The Experts below are selected from a list of 32151 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Jason M. Brenchley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Innate Lymphoid Cells: Their Contributions to Gastrointestinal Tissue Homeostasis and HIV/SIV Disease Pathology
Current HIV AIDS Reports, 2019Co-Authors: Joseph C. Mudd, Jason M. BrenchleyAbstract:Purpose of Review The discovery of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) over the past decade has reformed principles that were once thought to be exclusive to adaptive immunity. Here, we describe ILC nomenclature and function, and provide a survey of studies examining these cells in the context of HIV/SIV infections. Particular emphasis is placed on the ILC3 subset, important for proper functioning of the Gastrointestinal tract barrier. Recent Findings Studies in both humans and nonhuman primates have found ILCs to be rapidly and durably depleted in untreated HIV/SIV infections. Their depletion is most likely due to a number of bystander effects induced by viral replication. Summary Given the number of associations observed between loss of ILCs and HIV-related GI damage, their impact on the GI tract is likely important. It may be informative to examine this subset in parallel with other immune cell types when assessing overall health of the GI tract in future studies.
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innate lymphoid cells their contributions to Gastrointestinal Tissue homeostasis and hiv siv disease pathology
Current Hiv\ aids Reports, 2019Co-Authors: Joseph C. Mudd, Jason M. BrenchleyAbstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The discovery of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) over the past decade has reformed principles that were once thought to be exclusive to adaptive immunity. Here, we describe ILC nomenclature and function, and provide a survey of studies examining these cells in the context of HIV/SIV infections. Particular emphasis is placed on the ILC3 subset, important for proper functioning of the Gastrointestinal tract barrier. RECENT FINDINGS: Studies in both humans and nonhuman primates have found ILCs to be rapidly and durably depleted in untreated HIV/SIV infections. Their depletion is most likely due to a number of bystander effects induced by viral replication. Given the number of associations observed between loss of ILCs and HIV-related GI damage, their impact on the GI tract is likely important. It may be informative to examine this subset in parallel with other immune cell types when assessing overall health of the GI tract in future studies.
Joseph C. Mudd - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Innate Lymphoid Cells: Their Contributions to Gastrointestinal Tissue Homeostasis and HIV/SIV Disease Pathology
Current HIV AIDS Reports, 2019Co-Authors: Joseph C. Mudd, Jason M. BrenchleyAbstract:Purpose of Review The discovery of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) over the past decade has reformed principles that were once thought to be exclusive to adaptive immunity. Here, we describe ILC nomenclature and function, and provide a survey of studies examining these cells in the context of HIV/SIV infections. Particular emphasis is placed on the ILC3 subset, important for proper functioning of the Gastrointestinal tract barrier. Recent Findings Studies in both humans and nonhuman primates have found ILCs to be rapidly and durably depleted in untreated HIV/SIV infections. Their depletion is most likely due to a number of bystander effects induced by viral replication. Summary Given the number of associations observed between loss of ILCs and HIV-related GI damage, their impact on the GI tract is likely important. It may be informative to examine this subset in parallel with other immune cell types when assessing overall health of the GI tract in future studies.
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innate lymphoid cells their contributions to Gastrointestinal Tissue homeostasis and hiv siv disease pathology
Current Hiv\ aids Reports, 2019Co-Authors: Joseph C. Mudd, Jason M. BrenchleyAbstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The discovery of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) over the past decade has reformed principles that were once thought to be exclusive to adaptive immunity. Here, we describe ILC nomenclature and function, and provide a survey of studies examining these cells in the context of HIV/SIV infections. Particular emphasis is placed on the ILC3 subset, important for proper functioning of the Gastrointestinal tract barrier. RECENT FINDINGS: Studies in both humans and nonhuman primates have found ILCs to be rapidly and durably depleted in untreated HIV/SIV infections. Their depletion is most likely due to a number of bystander effects induced by viral replication. Given the number of associations observed between loss of ILCs and HIV-related GI damage, their impact on the GI tract is likely important. It may be informative to examine this subset in parallel with other immune cell types when assessing overall health of the GI tract in future studies.
Gary P Oneill - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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characterization of prostaglandin g h synthase 1 and 2 in rat dog monkey and human Gastrointestinal tracts
Gastroenterology, 1996Co-Authors: Stacia Kargman, S Charleson, M Cartwright, J Frank, Denis Riendeau, Joseph A Mancini, J F Evans, Gary P OneillAbstract:BACKGROUND & AIMS: In the Gastrointestinal tract, prostaglandins are implicated as important mediators of normal physiological processes. Prostaglandin G/H synthase (PGHS) is the first enzyme leading to the formation of prostaglandins. Two forms exist: the constitutive PGHS-1 and the inducible PGHS-2 isoforms. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of PGHS-1 and -2 in Gastrointestinal Tissues. METHODS: PGHS-1 and -2 expression and activity were examined in rat, dog, monkey, and human Gastrointestinal tracts by immunoblot and biochemical assays. RESULTS: PGHS-1 but not PGHS-2 protein was identified in all Gastrointestinal Tissues. PGHS-1 protein varied throughout the Gastrointestinal tracts; interspecies differences were also noted. Immunohistochemical studies showed PGHS-1 staining of rat endothelial cells in all Gastrointestinal regions; PGHS-2-specific staining was noted in a subset of macrophages in 3 of 22 rats examined. Elevated activity was shown in Tissues expressing greater concentrations of PGHS-1 protein. Indomethacin, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that inhibits both isoforms, inhibited prostaglandin synthesis, whereas NS-398, a selective PGHS-2 inhibitor, showed little or no inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in Gastrointestinal Tissues. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that prostaglandins produced in normal Gastrointestinal Tissue and required for normal physiological functioning are derived from the PGHS-1 isoform.
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characterization of prostaglandin g h synthase 1 and 2 in rat dog monkey and human Gastrointestinal tracts
Gastroenterology, 1996Co-Authors: Stacia Kargman, S Charleson, M Cartwright, J Frank, Denis Riendeau, Joseph A Mancini, J F Evans, Gary P OneillAbstract:Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: In the Gastrointestinal tract, prostaglandins are implicated as important mediators of normal physiological processes. Prostaglandin G/H synthase (PGHS) is the first enzyme leading to the formation of prostaglandins. Two forms exist: the constitutive PGHS-1 and the inducible PGHS-2 isoforms. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of PGHS-1 and -2 in Gastrointestinal Tissues. METHODS: PGHS-1 and -2 expression and activity were examined in rat, dog, monkey, and human Gastrointestinal tracts by immunoblot and biochemical assays. RESULTS: PGHS-1 but not PGHS-2 protein was identified in all Gastrointestinal Tissues. PGHS-1 protein varied throughout the Gastrointestinal tracts; interspecies differences were also noted. Immunohistochemical studies showed PGHS-1 staining of rat endothelial cells in all Gastrointestinal regions; PGHS-2-specific staining was noted in a subset of macrophages in 3 of 22 rats examined. Elevated activity was shown in Tissues expressing greater concentrations of PGHS-1 protein. Indomethacin, a nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drug that inhibits both isoforms, inhibited prostaglandin synthesis, whereas NS-398, a selective PGHS-2 inhibitor, showed little or no inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in Gastrointestinal Tissues. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that prostaglandins produced in normal Gastrointestinal Tissue and required for normal physiological functioning are derived from the PGHS-1 isoform. (Gastroenterology 1996 Aug;111(2):445-54)
Anthony Atala - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Bioengineered Tissues for Urogenital Repair in Children
Pediatric Research, 2008Co-Authors: Anthony AtalaAbstract:The most common congenital abnormalities involve the genitourinary system. These include hypospadias, in which the urethral opening develops in an improper position, and bladder exstrophy, in which the bladder develops on the outer surface of the abdomen. Children with these conditions will require immediate and multiple reconstructive surgeries. Currently, reconstruction may be performed with native nonurologic Tissues (skin, Gastrointestinal segments, or mucosa), homologous Tissues from a donor (cadaver or living donor kidney), heterologous Tissues or substances (bovine collagen), or artificial materials (silicone, polyurethane, teflon). However, these materials often lead to complications after reconstruction, either because the implanted Tissue is rejected, or because inherently different functional parameters cause a mismatch in the system. For example, replacement of bladder Tissue with Gastrointestinal segments can be problematic due to the opposite ways in which these two Tissues handle solutes—urologic Tissue normally excretes material, and Gastrointestinal Tissue generally absorbs the same materials. This mismatched state can lead to metabolic complications as well as infection and other issues. The replacement of lost or deficient urologic Tissues with functionally equivalent ones would improve the outcome of reconstructive surgery in the genitourinary system. This goal may soon be attainable with the use of Tissue engineering techniques.
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Tissue engineering of the bladder
World Journal of Urology, 2000Co-Authors: German Falke, Jorge Caffaratti, Anthony AtalaAbstract:When Gastrointestinal Tissue is used for bladder augmentation or replacement, multiple complications may ensue, such as infection, metabolic disturbances, urolithiasis, perforation, increased mucous production, and malignancy. Therefore, alternative methods are being sought for cystoplasty. There has been a resurgence of interest in the use of acellular collagen-based matrices as scaffolds for bladder regeneration. Experimental work involving several collagen matrices, such as allogenic bladder and intestinal Tissues, is currently being conducted in several academic centers. Recently, functional bladder Tissue has been engineered using selective cell transplantation. The approach that has been followed for bioengineering of bladder Tissue involves the use of autologous cells, thus avoiding rejection, whereby a biopsy of Tissue is obtained from the host, after which the cells are dissociated and expanded in vitro, reattached to a matrix, and implanted into the same host.
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PROGRESSIVE DILATION FOR BLADDER Tissue EXPANSION
The Journal of Urology, 1999Co-Authors: Nihat Satar, Anthony AtalaAbstract:AbstractPurpose: The use of Gastrointestinal Tissue for augmentation cystoplasty is associated with numerous complications. We previously reported the development of a system in which ureters were progressively dilated and used for ureterocystoplasty. We have now applied a similar system for the progressive expansion of native bladder Tissue. We investigated whether the expanded bladder Tissue retained normal functional and phenotypic characteristics.Materials and Methods: Urodynamic studies were performed in 5 beagle dogs and the bladder was divided horizontally into a superior bladder neo-reservoir, and an intact smaller bladder inferiorly with both ureters left intact and draining. A silicone catheter was threaded into the newly formed, superiorly located neo-reservoir, and connected to an injection port which was secured subcutaneously. A saline antibiotic solution was injected daily into the palpable injection port 4 weeks after surgery, dilating the neo-reservoir through the silicone catheter. Basel...
Ingrid Langer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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development by genetic immunization of monovalent antibodies against human vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor 1 vpac1 new innovative and versatile tools to study vpac1 receptor function
Frontiers in Endocrinology, 2018Co-Authors: Xavier Peyrassol, Toon Laeremans, Vannessa Lahura, Maja Debulpaep, Hassan El Hassan, Jan Steyaert, Marc Parmentier, Ingrid LangerAbstract:Multi-membrane spanning proteins, such as G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) and ion channels, are extremely difficult to purify as native proteins. Consequently, the generation of antibodies that recognize the native conformation can be challenging. By combining genetic immunization, phage display and biopanning, we identified a panel of monovalent antibodies (nanobodies) targeting the VPAC1 receptor. The nine unique nanobodies, that were classified into four different families based on their CDR3 amino acid sequence and length, were highly specific for the human receptor and bind VPAC1 with moderate affinity. They all recognize a similar epitope localized in the extracellular N-terminal domain of the receptor and distinct from the orthosteric binding site. In agreement with binding studies, which showed that the nanobodies did not interfere with VIP binding, all nanobodies were devoid of any functional properties. However, we observed that the binding of two nanobodies was slightly increased in the presence of VPAC1 agonists (VIP and PACAP-27), but decreased in the presence of VPAC1 antagonist. As no evidence of allosteric activity was seen in VIP binding studies nor in functional assays, it is therefore possible that the two nanobodies may behave as very weak allosteric modulators of VPAC1, detectable only in some sensitive settings but not in others. We demonstrated that the fluorescently labeled nanobodies detect VPAC1 on the surface of human leukocytes as efficiently as a reference mouse monoclonal antibody. We also developed a protocol allowing efficient detection of VPAC1 by immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded human Gastrointestinal Tissue sections. Thus, these nanobodies constitute new original tools to further investigate the role of VPAC1 in physiological and pathological conditions.
