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Olav Østerås - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Lameness and Claw Lesions of the Norwegian Red Dairy Cattle Housed in Free Stalls in Relation to Environment, Parity and Stage of Lactation
2016Co-Authors: Fjeldaas T, T Fjeldaas, Åse Margrethe Sogstad, Østerås O Lameness, Olav ØsteråsAbstract:red dairy cattle housed in Free Stalls in relation to environment, parity and stage o
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Associations of soft flooring materials in Free Stalls with milk yield, clinical mastitis, teat lesions, and removal of dairy cows
Journal of Dairy Science, 2010Co-Authors: Lars Erik Ruud, Knut Egil Bøe, Olav ØsteråsAbstract:The objective was to test if there was an association between Free-stall base softness and milk yield, incidence of clinical mastitis (CM), teat lesions, and removal of cows. In a questionnaire sent to 1,923 dairy farms presumed to be using Free-stall housing, farmers were asked for information regarding housing and stall base; for example, the year of installation and the product name or brand of their mats or mattresses. This information was merged with data for milk yield, CM, teat lesions, and removal of cows extracted from the Norwegian Dairy Herd Recording System for the years after installation of mats or mattresses. After exclusion of invalid contributions, the data set consisted of 29,326 lactations for milk yield distributed over 363 Free-stalled herds in Norway. The farms were stratified into 5 categories according to the softness of the stall surface measured as millimeter impact of a sphere with a diameter of 120 mm at 2-kN load: 1=concrete, softness of 0mm; 2=rubber, softness of 1 to 8mm; 3=soft mats, softness of 9 to 16 mm; 4=multilayer mats, softness of 17 to 24 mm; and 5=mattresses, softness over 24 mm. Lactation curves were estimated as modified Wood's lactation curves using test-day data and mixed models with repeated measurements, adjusting for days in milk, parity, and softness of Free-stall flooring. Herds on concrete Free-stall bases yielded 6,727+/-146 kg of milk from 5 to 305 days in milk. In comparison, herds showed a decrease of 0.3% on rubber, an increase of 2.4% on soft mats, an increase of 4.5% on multilayer mats, and an increase of 3.9% on mattresses. Compared with concrete, the hazard ratio (HR) of CM was less on rubber, multilayer mats, and mattresses [HR=0.89 (0.79-0.99), 0.85 (0.73-0.996), and 0.80 (0.73-0.88), respectively]. Compared with concrete, the HR of teat lesions was less on rubber, soft mats, multilayer mats, and mattresses [HR=0.41 (0.26-0.65), 0.33 (0.24-0.44), 0.12 (0.04-0.38), and 0.47 (0.33-0.67), respectively]. The HR of removal of cows was less on mattresses compared with concrete, rubber, soft mats, and multilayer mats, with HR=0.90 (0.84-0.97), 0.88 (0.80-0.97), 0.86 (0.80-0.93), and 0.85 (0.76-0.95), respectively. A soft Free-stall base contributed significantly to increased milk yield and fewer incidences of CM, teat lesions, and removal of cows.
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Housing system and herd size interactions in Norwegian dairy herds; associations with performance and disease incidence
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 2010Co-Authors: Egil Simensen, Olav Østerås, Knut Egil Bøe, Camilla Kielland, Lars Erik Ruud, Geir NæssAbstract:According to the Norwegian animal welfare regulations, it has been forbidden to build new tie-stall barns since the end of 2004. Previous studies have shown that cow performance and health differ between housing systems. The interaction between housing system and herd size with respect to performance and disease incidence has not been evaluated. Cow performance and health in 620 herds housed in Free-stall barns were compared with in 192 herds housed in tie-stall barns based on a mail survey and data from the Norwegian Dairy Herd Recording and Cattle Health Systems. The housing systems herds were comparable with respect to herd size (15-55 cows). Associations between performance/disease incidence and housing system, herd size and year of building the cow barn were tested in general linear models, and values for fixed herd size of 20 and 50 cows were calculated. On the individual cow level mixed models were run to test the effect of among others housing system and herd size on test-day milk yield, and to evaluate lactation curves in different parities. All cows were of the Norwegian Red Breed. Average milk production per cow-year was 134 kg lower in Free-stall herd than in tie-stall herds, but in the range 27-45 cows there was no significant difference in yields between the herd categories. In herds with less than 27 cows there were increasingly lower yields in Free-Stalls, particularly in first parity, whereas the yields were increasingly higher in Free-Stalls with more than 45 cows. In Free-Stalls fertility was better, calving interval shorter, and the incidence rate of teat injuries, ketosis, indigestions, anoestrus and cystic ovaries was lower than in tie-Stalls. All of these factors were more favourable in estimated 50-cow herds as compared to 20-cow herds. In the larger herd category, bulk milk somatic cell counts were higher, and the incidence rate of mastitis (all cases) and all diseases was lower. This study has shown that there is an interaction between housing system and herd size, and that performance and health is not universally better in small Free-Stalls than in tie-Stalls.
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Clinical mastitis in Norwegian herds after a combined selective dry-cow therapy and teat-dipping trial.
Journal of Dairy Science, 2006Co-Authors: Anne Cathrine Whist, Olav Østerås, L. SølverødAbstract:The objective of this study was to see if introduction of a 2-yr combined selective dry-cow therapy and teat-dipping trial would reduce clinical mastitis (CM) events in 164 Norwegian dairy herds. Three different penicillin or penicillin/dihydrostreptomycin-based dry-cow treatments, and 3 different teat-dipping regimens (negative control, iodine teat dip, or an external teat sealant) were independently and randomly allocated to each herd. Complete lactations both before and during the trial were investigated. Altogether, 1,005 CM cases were recorded in the lactations before the trial and 924 cases were recorded during the trial. Bacteriological milk samples were available from 784 of the 924 CM cases during the trial. Among these, Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from 47.4%, Streptococcus dysgalactiae from 22.5%, Escherichia coli from 10.7%, and coagulase-negative staphylococci from 6.3%. In addition, 12.5% cases were bacteriological negative, and the remainder of the CM cases were caused by other microbes. The different models were analyzed using Cox regression analysis with PROC PHREG and a positive stable frailty model in the SAS macro. Separate models were made for cows housed in tie-Stalls and Free-Stalls. Parity had a significant impact on the CM risk in both type of Stalls. Older cows (parity > 3) had the highest hazard ratio of contracting CM in tie-Stalls (1.68) and Free-Stalls (2.18) compared with parity 1. The CM risk decreased significantly (13%) in tie-Stalls and by 18% in Free-Stalls. In tie-Stalls, iodine-dipped cows had a significantly lower chance (21%) of getting CM compared with the negative control and the use of external teat sealant. The same trend was seen in Free-Stalls; however, the differences were not significant. Compared with CM before the trial, the reduction of CM was 15% during the trial.
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lameness and claw lesions of the norwegian red dairy cattle housed in Free Stalls in relation to environment parity and stage of lactation
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 2005Co-Authors: Åse Margrethe Sogstad, T Fjeldaas, Olav ØsteråsAbstract:Approximately 88% of Norwegian dairy cattle are housed in tie Stalls. Free stall housing for all dairy cattle will be implemented within 20 years. This means that the majority of existing Stalls will be rebuilt in the near future. Fifty-seven Free stall herds of the Norwegian Red breed were randomly selected and 1547 cows and 403 heifers were trimmed by 13 claw trimmers during the late winter and spring of 2002. The claw trimmers had been taught diagnosing and recording of claw lesions. Environment, management- and feeding routines were also recorded. Fifty-three herds had concrete slatted alleys while 4 had solid concrete. Thirty-five herds had concrete as a stall base, while 17 had rubber mats, 2 had wood and 3 had deep litter straw beds. The prevalence of lameness was 1.6% in hind claws. Models for lameness and claw lesions were designed to estimate the influence of different risk factors and to account for the cluster effects within herd and claw trimmer. Detected risk factors for lameness were: parity three and above and narrow cubicles; for heel horn erosions: lactation stage around 5–7 months after calving and solid concrete alleys; for haemorrhages of the white line: lactation stage around 3–5 months after calving and solid concrete alleys; for haemorrhages of the sole: parity one, lactation stage around 5–7 months after calving and short cubicles, for white line fissures: slatted concrete alleys; for asymmetrical claws: parities two and above and for corkscrewed claws: solid concrete alleys. The prevalence of lameness in heifers was low, however 29% had one or more claw lesions. Heifers that were housed in pens or Free Stalls had more heel-horn erosions, haemorrhages of the sole and white-line fissures than heifers in tie Stalls. As new Free Stalls are being built, it is important to optimise the conditions for claw health.
Daniel M. Weary - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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associations between cow hygiene hock injuries and Free stall usage on us dairy farms
Journal of Dairy Science, 2010Co-Authors: J E Lombard, Cassandra B. Tucker, Marina A. G. Von Keyserlingk, Christine A Kopral, Daniel M. WearyAbstract:This cross-sectional study evaluated cow comfort measures in Free stall dairies across the United States as part of the National Animal Health Monitoring System's Dairy 2007 study. The study was conducted in 17 states and evaluations were completed between March 5 and September 5, 2007. Assessors recorded hygiene and hock scores, number of cows housed in the pen, the number of cows standing with only the front feet in a stall, standing fully in a stall, and lying in a stall. Facility design measures included bedding type, bedding quantity, stall length and width, presence of a neck rail or brisket locator, and relevant distances from the rear and bed of the stall. Of the 491 operations that completed the cow comfort assessment, 297 had Holstein cows housed in Free Stalls and were included in this analysis. Negative binomial models were constructed to evaluate the following outcomes: the number of cows that were very dirty, had severe hock injuries, stood with front feet in the stall, stood with all feet in the stall, and were lying in the stall. Hygiene was better on farms that did not tail dock cows compared with those that did (5.7 vs. 8.8% were dirty) and on farms located in the study's west region compared with those located in the east region (5.2 vs. 9.7% were dirty). Severe hock injuries were less common on farms in the west than those in the east (0.5 vs. 4.1%). In addition, severe hock injuries were less common on farms that used dirt as a stall base or sand as bedding compared with farms that did not. A higher percentage of cows was standing with front feet in the stall at higher ambient temperatures (incidence rate ratio = 1.016) and as time since feeding increased (incidence rate ratio = 1.030). A lower percentage of cows were standing with front feet in the stall when the Stalls were shorter and when there were fewer cows per stall. Standing fully in a stall was performed by a higher percentage of cows during the summer than during the spring (13.6 vs. 8.1%), when cows were provided Free Stalls with rubber mats or mattresses, and as the distance from the rear curb to neck rail increased. A higher percentage of cows were lying in a stall when sand bedding was used, when bedding was added more frequently, and during the spring months. Results of this national survey indicate that tail docking provides no benefit to cow hygiene and that stall base and bedding are key factors influencing hock injuries and stall usage on US Free stall dairy farms.
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Cow preference and usage of Free Stalls compared with an open pack area
Journal of Dairy Science, 2009Co-Authors: J.a. Fregonesi, M.a.g. Von Keyserlingk, Daniel M. WearyAbstract:Free-stall housing systems are designed to provide a comfortable and hygienic lying area, but some aspects of stall design may restrict usage by cows. The aim of this study was to compare Free-stall housing with a comparable lying area (open pack) without stall partitions. We predicted that cows would spend more time lying down and standing in the bedded area when provided access to an open pack than when in Free Stalls. We also predicted that cows would spend less time standing outside of the lying area and less time perching with the front 2 hooves in the lying area when using the open pack. Groups (n = 8) of 12 cows each were provided access to either the open pack or Stalls. After a 7-d adaptation period, each group was tested sequentially in the 2 treatments for 3 d each. This no-choice phase was followed by an 8-d choice phase during which cows had simultaneous access to both treatments. During the no-choice phase, cows spent more time lying down (13.03 ± 0.24 vs. 12.48 ± 0.24 h/d) and standing with all 4 hooves in the bedded area (0.96 ± 0.12 vs. 0.41 ± 0.12 h/d) of the open pack than in the Stalls. During the choice phase, cows spent more time lying down (7.20 ± 0.29 vs. 5.86 ± 0.29 h/d) and standing with all 4 hooves in the bedded area (0.58 ± 0.07 vs. 0.12 ± 0.07 h/d) of the open pack than in the Stalls. In both the no-choice (1.66 ± 0.24 vs. 0.55 ± 0.24 h/d) and choice (0.55 ± 0.07 vs. 0.29 ± 0.07 h/d) phases, cows spent more time standing with just 2 hooves in the Stalls than in the open pack. In conclusion, cows spent more time lying and standing with all 4 hooves in the bedded open pack than in the Stalls. Additionally, cows spent more time standing in the alley and standing with just the front 2 hooves on the bedding in the Stalls than in the bedded open pack; increased standing time on wet concrete is a known risk factor for lameness.
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Lameness in dairy cattle - new research on gait and housing.
2008Co-Authors: Daniel M. Weary, M.a.g. Von Keyserlingk, F.c. Flower, R. A. SmithAbstract:This paper reviews recent research on lameness in dairy cows, with special focus on our work at the University of British Columbia addressing the scientific assessment of impaired gait, and how such impairments can be prevented through improvements in housing. Subjective gait scores can vary considerably between observers, but the reliability of these scores can be much improved with training and the use of well-defined scoring criteria. Some variation in gait relates to hoof pathologies and pain, factors typically considered central to the problem of cattle lameness. However, many cows with impaired gait have no visible sole lesions, and vice versa, and treating lame cows with analgesics has a significant but minor effect on gait. Gait also varies with features of the cow not related to lameness (e.g. udder fill) and with features of the environment (e.g. walking surface). Most importantly, lameness (as evidenced by impaired gait) can be dramatically reduced through improvements in housing conditions, including access to pasture or to more comfortable Free Stalls.
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Effects of Bedding Quality on Lying Behavior of Dairy Cows
Journal of Dairy Science, 2007Co-Authors: J.a. Fregonesi, M.a.g. Von Keyserlingk, D.m. Veira, Daniel M. WearyAbstract:Cows prefer to spend more time lying down in Free Stalls with more bedding, but no research to date has addressed the effects of bedding quality. Bedding in Stalls often becomes wet either from exposure to the elements or from feces and urine. The aim of this study was to test the effect of wet bedding on stall preference and use. Four groups of 6 nonlactating Holstein cows were housed in Free Stalls bedded daily with approximately 0.1 m of fresh sawdust. Following a 5-d adaptation period, each group of cows was tested sequentially with access to Stalls with either dry or wet sawdust bedding (86.4 ± 2.1 vs. 26.5 ± 2.1% dry matter), each for 2 d. These no-choice phases were followed by a 2-d Free-choice phase during which cows had simultaneous access to Stalls containing either wet or dry bedding. Stall usage was assessed by using 24-h video recordings scanned at 10-min intervals, and responses were analyzed by using a mixed model, with group (n = 4) as the observational unit. The minimum and maximum environmental temperatures during the experiment were 3.4 ± 2.2 and 6.8 ± 2.5°C, respectively. When cows had access only to Stalls with wet bedding, they spent 8.8 ± 0.8 h/d lying down, which increased to 13.8 ± 0.8 h/d when Stalls with dry bedding were provided. Cows spent more time standing with their front 2 hooves in the stall when provided with wet vs. dry bedding (92 ± 10 vs. 32 ± 10 min/d). During the Free-choice phase, all cows spent more time lying down in the dry Stalls, spending 12.5 ± 0.3 h/d in the dry Stalls vs. 0.9 ± 0.3 h/ d in Stalls with wet bedding. In conclusion, dairy cows show a clear preference for a dry lying surface, and they spend much more time standing outside the stall when only wet bedding is available.
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Bacterial Populations on Teat Ends of Dairy Cows Housed in Free Stalls and Bedded with Either Sand or Sawdust
Journal of Dairy Science, 2004Co-Authors: M. Zdanowicz, Cassandra B. Tucker, Daniel M. Weary, J.a. Shelford, M.a.g. Von KeyserlingkAbstract:The main objectives of the experiment were: 1) to compare bacterial populations of mastitis-causing organisms on the teats of lactating dairy cattle housed on sand and sawdust bedding and, 2) to examine the relationship between bacterial counts present in the 2 bedding types with those on teat ends. Sixteen lactating Holstein cows were housed on either sand or sawdust-bedded Free Stalls using a crossover design with 3 wk per bedding type. Bedding samples were collected on d 0 (prior to animals lying on the bedding), 1, 2, and 6. Teat ends were sampled prior to the morning milking on d 1, 2, and 6. All samples were analyzed to determine coliform, Klebsiella spp., and Streptococcus spp. populations. There were 2 times more coliforms and 6 times more Klebsiella bacteria on teat ends of cows housed on sawdust compared with those housed on sand. In contrast, there were 10 times more Streptococcus spp. bacteria on teat ends of cows when housed on sand compared with sawdust. In both sawdust and sand bedding, coliforms, Klebsiella and Streptococcus counts increased over each experimental week, although patterns varied with bedding and bacteria type. Bacterial counts on teat ends were correlated with bacterial counts in sawdust (r = 0.47, 0.69, and 0.60 for coliforms, Klebsiella spp., and streptococci, respectively) and in sand (r = 0.35 for coliforms and r = 0.40 for Klebsiella spp.). In conclusion, coliforms and Klebsiella spp. on teat ends were more numerous when cows were housed on sawdust bedding, but Streptococcus spp. were more numerous on teat ends of cows housed on sand.
Åse Margrethe Sogstad - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Lameness and Claw Lesions of the Norwegian Red Dairy Cattle Housed in Free Stalls in Relation to Environment, Parity and Stage of Lactation
2016Co-Authors: Fjeldaas T, T Fjeldaas, Åse Margrethe Sogstad, Østerås O Lameness, Olav ØsteråsAbstract:red dairy cattle housed in Free Stalls in relation to environment, parity and stage o
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lameness and claw lesions of the norwegian red dairy cattle housed in Free Stalls in relation to environment parity and stage of lactation
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 2005Co-Authors: Åse Margrethe Sogstad, T Fjeldaas, Olav ØsteråsAbstract:Approximately 88% of Norwegian dairy cattle are housed in tie Stalls. Free stall housing for all dairy cattle will be implemented within 20 years. This means that the majority of existing Stalls will be rebuilt in the near future. Fifty-seven Free stall herds of the Norwegian Red breed were randomly selected and 1547 cows and 403 heifers were trimmed by 13 claw trimmers during the late winter and spring of 2002. The claw trimmers had been taught diagnosing and recording of claw lesions. Environment, management- and feeding routines were also recorded. Fifty-three herds had concrete slatted alleys while 4 had solid concrete. Thirty-five herds had concrete as a stall base, while 17 had rubber mats, 2 had wood and 3 had deep litter straw beds. The prevalence of lameness was 1.6% in hind claws. Models for lameness and claw lesions were designed to estimate the influence of different risk factors and to account for the cluster effects within herd and claw trimmer. Detected risk factors for lameness were: parity three and above and narrow cubicles; for heel horn erosions: lactation stage around 5–7 months after calving and solid concrete alleys; for haemorrhages of the white line: lactation stage around 3–5 months after calving and solid concrete alleys; for haemorrhages of the sole: parity one, lactation stage around 5–7 months after calving and short cubicles, for white line fissures: slatted concrete alleys; for asymmetrical claws: parities two and above and for corkscrewed claws: solid concrete alleys. The prevalence of lameness in heifers was low, however 29% had one or more claw lesions. Heifers that were housed in pens or Free Stalls had more heel-horn erosions, haemorrhages of the sole and white-line fissures than heifers in tie Stalls. As new Free Stalls are being built, it is important to optimise the conditions for claw health.
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Lameness and Claw Lesions of the Norwegian Red Dairy Cattle Housed in Free Stalls in Relation to Environment, Parity and Stage of Lactation
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 2005Co-Authors: Åse Margrethe Sogstad, T Fjeldaas, Olav ØsteråsAbstract:Approximately 88% of Norwegian dairy cattle are housed in tie Stalls. Free stall housing for all dairy cattle will be implemented within 20 years. This means that the majority of existing Stalls will be rebuilt in the near future. Fifty-seven Free stall herds of the Norwegian Red breed were randomly selected and 1547 cows and 403 heifers were trimmed by 13 claw trimmers during the late winter and spring of 2002. The claw trimmers had been taught diagnosing and recording of claw lesions. Environment, management- and feeding routines were also recorded. Fifty-three herds had concrete slatted alleys while 4 had solid concrete. Thirty-five herds had concrete as a stall base, while 17 had rubber mats, 2 had wood and 3 had deep litter straw beds. The prevalence of lameness was 1.6% in hind claws. Models for lameness and claw lesions were designed to estimate the influence of different risk factors and to account for the cluster effects within herd and claw trimmer. Detected risk factors for lameness were: parity three and above and narrow cubicles; for heel horn erosions: lactation stage around 5–7 months after calving and solid concrete alleys; for haemorrhages of the white line: lactation stage around 3–5 months after calving and solid concrete alleys; for haemorrhages of the sole: parity one, lactation stage around 5–7 months after calving and short cubicles, for white line fissures: slatted concrete alleys; for asymmetrical claws: parities two and above and for corkscrewed claws: solid concrete alleys. The prevalence of lameness in heifers was low, however 29% had one or more claw lesions. Heifers that were housed in pens or Free Stalls had more heel-horn erosions, haemorrhages of the sole and white-line fissures than heifers in tie Stalls. As new Free Stalls are being built, it is important to optimise the conditions for claw health. Rundt 88% av norske mjølkekyr står oppstallet i båsfjøs. Det er vedtatt at alt storfe innen 20 år skal være oppstallet i løsdrift. Det betyr at de fleste eksisterende båsfjøs må bygges om eller at det må bygges nytt i nær framtid. Femtisju tilfeldig utvalgte løsdriftbesetninger med 1547 kyr og 403 kviger ble besøkt av 13 klauvskjærere på senvinteren og våren 2002. Klauvskjærerne hadde fått opplæring i praktisk klauvskjæring, diagnostisering og registrering av klauvlidelser. Informasjon om oppstallingsforhold, miljø, stell- og fôrings rutiner ble i tillegg registrert. Femtitre besetninger hadde betongsviller i gangarealet, mens 4 hadde heldekkende betong. Trettifem besetninger hadde betong i liggebåsen, mens 17 hadde gummimatter, 2 hadde tregolv og 3 hadde strøseng. Modeller for halthet og klauvlidelser ble laget for å estimere viktigheten av forskjellige risikofaktorer og for å ta hensyn til cluster-effekter innen besetning og innen klauvskjærer. De påviste risikofaktorene for halthet var: laktasjonsnummer 3 og over og smale liggebåser; for hornforråtnelse: laktasjonsstadium omkring 5-7 mnd etter kalving og heldekkende betong i gangarealet; for blødning i den hvite linje: laktasjonsstadium 3-5 mnd etter kalving og heldekkende betong i gangarealet; for blødning i sålen: laktasjonsnummer 1, laktasjonsstadium 4-6 mnd etter kalving og korte båser; for løsning i den hvite linje: spaltegolv i gangarealet; for skjeve klauver: aktasjonsnummer 2 og over og for korketrekkerklauv/ ombøyd vegg: heldekkende betong i gangarealet. Få kviger var halte, men 29% hadde én eller flere merknader til klauvhelsa på bakbein. Forekomsten av hornforråtnelse, blødninger i sålen og løsning i den hvite linjen var høyere hos kviger oppstallet i binge og i løsdrift enn hos kviger oppstallet på båsfjøs. Vi står overfor store utfordringer når det gjelder å gi best mulig betingelser for kyrs bein i nybygg og i eksisterende løsdriftfjøs.
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Claw trimming routines in relation to claw lesions, claw shape and lameness in Norwegian dairy herds housed in tie Stalls and Free Stalls.
Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2005Co-Authors: T Fjeldaas, Åse Margrethe Sogstad, Olav ØsteråsAbstract:Abstract We assessed the prevalence of claw lesions, abnormal claw shapes and lameness in relation to most-recent claw-trimming routines in Norwegian dairy herds housed in tie Stalls and Free Stalls. Equal-sized groups were randomly sampled from both tie and Free Stalls in each of the three most animal-dense regions in Norway. The study population consisted of 2551 cows of the Norwegian Red breed housed in 54 tie Stalls and 52 Free Stalls. Fourteen educated claw trimmers performed claw trimming and recording of claw lesions once during the spring of 2002. A multivariable model including cluster effects and individual-cow factors was fit for each claw lesion and abnormal claw shape. In tie-stall herds with routine trimming 39.9% of the cows had one or more lesions or abnormal shapes in front or hind claws versus 52.8% in herds with no routine trimming. Hind-claw results in tie Stalls with concrete stall base: herds trimmed occasionally had more haemorrhages of the white line (OR = 2.8) and corkscrewed hind claws (OR = 3.6) versus herds trimmed routinely; herds never trimmed had more heel-horn erosions (OR = 2.6) versus herds trimmed routinely and less haemorrhages of the white line (OR = 0.3) and the sole (OR = 0.2) versus herds trimmed occasionally. In Free-stall herds with routine trimming 76.8% of the cows had one or more lesions or abnormal shapes in front or hind claws versus 68.9% in herds with no routine trimming. Hind-claw results in Free Stalls with concrete stall base: herds never trimmed had less haemorrhages of the white line (OR = 0.3) and the sole (OR = 0.3) versus herds trimmed routinely; and also less haemorrhages of the white line (OR = 0.3) and white-line fissures (OR = 0.3) versus herds trimmed occasionally. Hind-claw results in Free Stalls with rubber-mat stall base: herds trimmed occasionally had less heel-horn erosions (OR = 0.5) and more dermatitis (OR = 5.4) versus herds trimmed routinely. The routine claw trimming performed in Norwegian Free Stalls has not had the desired effects on claw lesions and abnormal claw shapes. Routine trimming in tie Stalls, however, seems to have prevented claw disorders.
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Prevalence of claw lesions in Norwegian dairy cattle housed in tie Stalls and Free Stalls.
Preventive veterinary medicine, 2005Co-Authors: Åse Margrethe Sogstad, Olav Østerås, T Fjeldaas, K Plym ForshellAbstract:Approximately 88% of Norwegian dairy cattle are housed in tie Stalls. Free-stall housing will be implemented for all cattle within 20 years. This means that most existing barns have to be rebuilt in the near future. We designed our study to estimate the prevalence of claw lesions in Norway and to reveal possible differences between tie Stalls and Free Stalls. Fifty-five tie-stall herds and 57 Free-stall herds were sampled by computerized systematic selection and 2665 cows were trimmed by 13 claw trimmers, during the late winter and spring of 2002. The claw trimmers had been taught diagnosing and recording of claw lesions. Environmental factors, management and feeding routines also were recorded. Forty-eight percent of cows housed in tie Stalls had one or more claw lesions versus 71.8% in Free Stalls. Prevalences recorded in the hind claws were: 4.2% of the animals had dermatitis in tie Stalls versus 5.7% in Free Stalls; 7.9% versus 38.0% had heel-horn erosions; 7.3% versus 13.6% had haemorrhages of the white line; 11.7% versus 20.4% had haemorrhages of the sole; 2.8% versus 3.2% had sole ulcers and 5.5% versus 9.7% had white-line fissures. Most lesions were mild. A model was designed to estimate cluster effects within herd and within claw trimmer. The cluster effect within herd was significant for all lesions. The cluster effect within claw trimmer was only significant for heel-horn erosions in front and hind claws and for white-line fissures in front claws. Agreements between some of the claw lesions were revealed. The study confirms that in Norwegian dairy cattle, most claw lesions are more prevalent in Free Stalls than in tie Stalls.
David F. Kelton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Herd-level risk factors for seven different foot lesions in Ontario Holstein cattle housed in tie Stalls or Free Stalls.
Journal of Dairy Science, 2009Co-Authors: Gerard Cramer, Kerry D. Lissemore, C.l. Guard, Ken E. Leslie, David F. KeltonAbstract:Worldwide, there is considerable between-herd variation within individual foot lesion prevalence studies. This variation suggests that herd-level risk factors are important from a prevention perspective. The objective was to determine the effect of selected risk factors on the prevalence of 7 foot lesions in both tie-stall and Free-stall housing systems. As part of a cross-sectional foot lesion study 5 hoof trimmers recorded lesions for all cows that were foot trimmed in a herd. In addition, they completed a risk factor questionnaire for each herd. The impact of specific risk factors was evaluated using separate multi-variable models for both Free-stall and tie-stall herds. The lesions evaluated were digital dermatitis, sole ulcer, sole hemorrhage, heel horn erosion, white line separations, white line abscess, and interdigital fibroma. Model types were selected based on herd-level lesion distribution. Detrimental risk factors identified in Free-stall housing included increased alley scraping frequency (2.2- to 2.4-fold for sole ulcers) and trimming in summer or fall (-0.2-fold vs. spring and winter for digital dermatitis). Protective risk factors in Free Stalls included intermediate bedding depth (0.4-fold for 2.5 to 7.5 cm vs. more or less bedding for interdigital fibroma) and trimming heifers before calving (0.1-fold for white line abscess). In tie-stall herds no protective risk factors were identified. Detrimental risk factors for lesions in tie Stalls included year-round access to outside areas (2.1-fold increase in digital dermatitis, 3.5-fold for white line separation, and 7.0-fold for interdigital fibroma vs. no or only seasonal exercise access), routine spraying of feet (2.0-fold increase in digital dermatitis), larger herds (3.0-fold increase in interdigital fibroma vs.
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herd level risk factors for seven different foot lesions in ontario holstein cattle housed in tie Stalls or Free Stalls
Journal of Dairy Science, 2009Co-Authors: Gerard Cramer, Kerry D. Lissemore, C.l. Guard, Ken E. Leslie, David F. KeltonAbstract:Worldwide, there is considerable between-herd variation within individual foot lesion prevalence studies. This variation suggests that herd-level risk factors are important from a prevention perspective. The objective was to determine the effect of selected risk factors on the prevalence of 7 foot lesions in both tie-stall and Free-stall housing systems. As part of a cross-sectional foot lesion study 5 hoof trimmers recorded lesions for all cows that were foot trimmed in a herd. In addition, they completed a risk factor questionnaire for each herd. The impact of specific risk factors was evaluated using separate multi-variable models for both Free-stall and tie-stall herds. The lesions evaluated were digital dermatitis, sole ulcer, sole hemorrhage, heel horn erosion, white line separations, white line abscess, and interdigital fibroma. Model types were selected based on herd-level lesion distribution. Detrimental risk factors identified in Free-stall housing included increased alley scraping frequency (2.2- to 2.4-fold for sole ulcers) and trimming in summer or fall (-0.2-fold vs. spring and winter for digital dermatitis). Protective risk factors in Free Stalls included intermediate bedding depth (0.4-fold for 2.5 to 7.5 cm vs. more or less bedding for interdigital fibroma) and trimming heifers before calving (0.1-fold for white line abscess). In tie-stall herds no protective risk factors were identified. Detrimental risk factors for lesions in tie Stalls included year-round access to outside areas (2.1-fold increase in digital dermatitis, 3.5-fold for white line separation, and 7.0-fold for interdigital fibroma vs. no or only seasonal exercise access), routine spraying of feet (2.0-fold increase in digital dermatitis), larger herds (3.0-fold increase in interdigital fibroma vs. <41 cow herds), and the use of wood bedding material (6.5-fold vs. straw bedding for interdigital fibroma). The risk factors identified need further evaluation to determine the temporal relationships, as well as whether the relationships with foot lesions are causal.
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Herd- and cow-level prevalence of foot lesions in Ontario dairy cattle.
Journal of Dairy Science, 2008Co-Authors: Gerard Cramer, Kerry D. Lissemore, C.l. Guard, Ken E. Leslie, David F. KeltonAbstract:The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to determine herd-level and cow-level prevalence estimates for 11 foot lesions in Ontario dairy cattle. Foot lesions were recorded by 5 hoof trimmers on 13,530 cows in 204 Ontario dairy herds from March 2004 to May 2005. Significant differences existed between Free-stall and tie-stall housing. In Free-stall housing systems, 46.4% of cows had a foot lesion, compared with 25.7% of cows in tie-stall barns. Digital dermatitis was the most common lesion in tie Stalls, occurring in 9.3% of cows and 69.7% of the herds, whereas in Free-stall herds, 22.7% of cows and 96.7% of the herds were affected. The most common hoof horn lesions were hemorrhages and ulcers, at 7.7 and 4.7% in tie-stall housing and 11.0 and 9.2% in Free-stall housing, respectively. Foot blocks were used to treat 2.2% of cows in Free Stalls and 0.3% in tie Stalls. Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 9.5 to 17.3 for hoof horn lesions and 28.0 to 38.7 for infectious lesions. In summary, foot lesions diagnosed at the time of hoof trimming are common in Ontario, and appropriate treatment for hoof horn lesions is low.
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Incidence Rate of Clinical Mastitis on Canadian Dairy Farms
Journal of Dairy Science, 2008Co-Authors: R. G. M. Olde Riekerink, David F. Kelton, Herman W. Barkema, D.t. SchollAbstract:No nationwide studies of the incidence rate of clinical mastitis (IRCM) have been conducted in Canada. Because the IRCM and distribution of mastitis-causing bacteria may show substantial geographic variation, the primary objective of this study was to determine regional pathogen-specific IRCM on Canadian dairy farms. Additionally, the association of pathogen-specific IRCM with bulk milk somatic cell count (BMSCC) and barn type were determined. In total, 106 dairy farms in 10 provinces of Canada participated in the study for a period of 1 yr. Participating producers recorded 3,149 cases of clinical mastitis. The most frequently isolated mastitis pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus uberis, and coagulase-negative staphylococci. Overall mean and median IRCM were 23.0 and 16.7 cases per 100 cow-years in the selected herds, respectively, with a range from 0.7 to 97.4 per herd. No association between BMSCC and overall IRCM was found, but E. coli and culture-negative IRCM were highest and Staph. aureus IRCM was lowest in low and medium BMSCC herds. Staphylococcus aureus, Strep. uberis, and Streptococcus dysgalactiae IRCM were lowest in the Western provinces. Staphylococcus aureus and Strep. dysgalactiae IRCM were highest in Quebec. Cows in tie-Stalls had higher incidences of Staph. aureus, Strep. uberis, coagulase-negative staphylococci, and other streptococcal IRCM compared with those in Free-Stalls, whereas cows in Free Stalls had higher Klebsiella spp. and E. coli IRCM than those in tie-stall barns. The focus of mastitis prevention and control programs should differ between regions and should be tailored to farms based on housing type and BMSCC.
T Fjeldaas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Lameness and Claw Lesions of the Norwegian Red Dairy Cattle Housed in Free Stalls in Relation to Environment, Parity and Stage of Lactation
2016Co-Authors: Fjeldaas T, T Fjeldaas, Åse Margrethe Sogstad, Østerås O Lameness, Olav ØsteråsAbstract:red dairy cattle housed in Free Stalls in relation to environment, parity and stage o
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lameness and claw lesions of the norwegian red dairy cattle housed in Free Stalls in relation to environment parity and stage of lactation
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 2005Co-Authors: Åse Margrethe Sogstad, T Fjeldaas, Olav ØsteråsAbstract:Approximately 88% of Norwegian dairy cattle are housed in tie Stalls. Free stall housing for all dairy cattle will be implemented within 20 years. This means that the majority of existing Stalls will be rebuilt in the near future. Fifty-seven Free stall herds of the Norwegian Red breed were randomly selected and 1547 cows and 403 heifers were trimmed by 13 claw trimmers during the late winter and spring of 2002. The claw trimmers had been taught diagnosing and recording of claw lesions. Environment, management- and feeding routines were also recorded. Fifty-three herds had concrete slatted alleys while 4 had solid concrete. Thirty-five herds had concrete as a stall base, while 17 had rubber mats, 2 had wood and 3 had deep litter straw beds. The prevalence of lameness was 1.6% in hind claws. Models for lameness and claw lesions were designed to estimate the influence of different risk factors and to account for the cluster effects within herd and claw trimmer. Detected risk factors for lameness were: parity three and above and narrow cubicles; for heel horn erosions: lactation stage around 5–7 months after calving and solid concrete alleys; for haemorrhages of the white line: lactation stage around 3–5 months after calving and solid concrete alleys; for haemorrhages of the sole: parity one, lactation stage around 5–7 months after calving and short cubicles, for white line fissures: slatted concrete alleys; for asymmetrical claws: parities two and above and for corkscrewed claws: solid concrete alleys. The prevalence of lameness in heifers was low, however 29% had one or more claw lesions. Heifers that were housed in pens or Free Stalls had more heel-horn erosions, haemorrhages of the sole and white-line fissures than heifers in tie Stalls. As new Free Stalls are being built, it is important to optimise the conditions for claw health.
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Lameness and Claw Lesions of the Norwegian Red Dairy Cattle Housed in Free Stalls in Relation to Environment, Parity and Stage of Lactation
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 2005Co-Authors: Åse Margrethe Sogstad, T Fjeldaas, Olav ØsteråsAbstract:Approximately 88% of Norwegian dairy cattle are housed in tie Stalls. Free stall housing for all dairy cattle will be implemented within 20 years. This means that the majority of existing Stalls will be rebuilt in the near future. Fifty-seven Free stall herds of the Norwegian Red breed were randomly selected and 1547 cows and 403 heifers were trimmed by 13 claw trimmers during the late winter and spring of 2002. The claw trimmers had been taught diagnosing and recording of claw lesions. Environment, management- and feeding routines were also recorded. Fifty-three herds had concrete slatted alleys while 4 had solid concrete. Thirty-five herds had concrete as a stall base, while 17 had rubber mats, 2 had wood and 3 had deep litter straw beds. The prevalence of lameness was 1.6% in hind claws. Models for lameness and claw lesions were designed to estimate the influence of different risk factors and to account for the cluster effects within herd and claw trimmer. Detected risk factors for lameness were: parity three and above and narrow cubicles; for heel horn erosions: lactation stage around 5–7 months after calving and solid concrete alleys; for haemorrhages of the white line: lactation stage around 3–5 months after calving and solid concrete alleys; for haemorrhages of the sole: parity one, lactation stage around 5–7 months after calving and short cubicles, for white line fissures: slatted concrete alleys; for asymmetrical claws: parities two and above and for corkscrewed claws: solid concrete alleys. The prevalence of lameness in heifers was low, however 29% had one or more claw lesions. Heifers that were housed in pens or Free Stalls had more heel-horn erosions, haemorrhages of the sole and white-line fissures than heifers in tie Stalls. As new Free Stalls are being built, it is important to optimise the conditions for claw health. Rundt 88% av norske mjølkekyr står oppstallet i båsfjøs. Det er vedtatt at alt storfe innen 20 år skal være oppstallet i løsdrift. Det betyr at de fleste eksisterende båsfjøs må bygges om eller at det må bygges nytt i nær framtid. Femtisju tilfeldig utvalgte løsdriftbesetninger med 1547 kyr og 403 kviger ble besøkt av 13 klauvskjærere på senvinteren og våren 2002. Klauvskjærerne hadde fått opplæring i praktisk klauvskjæring, diagnostisering og registrering av klauvlidelser. Informasjon om oppstallingsforhold, miljø, stell- og fôrings rutiner ble i tillegg registrert. Femtitre besetninger hadde betongsviller i gangarealet, mens 4 hadde heldekkende betong. Trettifem besetninger hadde betong i liggebåsen, mens 17 hadde gummimatter, 2 hadde tregolv og 3 hadde strøseng. Modeller for halthet og klauvlidelser ble laget for å estimere viktigheten av forskjellige risikofaktorer og for å ta hensyn til cluster-effekter innen besetning og innen klauvskjærer. De påviste risikofaktorene for halthet var: laktasjonsnummer 3 og over og smale liggebåser; for hornforråtnelse: laktasjonsstadium omkring 5-7 mnd etter kalving og heldekkende betong i gangarealet; for blødning i den hvite linje: laktasjonsstadium 3-5 mnd etter kalving og heldekkende betong i gangarealet; for blødning i sålen: laktasjonsnummer 1, laktasjonsstadium 4-6 mnd etter kalving og korte båser; for løsning i den hvite linje: spaltegolv i gangarealet; for skjeve klauver: aktasjonsnummer 2 og over og for korketrekkerklauv/ ombøyd vegg: heldekkende betong i gangarealet. Få kviger var halte, men 29% hadde én eller flere merknader til klauvhelsa på bakbein. Forekomsten av hornforråtnelse, blødninger i sålen og løsning i den hvite linjen var høyere hos kviger oppstallet i binge og i løsdrift enn hos kviger oppstallet på båsfjøs. Vi står overfor store utfordringer når det gjelder å gi best mulig betingelser for kyrs bein i nybygg og i eksisterende løsdriftfjøs.
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Claw trimming routines in relation to claw lesions, claw shape and lameness in Norwegian dairy herds housed in tie Stalls and Free Stalls.
Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2005Co-Authors: T Fjeldaas, Åse Margrethe Sogstad, Olav ØsteråsAbstract:Abstract We assessed the prevalence of claw lesions, abnormal claw shapes and lameness in relation to most-recent claw-trimming routines in Norwegian dairy herds housed in tie Stalls and Free Stalls. Equal-sized groups were randomly sampled from both tie and Free Stalls in each of the three most animal-dense regions in Norway. The study population consisted of 2551 cows of the Norwegian Red breed housed in 54 tie Stalls and 52 Free Stalls. Fourteen educated claw trimmers performed claw trimming and recording of claw lesions once during the spring of 2002. A multivariable model including cluster effects and individual-cow factors was fit for each claw lesion and abnormal claw shape. In tie-stall herds with routine trimming 39.9% of the cows had one or more lesions or abnormal shapes in front or hind claws versus 52.8% in herds with no routine trimming. Hind-claw results in tie Stalls with concrete stall base: herds trimmed occasionally had more haemorrhages of the white line (OR = 2.8) and corkscrewed hind claws (OR = 3.6) versus herds trimmed routinely; herds never trimmed had more heel-horn erosions (OR = 2.6) versus herds trimmed routinely and less haemorrhages of the white line (OR = 0.3) and the sole (OR = 0.2) versus herds trimmed occasionally. In Free-stall herds with routine trimming 76.8% of the cows had one or more lesions or abnormal shapes in front or hind claws versus 68.9% in herds with no routine trimming. Hind-claw results in Free Stalls with concrete stall base: herds never trimmed had less haemorrhages of the white line (OR = 0.3) and the sole (OR = 0.3) versus herds trimmed routinely; and also less haemorrhages of the white line (OR = 0.3) and white-line fissures (OR = 0.3) versus herds trimmed occasionally. Hind-claw results in Free Stalls with rubber-mat stall base: herds trimmed occasionally had less heel-horn erosions (OR = 0.5) and more dermatitis (OR = 5.4) versus herds trimmed routinely. The routine claw trimming performed in Norwegian Free Stalls has not had the desired effects on claw lesions and abnormal claw shapes. Routine trimming in tie Stalls, however, seems to have prevented claw disorders.
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Prevalence of claw lesions in Norwegian dairy cattle housed in tie Stalls and Free Stalls.
Preventive veterinary medicine, 2005Co-Authors: Åse Margrethe Sogstad, Olav Østerås, T Fjeldaas, K Plym ForshellAbstract:Approximately 88% of Norwegian dairy cattle are housed in tie Stalls. Free-stall housing will be implemented for all cattle within 20 years. This means that most existing barns have to be rebuilt in the near future. We designed our study to estimate the prevalence of claw lesions in Norway and to reveal possible differences between tie Stalls and Free Stalls. Fifty-five tie-stall herds and 57 Free-stall herds were sampled by computerized systematic selection and 2665 cows were trimmed by 13 claw trimmers, during the late winter and spring of 2002. The claw trimmers had been taught diagnosing and recording of claw lesions. Environmental factors, management and feeding routines also were recorded. Forty-eight percent of cows housed in tie Stalls had one or more claw lesions versus 71.8% in Free Stalls. Prevalences recorded in the hind claws were: 4.2% of the animals had dermatitis in tie Stalls versus 5.7% in Free Stalls; 7.9% versus 38.0% had heel-horn erosions; 7.3% versus 13.6% had haemorrhages of the white line; 11.7% versus 20.4% had haemorrhages of the sole; 2.8% versus 3.2% had sole ulcers and 5.5% versus 9.7% had white-line fissures. Most lesions were mild. A model was designed to estimate cluster effects within herd and within claw trimmer. The cluster effect within herd was significant for all lesions. The cluster effect within claw trimmer was only significant for heel-horn erosions in front and hind claws and for white-line fissures in front claws. Agreements between some of the claw lesions were revealed. The study confirms that in Norwegian dairy cattle, most claw lesions are more prevalent in Free Stalls than in tie Stalls.
