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Marc Brysbaert - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the impact of Word prevalence on lexical decision times evidence from the dutch lexicon project 2
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2016Co-Authors: Marc Brysbaert, Michael Stevens, Pawel Mandera, Emmanuel KeuleersAbstract:Keuleers, Stevens, Mandera, and Brysbaert (2015) presented a new variable, Word prevalence, defined as Word knowledge in the population. Some Words are known to more people than other. This is particularly true for low-Frequency Words (e.g., screenshot vs. scourage). In the present study, we examined the impact of the measure by collecting lexical decision times for 30,000 Dutch Word lemmas of various lengths (the Dutch Lexicon Project 2). Word prevalence had the second highest correlation with lexical decision times (after Word Frequency): Words known by everyone in the population were responded to 100 ms faster than Words known to only half of the population, even after controlling for Word Frequency, Word length, age of acquisition, similarity to other Words, and concreteness. Because Word prevalence has rather low correlations with the existing measures (including Word Frequency), the unique variance it contributes to lexical decision times is higher than that of the other variables. We consider the reasons why Word prevalence has an impact on Word processing times and we argue that it is likely to be the most important new variable protecting researchers against experimenter bias in selecting stimulus materials.
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Age-of-acquisition ratings for 30,000 English Words
Behavior research methods, 2012Co-Authors: Victor Kuperman, Hans Stadthagen-gonzalez, Marc BrysbaertAbstract:We present age-of-acquisition (AoA) ratings for 30,121 English content Words (nouns, verbs, and adjectives). For data collection, this megastudy used the Web-based crowdsourcing technology offered by the Amazon Mechanical Turk. Our data indicate that the ratings collected in this way are as valid and reliable as those collected in laboratory conditions (the correlation between our ratings and those collected in the lab from U.S. students reached .93 for a subsample of 2,500 monosyllabic Words). We also show that our AoA ratings explain a substantial percentage of the variance in the lexical-decision data of the English Lexicon Project, over and above the effects of log Frequency, Word length, and similarity to other Words. This is true not only for the lemmas used in our rating study, but also for their inflected forms. We further discuss the relationships of AoA with other predictors of Word recognition and illustrate the utility of AoA ratings for research on vocabulary growth.
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the Word Frequency effect a review of recent developments and implications for the choice of Frequency estimates in german
Experimental Psychology, 2011Co-Authors: Marc Brysbaert, Matthias Buchmeier, Markus Conrad, Arthur M Jacobs, Jens Bolte, Andrea BohlAbstract:We review recent evidence indicating that researchers in experimental psychology may have used suboptimal estimates of Word Frequency. Word Frequency measures should be based on a corpus of at leas...
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Eye movement control during reading: foveal load and parafoveal processing.
The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A Human experimental psychology, 1999Co-Authors: Walter Schroyens, Marc Brysbaert, Françoise Vitu, Géry D'ydewalleAbstract:We tested theories of eye movement control in reading by looking at parafoveal processing. According to attention-processing theories, attention shifts towards Word n+1 only when processing of the fixated Word n is finished, so that attended parafoveal processing does not start until the programming of the saccade programming to Word n+1 is initiated (Henderson & Ferreira, 1990; Morrison, 1984), or even later when the processing of Word n takes too long (Henderson & Ferreira, 1990). Parafoveal preview benefit should be constant whatever the foveal processing load (Morrison, 1984), or should decrease when processing Word n outlasts an eye movement programming deadline (Henderson & Ferreira, 1990). By manipulating the Frequency and length of the foveal Word n and the visibility of the parafoveal Word n+1, we replicated the finding that the parafoveal preview benefit is smaller with a low-Frequency Word in foveal vision. Detailed analyses, however, showed that the eye movement programming deadline hypothesis...
Lisa M Nimmo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Word Frequency and phonological neighborhood effects on verbal short term memory
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 2002Co-Authors: Steven Roodenrys, Charles Hulme, Alistair Lethbridge, Melinda Hinton, Lisa M NimmoAbstract:Immediate memory span and maximal articulation rate were assessed for Word sets differing in Frequency, Word-neighborhood size, and average Word-neighborhood Frequency. Memory span was greater for high- than low-Frequency Words, greater for Words from large than small phonological neighborhoods, and greater for Words from high- than low-Frequency phonological neighborhoods. Maximal articulation rate was also facilitated by Word Frequency, phonological-neighborhood size, and neighborhood Frequency. In a final study all 3 lexical variables were found to influence the recall outcome for individual Words. These effects of phonological-Word neighborhood on memory performance suggest that phonological information in long-term memory plays an active role in recall in short-term-memory tasks, and they present a challenge to current theories of short-term memory.
Paul P Sotiriadis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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theory of flying adder Frequency synthesizers part ii time and Frequency domain properties of the output signal
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, 2010Co-Authors: Paul P SotiriadisAbstract:This is a rigorous mathematical theory of the operation of the flying-adder (FA) Frequency synthesizer (also called direct digital period synthesizer). The paper consists of two parts. Part I presents a detailed mathematical model of the FA synthesizer, capturing the relationships between the properties of the FA's output and internal signals and the FA's parameters. The counting of the rising edges in the FA's multiplexer's output establishes a discrete-time index that is used to analytically derive the fundamental discrete-time periods of all the FA's signals. The continuous-time intervals between the rising edges are calculated and used to derive the fundamental continuous-time periods of the signals from the corresponding discrete-time ones. It is shown that the FA behaves differently within different ranges of the Frequency Word, and the practically useful range is identified. The FA's output average Frequency, along with its maximum and minimum values, is analytically derived by calculating the number of cycles in the output signal within a fundamental continuous-time period of it. The relationship between the average and the fundamental output frequencies is also established, indicating the potential frequencies and density of output spurious Frequency components. Part II of the paper characterizes the timing structure of the output signal, providing analytical expressions of the pulses' locations, analytical strict bounds of the timing irregularities, and exact analytical expressions of several standard jitter metrics. Spectral properties of the output waveform are presented, including the dominance of the Frequency component at the average Frequency, and analytical expressions of the dc value and average power of the output signal are derived. The FA has been implemented in a Xilinx Spartan-3E field-programmable gate array, and spectral measurements are presented, confirming the theoretical results. Extensive MATLAB simulation has also been used to generate numerous examples, illustrating the developed theory.
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theory of flying adder Frequency synthesizers part i modeling signals periods and output average Frequency
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, 2010Co-Authors: Paul P SotiriadisAbstract:This is a rigorous mathematical theory of the operation of the flying-adder (FA) Frequency synthesizer (also called direct digital period synthesizer). The paper consists of two parts: Part I presents a detailed mathematical model of the FA synthesizer, capturing the relationships between the properties of the FA's output and internal signals and the FA's parameters. The counting of the rising edges in the FA's multiplexer's output establishes a discrete-time index that is used to analytically derive the fundamental discrete-time periods of all FA's signals. The continuous-time intervals between the rising edges are calculated and used to derive the fundamental continuous-time periods of the signals from the corresponding discrete-time ones. It is shown that the FA behaves differently within different ranges of the Frequency Word, and the practically useful range is identified. The FA's output average Frequency, along with its maximum and minimum values, is analytically derived by calculating the number of cycles in the output signal within a fundamental continuous-time period of it. The relationship between the average and the fundamental output frequencies is also established, indicating the potential frequencies and density of output spurious Frequency components. Part II of the paper characterizes the timing structure of the output signal, providing analytical expressions of the pulses' locations, analytical strict bounds of the timing irregularities, and exact analytical expressions of several standard jitter metrics. Spectral properties of the output waveform are presented, including the dominance of the Frequency component at the average Frequency, and analytical expressions of the dc value and average power of the output signal are derived. The FA has been implemented in a Xilinx Spartan-3E field-programmable gate array, and spectral measurements are presented, confirming the theoretical results. Extensive MATLAB simulation has also been used to generate numerous examples illustrating the developed theory.
Lars Placke - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the effects of morphology on the processing of compound Words evidence from naming lexical decisions and eye fixations
British Journal of Psychology, 2003Co-Authors: Barbara J Juhasz, Matthew S Starr, Albrecht W Inhoff, Lars PlackeAbstract:The use of lexemes during the recognition of spatially unified familiar English compounds was examined in naming, lexical decision and sentence-reading tasks by manipulating beginning and ending lexeme frequencies while controlling overall compound frequencies. All tasks revealed robust ending lexeme Frequency effects, with compound processing being more effective when the ending lexeme was a high-Frequency Word. Beginning lexeme Frequency effects were more elusive and dependent on task demands. Eye movements, recorded during sentence reading, also indicated that the effects of ending lexemes occurred after the first fixation during compound viewing. Together, the results suggest either that the ending lexeme is used as an access code to locate the meaning of the full compound Word or that its meaning is coactive with the meaning of the full compound.
Steven Roodenrys - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Word Frequency and phonological neighborhood effects on verbal short term memory
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 2002Co-Authors: Steven Roodenrys, Charles Hulme, Alistair Lethbridge, Melinda Hinton, Lisa M NimmoAbstract:Immediate memory span and maximal articulation rate were assessed for Word sets differing in Frequency, Word-neighborhood size, and average Word-neighborhood Frequency. Memory span was greater for high- than low-Frequency Words, greater for Words from large than small phonological neighborhoods, and greater for Words from high- than low-Frequency phonological neighborhoods. Maximal articulation rate was also facilitated by Word Frequency, phonological-neighborhood size, and neighborhood Frequency. In a final study all 3 lexical variables were found to influence the recall outcome for individual Words. These effects of phonological-Word neighborhood on memory performance suggest that phonological information in long-term memory plays an active role in recall in short-term-memory tasks, and they present a challenge to current theories of short-term memory.
