidance (intravenous administration of Fluorescein Sodium 10%, 5 mg/kg bodyweight). The abscess capsule showed intensive yellow fluorescent staining, while − under white light − the cortex appeared normal. Conclusion: This technique may improve the identification and surgical removal of brain abscesses.
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Fluorescein Sodium-Guided Surgery of Malignant Brain Tumors: History, Current Concepts, and Future Project.
Turkish neurosurgery, 2016Co-Authors: Karl-michael Schebesch, Alexander Brawanski, Christoph Hohenberger, Julius HöhneAbstract:Fluorescein Sodium (FL)-guided resection has become an important and beneficial treatment method for malignant brain tumors. FL-guided resection improves the rate of gross total resection in high-grade gliomas (HGG) and cerebral metastases (CM). FL sensitively visualizes the disruption of the blood-brain barrier in the area surrounding malignant lesions, similar to contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR sequences. This review of the current literature summarizes the history of FL in neurosurgery from 1946 until today. We discuss the molecular mechanism of FL accumulation in cerebral malignant tumors and provide an overview of the current practice of using FL and applying a dedicated surgical microscope filter. Additionally, we outline and discuss ongoing trials and future projects.
I.s. Yahia - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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design of smart optical sensor using polyvinyl alcohol Fluorescein Sodium salt laser filters and optical limiting effect
Journal of Molecular Structure, 2018Co-Authors: I.s. Yahia, A. Bouzidi, H.y. Zahran, W. Jilani, S. AlfaifyAbstract:Abstract Pure poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and PVA doped Fluorescein-Sodium salt (FSS/PVA composite films) have synthesized on wide scale laser optical filters. The investigated polymeric composite films have been characterized using several methods. The XRD patterns exhibit a decrease of the average crystalline size and an increase of the internal strain, which explained the imperfection and distortion in the prepared films. The optical characterizations showed a decrease in the transmission of the incident light for different samples, which may be explained to the layer formed by intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the PVA matrix and the FSS particles. The FSS/PVA polymeric composite films are being a completely blocking in the UV–Vis light at the range between 190 and 560 nm, agreement with the optical limiting effect, which makes the composite films suitable for CUT-OFF laser filters applications. The decrease in its, directly and indirectly, allowed transition band gaps were controlled by the added FSS dyes molecules. The variation of the exponent frequency (s) of the power law for FSS/PVA polymeric composite films has been characterized to improve the hopping conduction mechanism in the materials. The dielectric permittivity (e′) and dielectric loss (e’’) have been decreased with increasing the applied frequency, and the incorporated FSS molecules due to the DC electric conductivity can cause the decreases of the polarization of the as-prepared films over the studied ranges.
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Design of smart optical sensor using polyvinyl alcohol/Fluorescein Sodium salt: Laser filters and optical limiting effect
Journal of Molecular Structure, 2018Co-Authors: I.s. Yahia, A. Bouzidi, H.y. Zahran, W. Jilani, S. Alfaify, Hamed Algarni, Hajer GuermaziAbstract:Abstract Pure poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and PVA doped Fluorescein-Sodium salt (FSS/PVA composite films) have synthesized on wide scale laser optical filters. The investigated polymeric composite films have been characterized using several methods. The XRD patterns exhibit a decrease of the average crystalline size and an increase of the internal strain, which explained the imperfection and distortion in the prepared films. The optical characterizations showed a decrease in the transmission of the incident light for different samples, which may be explained to the layer formed by intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the PVA matrix and the FSS particles. The FSS/PVA polymeric composite films are being a completely blocking in the UV–Vis light at the range between 190 and 560 nm, agreement with the optical limiting effect, which makes the composite films suitable for CUT-OFF laser filters applications. The decrease in its, directly and indirectly, allowed transition band gaps were controlled by the added FSS dyes molecules. The variation of the exponent frequency (s) of the power law for FSS/PVA polymeric composite films has been characterized to improve the hopping conduction mechanism in the materials. The dielectric permittivity (e′) and dielectric loss (e’’) have been decreased with increasing the applied frequency, and the incorporated FSS molecules due to the DC electric conductivity can cause the decreases of the polarization of the as-prepared films over the studied ranges.
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Photovoltaic Characteristics of Solar Cells Based on Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide Sensitized with Fluorescein Sodium Salt
Theoretical and Experimental Chemistry, 2014Co-Authors: W. A. Farooq, I.s. Yahia, Fahrettin Yakuphanoglu, Amanullah Fatehmulla, Syed Mansoor Ali, Muhammad Atif, M. Aslam, Walid TawfikAbstract:We have designed solar cells based on nanostructured titanium dioxide sensitized by Fluorescein Sodium salt, and we have studied their photovoltaic and impedance characteristics. Under AM1.5 illumination and optimal conditions, an open-circuit photovoltage of 0.56 V and a short-circuit current density of 72 μA/cm2 were achieved. An impedance spectroscopy study of the voltage dependence of the capacitance in the frequency range 2-5 kHz did not reveal any shift from positive to negative capacitance.
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Synthesis and electrical characterization of dyesensitized solar cell with Fluorescein Sodium Salt
High Capacity Optical Networks and Emerging Enabling Technologies, 2012Co-Authors: W. A. Farooq, Fahrettin Yakuphanoglu, Amanullah Fatehmulla, I.s. YahiaAbstract:Fluorescein Sodium Salt dye sensitized solar cell based on nanostructure TiO2 was synthesized. Photovoltaic and impedance spectroscopy properties of the solar cell with Fluorescein Sodium were investigated. The solar cell gives a short circuit current density of 72μA/cm2 and an open circuit voltage of 0.56 V under AM 1.5. The capacitance-voltage, the conductance-voltage, the series resistance-voltage characteristics of the solar cell were carried out in a wide range of frequency for the development of the dye sensitized solar cells. The present investigation is useful for the improvement of the photovoltaic performance of the solar cell and can be further improved using combination of different dyes.
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Temperature dependence of electronic parameters of organic Schottky diode based on Fluorescein Sodium salt
Synthetic Metals, 2011Co-Authors: I.s. Yahia, A.a.m. Farag, Fahrettin Yakuphanoglu, W. A. FarooqAbstract:Abstract The electrical properties of an organic Schottky diode based on Fluorescein Sodium salt were investigated by current density–voltage and capacitance–voltage measurements. The crystal structure of Fluorescein Sodium salt, FSS in powder form was analyzed by X-ray diffraction method. X-ray diffraction results showed that the Fluorescein Sodium salt has a polycrystalline structure with a monoclinic system. The current density–voltage and capacitance–voltage characteristics of Al/FSS Schottky diode were investigated in the temperature range of 300–400 K. The diode exhibits a rectifying behavior, indicating the formation of the Schottky type junction at the interface of Al/FSS. The predominant charge transport mechanism of the Al/FSS Schottky diode was discussed and the proposed current injection processes was presented. The temperature dependence of the calculated acceptor concentration, the built-in potential and the width of the depletion region of Al/FSS Schottky barrier was also determined.
Alexander Brawanski - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Fluorescein Sodium in the Surgical Treatment of Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme.
World neurosurgery, 2019Co-Authors: Julius Höhne, Alexander Brawanski, Karl-michael Schebesch, Camilla De Laurentis, Mehmet Osman Akçakaya, Christian Bonde Pedersen, Frantz Rom Poulsen, Talat Kırış, Claudio Cavallo, Morgan BroggiAbstract:Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor and has a high recurrence rate. Maximizing the extent of resection (EOR) in recurrent GBM has proved to be the cornerstone of neurosurgical retreatment. The development of surgical microscopes fitted with Fluorescein-specific filters has facilitated Fluorescein-guided microsurgery and the identification of tumor tissue. Use of Fluorescein Sodium (FL) in primary high-grade glioma resection has shown promising results. Here, we present our experience with FL and the dedicated surgical microscope filter YELLOW 560 nm in 106 patients with recurrent GBM. Methods A total of 106 patients with recurrent GBM were included (53 women, 53 men; mean age, 53 years). A total of 5 mg/kg bodyweight of FL was intravenously injected approximately 45 minutes before craniotomy. A YELLOW 560 nm filter (PENTERO 900 [Carl Zeiss Meditec, Oberkochen Germany]) was used for microsurgical tumor resection and resection control. Surgical reports were reviewed regarding the degree of fluorescent staining. Postoperative magnetic resonance images were examined within 48 hours after surgery regarding the EOR and postoperative course regarding neurologic outcome, complications, and any adverse events. Results Bright fluorescent staining was present in all patients, which markedly enhanced tumor visibility and was deemed helpful for tumor resection. Seventeen patients (16%) showed residual tumor tissue on postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Therefore, gross total resection was achieved in 89 patients (84%). No adverse events were registered postoperatively. Conclusions FL and YELLOW 560 nm are readily available methods for fluorescence-guided tumor resection, similar to contrast enhancement in T1-weighted MRI. FL may improve resection in recurrent GBM with minimal risk, and tumor margins are clearly visualized. FL and the YELLOW 560 nm filter are safe and feasible tools for safe maximal resection of recurrent glioblastoma.
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Fluorescein Sodium-guided surgery of parotid gland tumors as a technical advance
BMC ear nose and throat disorders, 2017Co-Authors: Frank Haubner, Alexander Brawanski, Holger G. Gassner, Karl-michael SchebeschAbstract:Complete tumor removal and preservation of the facial nerve are essential in parotid gland surgery. A technical adjunct that potentially enhances the contrast between the facial nerve and the adherent tumor tissue and allows to identify residual tumor tissue could be Fluorescein Sodium. Retrospective chart analysis on 7 patients with benign parotid gland lesions that were operated using Fluorescein Sodium intravenously and the application of the YELLOW 560 nm filter of the operating microscope. Safety and feasibility were evaluated. All tumors showed fluorescence and the rating ´contrast-enhancing´ was assigned in all cases. In 2 patients, satellite nodules were identified and resected meaning that the fluorescence staining of the tumor margins was significantly better than under white light. The use of Fluorescein Sodium in parotidectomy is promising. In two cases residual tumor was detected that would have been left behind under white light. Further research in parotid gland surgery and other head and neck tumor procedures is warranted.
-
Fluorescein Sodium-guided surgery of a brain abscess: A case report.
Surgical neurology international, 2016Co-Authors: Julius Höhne, Alexander Brawanski, Karl-michael SchebeschAbstract:Up to now, the feasibility and benefit of using Fluorescein Sodium under a dedicated surgical microscope filter (YE560, YELLOW 560 nm filter, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Germany) has never been clinically evaluated in infectious disorders of the brain. Here, we report the case of a male patient with a brain abscess in the right parietal lobe that was removed under fluorescence-guidance (intravenous administration of Fluorescein Sodium 10%, 5 mg/kg bodyweight). The abscess capsule showed intensive yellow fluorescent staining, while - under white light - the cortex appeared normal. This technique may improve the identification and surgical removal of brain abscesses.
-
Fluorescein Sodium-guided surgery of a brain abscess: A case report.
Surgical Neurology International, 2016Co-Authors: Julius Höhne, Alexander Brawanski, Karl-michael SchebeschAbstract:Background: Up to now, the feasibility and benefit of using Fluorescein Sodium under a dedicated surgical microscope filter (YE560, YELLOW 560 nm filter, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Germany) has never been clinically evaluated in infectious disorders of the brain. Case Description: Here, we report the case of a male patient with a brain abscess in the right parietal lobe that was removed under fluorescence-guidance (intravenous administration of Fluorescein Sodium 10%, 5 mg/kg bodyweight). The abscess capsule showed intensive yellow fluorescent staining, while − under white light − the cortex appeared normal. Conclusion: This technique may improve the identification and surgical removal of brain abscesses.
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Fluorescein Sodium-Guided Surgery of Malignant Brain Tumors: History, Current Concepts, and Future Project.
Turkish neurosurgery, 2016Co-Authors: Karl-michael Schebesch, Alexander Brawanski, Christoph Hohenberger, Julius HöhneAbstract:Fluorescein Sodium (FL)-guided resection has become an important and beneficial treatment method for malignant brain tumors. FL-guided resection improves the rate of gross total resection in high-grade gliomas (HGG) and cerebral metastases (CM). FL sensitively visualizes the disruption of the blood-brain barrier in the area surrounding malignant lesions, similar to contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR sequences. This review of the current literature summarizes the history of FL in neurosurgery from 1946 until today. We discuss the molecular mechanism of FL accumulation in cerebral malignant tumors and provide an overview of the current practice of using FL and applying a dedicated surgical microscope filter. Additionally, we outline and discuss ongoing trials and future projects.
Fahrettin Yakuphanoglu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Photovoltaic Characteristics of Solar Cells Based on Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide Sensitized with Fluorescein Sodium Salt
Theoretical and Experimental Chemistry, 2014Co-Authors: W. A. Farooq, I.s. Yahia, Fahrettin Yakuphanoglu, Amanullah Fatehmulla, Syed Mansoor Ali, Muhammad Atif, M. Aslam, Walid TawfikAbstract:We have designed solar cells based on nanostructured titanium dioxide sensitized by Fluorescein Sodium salt, and we have studied their photovoltaic and impedance characteristics. Under AM1.5 illumination and optimal conditions, an open-circuit photovoltage of 0.56 V and a short-circuit current density of 72 μA/cm2 were achieved. An impedance spectroscopy study of the voltage dependence of the capacitance in the frequency range 2-5 kHz did not reveal any shift from positive to negative capacitance.
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Synthesis and electrical characterization of dyesensitized solar cell with Fluorescein Sodium Salt
High Capacity Optical Networks and Emerging Enabling Technologies, 2012Co-Authors: W. A. Farooq, Fahrettin Yakuphanoglu, Amanullah Fatehmulla, I.s. YahiaAbstract:Fluorescein Sodium Salt dye sensitized solar cell based on nanostructure TiO2 was synthesized. Photovoltaic and impedance spectroscopy properties of the solar cell with Fluorescein Sodium were investigated. The solar cell gives a short circuit current density of 72μA/cm2 and an open circuit voltage of 0.56 V under AM 1.5. The capacitance-voltage, the conductance-voltage, the series resistance-voltage characteristics of the solar cell were carried out in a wide range of frequency for the development of the dye sensitized solar cells. The present investigation is useful for the improvement of the photovoltaic performance of the solar cell and can be further improved using combination of different dyes.
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Temperature dependence of electronic parameters of organic Schottky diode based on Fluorescein Sodium salt
Synthetic Metals, 2011Co-Authors: I.s. Yahia, A.a.m. Farag, Fahrettin Yakuphanoglu, W. A. FarooqAbstract:Abstract The electrical properties of an organic Schottky diode based on Fluorescein Sodium salt were investigated by current density–voltage and capacitance–voltage measurements. The crystal structure of Fluorescein Sodium salt, FSS in powder form was analyzed by X-ray diffraction method. X-ray diffraction results showed that the Fluorescein Sodium salt has a polycrystalline structure with a monoclinic system. The current density–voltage and capacitance–voltage characteristics of Al/FSS Schottky diode were investigated in the temperature range of 300–400 K. The diode exhibits a rectifying behavior, indicating the formation of the Schottky type junction at the interface of Al/FSS. The predominant charge transport mechanism of the Al/FSS Schottky diode was discussed and the proposed current injection processes was presented. The temperature dependence of the calculated acceptor concentration, the built-in potential and the width of the depletion region of Al/FSS Schottky barrier was also determined.
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The determination of the conduction mechanism and optical band gap of Fluorescein Sodium salt
Physica B-condensed Matter, 2006Co-Authors: Fahrettin Yakuphanoglu, Memet Sekerci, Ertan EvinAbstract:Abstract The electrical conductivity and optical properties of Fluorescein Sodium salt in the temperature range of 295–370 K have been investigated. Various conduction models described in the literature were used to elucidate the charge transport mechanism of the compound. It is found that the charge transfer mechanism of the compound is understood in terms of grain boundary scattering. It can be evaluated that the obtained electronic parameters such as mobility, conductivity at room temperature, activation energy and optical band gap suggest that the compound is an organic semiconductor.
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The crystallization kinetics and thermal conductivity of alumina/Fluorescein Sodium salt (Al2O3/FSS) composites
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2004Co-Authors: Fahrettin Yakuphanoglu, Memet SekerciAbstract:The thermal conductivity and crystallization mechanism of alumina (Al2O3)/Fluorescein Sodium salt (FSS) composites prepared by the powder metallurgy method have been investigated by means of differential thermal analysis. The Kissinger method is applied to determine the crystallization kinetics from the endotherm peaks. The activation energy E and Avrami parameter n were calculated. The kinetic parameters (E and n) have made it possible to postulate the type of crystal growth exhibited in the crystallization process. The crystallization growth is found to be one-dimensional for the composite system. The thermal conductivity of the composite system was also determined by differential scanning calorimetry.
W. A. Farooq - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Photovoltaic Characteristics of Solar Cells Based on Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide Sensitized with Fluorescein Sodium Salt
Theoretical and Experimental Chemistry, 2014Co-Authors: W. A. Farooq, I.s. Yahia, Fahrettin Yakuphanoglu, Amanullah Fatehmulla, Syed Mansoor Ali, Muhammad Atif, M. Aslam, Walid TawfikAbstract:We have designed solar cells based on nanostructured titanium dioxide sensitized by Fluorescein Sodium salt, and we have studied their photovoltaic and impedance characteristics. Under AM1.5 illumination and optimal conditions, an open-circuit photovoltage of 0.56 V and a short-circuit current density of 72 μA/cm2 were achieved. An impedance spectroscopy study of the voltage dependence of the capacitance in the frequency range 2-5 kHz did not reveal any shift from positive to negative capacitance.
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Synthesis and electrical characterization of dyesensitized solar cell with Fluorescein Sodium Salt
High Capacity Optical Networks and Emerging Enabling Technologies, 2012Co-Authors: W. A. Farooq, Fahrettin Yakuphanoglu, Amanullah Fatehmulla, I.s. YahiaAbstract:Fluorescein Sodium Salt dye sensitized solar cell based on nanostructure TiO2 was synthesized. Photovoltaic and impedance spectroscopy properties of the solar cell with Fluorescein Sodium were investigated. The solar cell gives a short circuit current density of 72μA/cm2 and an open circuit voltage of 0.56 V under AM 1.5. The capacitance-voltage, the conductance-voltage, the series resistance-voltage characteristics of the solar cell were carried out in a wide range of frequency for the development of the dye sensitized solar cells. The present investigation is useful for the improvement of the photovoltaic performance of the solar cell and can be further improved using combination of different dyes.
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Temperature dependence of electronic parameters of organic Schottky diode based on Fluorescein Sodium salt
Synthetic Metals, 2011Co-Authors: I.s. Yahia, A.a.m. Farag, Fahrettin Yakuphanoglu, W. A. FarooqAbstract:Abstract The electrical properties of an organic Schottky diode based on Fluorescein Sodium salt were investigated by current density–voltage and capacitance–voltage measurements. The crystal structure of Fluorescein Sodium salt, FSS in powder form was analyzed by X-ray diffraction method. X-ray diffraction results showed that the Fluorescein Sodium salt has a polycrystalline structure with a monoclinic system. The current density–voltage and capacitance–voltage characteristics of Al/FSS Schottky diode were investigated in the temperature range of 300–400 K. The diode exhibits a rectifying behavior, indicating the formation of the Schottky type junction at the interface of Al/FSS. The predominant charge transport mechanism of the Al/FSS Schottky diode was discussed and the proposed current injection processes was presented. The temperature dependence of the calculated acceptor concentration, the built-in potential and the width of the depletion region of Al/FSS Schottky barrier was also determined.