The Experts below are selected from a list of 17439 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Randi C. Martin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Relations between short-term memory deficits, semantic processing, and executive function
Aphasiology, 2012Co-Authors: Corinne Allen, Randi C. Martin, Nadine MartinAbstract:Background: Previous research has suggested separable short-term memory (STM) buffers for the maintenance of Phonological and lexical-semantic Information, as some patients with aphasia show better ability to retain semantic than Phonological Information and others show the reverse. Recently researchers have proposed that deficits to the maintenance of semantic Information in STM are related to executive control abilities. Aims: The present study investigated the relationship of executive function abilities with semantic and Phonological short-term memory (STM) and semantic processing in such patients, as some previous research has suggested that semantic STM deficits and semantic processing abilities are critically related to specific or general executive function deficits. Method & Procedures: A total of 20 patients with aphasia and STM deficits were tested on measures of short-term retention, semantic processing, and both complex and simple executive function tasks. Outcome & Results: In correlational ...
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semantic and Phonological Information in sentence recall converging psycholinguistic and neuropsychological evidence
Cognitive Neuropsychology, 2011Co-Authors: Judith Schweppe, Ralf Rummer, Tobias Bormann, Randi C. MartinAbstract:We present one experiment and a neuropsychological case study to investigate to what extent Phonological and semantic representations contribute to short-term sentence recall. We modified Potter and Lombardi's (1990) intrusion paradigm, in which retention of a list interferes with sentence recall such that on the list a semantically related lure is presented, which is expected to intrude into sentence recall. In our version, lure words are either semantically related to target words in the sentence or semantically plus Phonologically related. With healthy participants, intrusions are more frequent when lure and target overlap Phonologically in addition to semantically than when they solely overlap semantically. When this paradigm is applied to a patient with a Phonological short-term memory impairment, both lure types induce the same amount of intrusions. These findings indicate that usually Phonological Information is retained in sentence recall in addition to semantic Information.
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A Developmental Phonological Short-Term Memory Deficit: A Case Study
Brain and cognition, 2001Co-Authors: Gerri Hanten, Randi C. MartinAbstract:A developmental case of Phonological short-term memory deficit was studied in a highly educated subject. The subject, BS, who had obtained a Ph.D. in molecular biology, demonstrated striking deficits on some short-term memory tasks, particularly for auditorily presented nonword lists. With visual presentation and with meaningful words, he often scored at a normal level. The results indicate a deficit in retaining Phonological Information but an ability to use visual, lexical, and semantic Information to boost recall. Despite this Phonological short-term memory deficit, BS scored at a normal level on a syntactic comprehension test and on reading of nonwords. He was impaired, however, on repeated list learning, learning of foreign vocabulary, and transcribing dictated materials. The implications of these results for models of short-term memory and the uses of Phonological retention in cognitive processing are discussed.
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language processing and working memory neuropsychological evidence for separate Phonological and semantic capacities
Journal of Memory and Language, 1994Co-Authors: Randi C. Martin, Jennifer R Shelton, Laura S YaffeeAbstract:Abstract The short-term memory and sentence-processing abilities of two brain-damaged patients were investigated. Although both patients showed similar reductions in span, one patient showed worse retention on span tasks for semantic than Phonological Information, whereas the other patient showed the reverse. Their performance on the sentence-processing tasks was consistent with these contrasting short-term memory deficits. On sentence repetition, the patient with the Phonological retention deficit was more impaired than the patient with the semantic retention deficit, whereas on sentence comprehension, the patient with the semantic retention deficit was more impaired. The results imply that the memory processes involved in span overlap with those involved in sentence processing. Furthermore, the dissociations in the patients′ performance imply that there are separate capacities for Phonological and semantic retention. Thus, the results support a multiple-capacity rather than a single-capacity view of working memory.
Ralf Rummer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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semantic and Phonological Information in sentence recall converging psycholinguistic and neuropsychological evidence
Cognitive Neuropsychology, 2011Co-Authors: Judith Schweppe, Ralf Rummer, Tobias Bormann, Randi C. MartinAbstract:We present one experiment and a neuropsychological case study to investigate to what extent Phonological and semantic representations contribute to short-term sentence recall. We modified Potter and Lombardi's (1990) intrusion paradigm, in which retention of a list interferes with sentence recall such that on the list a semantically related lure is presented, which is expected to intrude into sentence recall. In our version, lure words are either semantically related to target words in the sentence or semantically plus Phonologically related. With healthy participants, intrusions are more frequent when lure and target overlap Phonologically in addition to semantically than when they solely overlap semantically. When this paradigm is applied to a patient with a Phonological short-term memory impairment, both lure types induce the same amount of intrusions. These findings indicate that usually Phonological Information is retained in sentence recall in addition to semantic Information.
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immediate and delayed recall of visually presented sentences evidence for the involvement of Phonological Information
Experimental Psychology, 2004Co-Authors: Ralf RummerAbstract:The lure intrusion effect refers to the observation that lexical priming affects recall of sentences. This effect is taken as evidence against the contribution of surface Information, even with immediate sentence recall. Recently, Rummer and Engelkamp (2003a) demonstrated that this effect, which is usually observed under rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP), does not appear under immediate recall of auditorily presented sentences. This finding indicates that surface Information (i.e., Phonological or acoustic-sensory Information) can contribute to immediate sentence recall. So far, however, the findings do not allow for a decision on whether Phonological and/or acoustic-sensory Information is used in immediate sentence recall. In order to dissociate the two kinds of surface Information, an experiment was conducted in which immediate and delayed recall were tested for sentences that were visually presented for a longer period of time than in RSVP. This kind of presentation should support Phonological representations, but does not allow for acoustic-sensory representations. The findings showed a smaller intrusion effect for immediate than for delayed recall. This indicates that, if available, Phonological Information is involved in immediate sentence recall thereby reducing the lure intrusion effect. Furthermore, the findings support the assumption that the Phonological trace provided via RSVP reading is weaker than in normal reading.
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Phonological Information in immediate and delayed sentence recall
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2003Co-Authors: Ralf Rummer, Johannes EngelkampAbstract:Potter and Lombardi (1990) state in their conceptual regeneration hypothesis that immediate sentence recall is only based on conceptual and lexical Information; Phonological Information does not contribute. As experimental evidence for this hypothesis, they reported that if a sentence is followed by a word list that included a lure word similar to one of the content words of the sentence (target word), the lure word frequently intrudes into sentence recall. We demonstrated that Potter and Lombardi did not observe any influence of Phonological Information because list presentation followed sentence presentation, and Phonological Information was discarded. We observed that Phonological Information influenced the intrusion rate if recall was not delayed by the subsequent presentation of a word list. With immediate recall, the lure intrusion effect disappeared in auditorily presented sentences. This shows that, if available, Phonological Information contributes to sentence recall.
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Phonological Information contributes to short term recall of auditorily presented sentences
Journal of Memory and Language, 2001Co-Authors: Ralf Rummer, Johannes EngelkampAbstract:Abstract Potter and Lombardi (1990) suggested that verbatim short-term recall of sentences solely depends on conceptual and lexical Information. In two experiments, we show that Phonological Information also contributes to short-term sentence recall. Modality of sentence presentation was varied, and a word list was presented before or after sentence presentation. It was assumed that Phonological Information contributes to the recall of auditorily presented sentences but not to sentences presented under rapid serial visual presentation. Therefore, better recall was expected for auditory than for visual sentence presentation. However, the advantage of auditory presentation should only appear if the word list preceded the sentences and did not interfere with Phonological sentence Information. Thus, word-list position should influence recall after auditory but not after visual sentence presentation, as in the latter case the impact of Phonological Information should be greatly reduced. The predictions were clearly confirmed. In addition, we replicated Potter and Lombardi's (1990) conceptually motivated intrusion effect.
Arthur M. Jacobs - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Pseudohomophone effects provide evidence of early lexico-Phonological processing in visual word recognition.
Human brain mapping, 2009Co-Authors: Mario Braun, Florian Hutzler, Johannes C. Ziegler, Michael Dambacher, Arthur M. JacobsAbstract:Previous research using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) suggested that Phonological processing in visual word recognition occurs rather late, typically after semantic or syntactic processing. Here, we show that Phonological activation in visual word recognition can be observed much earlier. Using a lexical decision task, we show that ERPs to pseudohomophones (PsHs) (e.g., ROZE) differed from well-matched spelling controls (e.g., ROFE) as early as 150 ms (P150) after stimulus onset. The PsH effect occurred as early as the word frequency effect suggesting that Phonological activation occurs early enough to influence lexical access. Low-resolution electromagnetic tomography analysis (LORETA) revealed that left temporoparietal and right frontotemporal areas are the likely brain regions associated with the processing of Phonological Information at the lexical level. Altogether, the results show that Phonological processes are activated early in visual word recognition and play an important role in lexical access.
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visual and Phonological codes in letter and word recognition evidence from incremental priming
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2000Co-Authors: Johannes C. Ziegler, Arthur M. Jacobs, Ludovic Ferrand, Arnaud Rey, Jonathan GraingerAbstract:Critical issues in letter and word priming were investigated using the novel incremental priming technique. This technique adds a parametric manipulation of prime duration (or prime intensity) to the traditional design of a fast masked priming study. By doing so, additional Information on the time course and nature of priming effects can be obtained. In Experiment 1, cross-case letter priming (a-A) was investigated in both alphabetic decision (letter/non-letter classification) and letter naming. In Experiment 2, cross-case word priming was investigated in lexical decision and naming. Whereas letter priming in alphabetic decision was most strongly determined by visual overlap between prime and target, word priming in lexical decision was facilitated by both orthographic and Phonological Information. Orthographic activation was stronger and occurred earlier than Phonological activation. In letter and word naming, in contrast, priming effects were most strongly determined by Phonological/articulatory informa...
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visual and Phonological codes in letter and word recognition evidence from incremental priming
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2000Co-Authors: Johannes C. Ziegler, Arthur M. Jacobs, Ludovic Ferrand, Jonathan GraingerAbstract:Critical issues in letter and word priming were investigated using the novel incremental priming technique. This technique adds a parametric manipulation of prime duration (or prime intensity) to the traditional design of a fast masked priming study. By doing so, additional Information on the time course and nature of priming effects can be obtained. In Experiment 1, cross-case letter priming (a-A) was investigated in both alphabetic decision (letter/non-letter classification) and letter naming. In Experiment 2, cross-case word priming was investigated in lexical decision and naming. Whereas letter priming in alphabetic decision was most strongly determined by visual overlap between prime and target, word priming in lexical decision was facilitated by both orthographic and Phonological Information. Orthographic activation was stronger and occurred earlier than Phonological activation. In letter and word naming, in contrast, priming effects were most strongly determined by Phonological/articulatory informa...
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Phonological Information provides early sources of constraint in the processing of letter strings
Journal of Memory and Language, 1995Co-Authors: Johannes C. Ziegler, Arthur M. JacobsAbstract:Abstract Three experiments addressed the role of Phonological Information in visual word recognition using a letter search task. Subjects were presented with a target letter (e.g., "I") followed by a letter string (a word, a pseudohomophone, a pseudoword control, or a nonword). Their task was to indicate whether the target letter was present in the letter string. All experiments presented pseudohomophones (e.g., TAIP or BRANE) that either contained a letter (I) that was absent in their sound-alike word (TAPE) or were missing a letter (I) that was present in their sound-alike word (BRAIN). In Experiments 1 and 2, subjects made more miss errors under data-limited conditions when the letter string was a target-present pseudohomophone (TAIP) and more false alarm errors when the letter string was a target-absent pseudohomophone (BRANE). Experiment 2 controlled for a possible confound in the data in terms of word completion strategies. In Experiment 3, we replicated the pseudohomophone disadvantage using resource-limited conditions: detection times were longer for pseudohomophones. The existence of a pseudohomophone disadvantage in a supposedly graphemic task adds further support to the accumulating evidence that Phonological Information generated from the printed word is an early and major constraint in visual word recognition.
Johannes C. Ziegler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Pseudohomophone effects provide evidence of early lexico-Phonological processing in visual word recognition.
Human brain mapping, 2009Co-Authors: Mario Braun, Florian Hutzler, Johannes C. Ziegler, Michael Dambacher, Arthur M. JacobsAbstract:Previous research using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) suggested that Phonological processing in visual word recognition occurs rather late, typically after semantic or syntactic processing. Here, we show that Phonological activation in visual word recognition can be observed much earlier. Using a lexical decision task, we show that ERPs to pseudohomophones (PsHs) (e.g., ROZE) differed from well-matched spelling controls (e.g., ROFE) as early as 150 ms (P150) after stimulus onset. The PsH effect occurred as early as the word frequency effect suggesting that Phonological activation occurs early enough to influence lexical access. Low-resolution electromagnetic tomography analysis (LORETA) revealed that left temporoparietal and right frontotemporal areas are the likely brain regions associated with the processing of Phonological Information at the lexical level. Altogether, the results show that Phonological processes are activated early in visual word recognition and play an important role in lexical access.
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visual and Phonological codes in letter and word recognition evidence from incremental priming
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2000Co-Authors: Johannes C. Ziegler, Arthur M. Jacobs, Ludovic Ferrand, Arnaud Rey, Jonathan GraingerAbstract:Critical issues in letter and word priming were investigated using the novel incremental priming technique. This technique adds a parametric manipulation of prime duration (or prime intensity) to the traditional design of a fast masked priming study. By doing so, additional Information on the time course and nature of priming effects can be obtained. In Experiment 1, cross-case letter priming (a-A) was investigated in both alphabetic decision (letter/non-letter classification) and letter naming. In Experiment 2, cross-case word priming was investigated in lexical decision and naming. Whereas letter priming in alphabetic decision was most strongly determined by visual overlap between prime and target, word priming in lexical decision was facilitated by both orthographic and Phonological Information. Orthographic activation was stronger and occurred earlier than Phonological activation. In letter and word naming, in contrast, priming effects were most strongly determined by Phonological/articulatory informa...
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visual and Phonological codes in letter and word recognition evidence from incremental priming
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2000Co-Authors: Johannes C. Ziegler, Arthur M. Jacobs, Ludovic Ferrand, Jonathan GraingerAbstract:Critical issues in letter and word priming were investigated using the novel incremental priming technique. This technique adds a parametric manipulation of prime duration (or prime intensity) to the traditional design of a fast masked priming study. By doing so, additional Information on the time course and nature of priming effects can be obtained. In Experiment 1, cross-case letter priming (a-A) was investigated in both alphabetic decision (letter/non-letter classification) and letter naming. In Experiment 2, cross-case word priming was investigated in lexical decision and naming. Whereas letter priming in alphabetic decision was most strongly determined by visual overlap between prime and target, word priming in lexical decision was facilitated by both orthographic and Phonological Information. Orthographic activation was stronger and occurred earlier than Phonological activation. In letter and word naming, in contrast, priming effects were most strongly determined by Phonological/articulatory informa...
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Phonological Information provides early sources of constraint in the processing of letter strings
Journal of Memory and Language, 1995Co-Authors: Johannes C. Ziegler, Arthur M. JacobsAbstract:Abstract Three experiments addressed the role of Phonological Information in visual word recognition using a letter search task. Subjects were presented with a target letter (e.g., "I") followed by a letter string (a word, a pseudohomophone, a pseudoword control, or a nonword). Their task was to indicate whether the target letter was present in the letter string. All experiments presented pseudohomophones (e.g., TAIP or BRANE) that either contained a letter (I) that was absent in their sound-alike word (TAPE) or were missing a letter (I) that was present in their sound-alike word (BRAIN). In Experiments 1 and 2, subjects made more miss errors under data-limited conditions when the letter string was a target-present pseudohomophone (TAIP) and more false alarm errors when the letter string was a target-absent pseudohomophone (BRANE). Experiment 2 controlled for a possible confound in the data in terms of word completion strategies. In Experiment 3, we replicated the pseudohomophone disadvantage using resource-limited conditions: detection times were longer for pseudohomophones. The existence of a pseudohomophone disadvantage in a supposedly graphemic task adds further support to the accumulating evidence that Phonological Information generated from the printed word is an early and major constraint in visual word recognition.
Jonathan Grainger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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visual and Phonological codes in letter and word recognition evidence from incremental priming
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2000Co-Authors: Johannes C. Ziegler, Arthur M. Jacobs, Ludovic Ferrand, Jonathan GraingerAbstract:Critical issues in letter and word priming were investigated using the novel incremental priming technique. This technique adds a parametric manipulation of prime duration (or prime intensity) to the traditional design of a fast masked priming study. By doing so, additional Information on the time course and nature of priming effects can be obtained. In Experiment 1, cross-case letter priming (a-A) was investigated in both alphabetic decision (letter/non-letter classification) and letter naming. In Experiment 2, cross-case word priming was investigated in lexical decision and naming. Whereas letter priming in alphabetic decision was most strongly determined by visual overlap between prime and target, word priming in lexical decision was facilitated by both orthographic and Phonological Information. Orthographic activation was stronger and occurred earlier than Phonological activation. In letter and word naming, in contrast, priming effects were most strongly determined by Phonological/articulatory informa...
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visual and Phonological codes in letter and word recognition evidence from incremental priming
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2000Co-Authors: Johannes C. Ziegler, Arthur M. Jacobs, Ludovic Ferrand, Arnaud Rey, Jonathan GraingerAbstract:Critical issues in letter and word priming were investigated using the novel incremental priming technique. This technique adds a parametric manipulation of prime duration (or prime intensity) to the traditional design of a fast masked priming study. By doing so, additional Information on the time course and nature of priming effects can be obtained. In Experiment 1, cross-case letter priming (a-A) was investigated in both alphabetic decision (letter/non-letter classification) and letter naming. In Experiment 2, cross-case word priming was investigated in lexical decision and naming. Whereas letter priming in alphabetic decision was most strongly determined by visual overlap between prime and target, word priming in lexical decision was facilitated by both orthographic and Phonological Information. Orthographic activation was stronger and occurred earlier than Phonological activation. In letter and word naming, in contrast, priming effects were most strongly determined by Phonological/articulatory informa...
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the time course of orthographic and Phonological code activation in the early phases of visual word recognition
Bulletin of the psychonomic society, 1993Co-Authors: Ludovic Ferrand, Jonathan GraingerAbstract:In a recent article, Ferrand and Grainger (1992) reported that briefly presented, forward-masked, nonword primes that share letters with a target word facilitate lexical decision performance at prime exposures of 33 msec, but no longer affect performance at 67-msec exposures. In the same experiment, nonword primes that were homophonic with targets did not affect performance relative to orthographic controls at 33-msec prime exposures, but produced facilitatory priming effects at prime exposures of 67 msec. In the present study, we extend these results, varying prime exposures from 17 msec to 100 msec. Orthographic facilitation was found with prime exposures from 17 msec to 50 msec, whereas Phonological facilitation only started to emerge at exposures of 50 msec. The results demonstrate a distinct time course for the buildup of orthographic and Phonological Information during the processing of pronounceable strings of letters.
