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Peggy T Cohenkettenis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • puberty suppression in adolescents with Gender Identity Disorder a prospective follow up study
    The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 2011
    Co-Authors: Annelou L C De Vries, Thomas D Steensma, Theo A H Doreleijers, Peggy T Cohenkettenis
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACT Introduction Puberty suppression by means of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone analogues (GnRHa) is used for young transsexuals between 12 and 16 years of age. The purpose of this intervention is to relieve the suffering caused by the development of secondary sex characteristics and to provide time to make a balanced decision regarding actual Gender reassignment. Aim To compare psychological functioning and Gender dysphoria before and after puberty suppression in Gender dysphoric adolescents. Methods Of the first 70 eligible candidates who received puberty suppression between 2000 and 2008, psychological functioning and Gender dysphoria were assessed twice: at T0, when attending the Gender Identity clinic, before the start of GnRHa; and at T1, shortly before the start of cross‐sex hormone treatment. Main Outcome Measures Behavioral and emotional problems (Child Behavior Checklist and the Youth‐Self Report), depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory), anxiety and anger (the Spielberger Trait Anxiety and Anger Scales), general functioning (the clinician's rated Children's Global Assessment Scale), Gender dysphoria (the Utrecht Gender Dysphoria Scale), and body satisfaction (the Body Image Scale) were assessed. Results Behavioral and emotional problems and depressive symptoms decreased, while general functioning improved significantly during puberty suppression. Feelings of anxiety and anger did not change between T0 and T1. While changes over time were equal for both sexes, compared with natal males, natal females were older when they started puberty suppression and showed more problem behavior at both T0 and T1. Gender dysphoria and body satisfaction did not change between T0 and T1. No adolescent withdrew from puberty suppression, and all started cross‐sex hormone treatment, the first step of actual Gender reassignment. Conclusion Puberty suppression may be considered a valuable contribution in the clinical management of Gender dysphoria in adolescents. de Vries ALC, Steensma TD, Doreleijers TAH, and Cohen‐Kettenis PT. Puberty suppression in adolescents with Gender Identity Disorder: A prospective follow‐up study. J Sex Med 2011;8:2276–2283.

  • assessing the utility of diagnostic criteria a multisite study on Gender Identity Disorder
    The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 2011
    Co-Authors: Peggy T Cohenkettenis, Muirne C S Paap, Audewijntje P C Kreukels, Hertha Richterappel, Grie De Cuypere, Ira Haraldse
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACT Introduction Studies involving patients with Gender Identity Disorder (GID) are inconsistent with regard to outcomes and often difficult to compare because of the vague descriptions of the diagnostic process. A multisite study is needed to scrutinize the utility and generality of different aspects of the diagnostic criteria for GID. Aim To investigate the way in which the diagnosis‐specific Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision criteria for GID were used to reach a psychiatric diagnosis in four European countries: the Netherlands (Amsterdam), Norway (Oslo), Germany (Hamburg), and Belgium (Ghent). The main goal was to compare item (symptom) characteristics across countries. Methods The current study included all new applicants to the four GID clinics who were seen between January 2007 and March 2009, were at least 16 years of age at their first visit, and had completed the diagnostic assessment (N = 214, mean age = 32 ± 12.2 years). Mokken scale analysis, a form of Nonparametric Item Response Theory (NIRT) was performed. Main Outcome Measures Operationalization and quantification of the core criteria A and B resulted in a 23‐item score sheet that was filled out by the participating clinicians after they had made a diagnosis. Results We found that, when ordering the 23 items according to their means for each country separately, the rank ordering was similar among the four countries for 21 of the items. Furthermore, only one scale emerged, which combined criteria A and B when all data were analyzed together. Conclusions Our results indicate that patients' symptoms were interpreted in a similar fashion in all four countries. However, we did not find support for the treatment of A and B as two separate criteria. We recommend the use of NIRT in future studies, especially in studies with small sample sizes and/or with data that show a poor fit to parametric IRT models. Paap MCS, Kreukels BPC, Cohen‐Kettenis PT, Richter‐Appelt H, de Cuypere G, and Haraldsen IR. Assessing the utility of diagnostic criteria: A multisite study on Gender Identity Disorder .

  • opinions about the dsm Gender Identity Disorder diagnosis results from an international survey administered to organizations concerned with the welfare of transGender people
    International Journal of Transgenderism, 2010
    Co-Authors: Stanley R Vance, Peggy T Cohenkettenis, Heino F L Meyerbahlburg, Friedemann Pfafflin, Jack Drescher, Kenneth J. Zucker
    Abstract:

    A survey on various issues related to the DSM-IV-TR Gender Identity Disorder diagnosis was conducted among 201 organizations concerned with the welfare of transGender people from North America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Forty-three organizations from all continents completed the survey. A majority of 55.8% believed the diagnosis should be excluded from the 2013 edition. The major reason for wanting to keep the diagnosis in the DSM was health care reimbursement. Regardless of whether groups were for or against the removal of the diagnosis, the survey revealed a broad consensus that if the diagnosis remains in the DSM, there needs to be an overhaul of the name, criteria, and language to minimize stigmatization of transGender individuals.

  • the dsm diagnostic criteria for Gender Identity Disorder in adolescents and adults
    Archives of Sexual Behavior, 2010
    Co-Authors: Peggy T Cohenkettenis, Friedemann Pfafflin
    Abstract:

    Apart from some general issues related to the Gender Identity Disorder (GID) diagnosis, such as whether it should stay in the DSM-V or not, a number of problems specifically relate to the current criteria of the GID diagnosis for adolescents and adults. These problems concern the confusion caused by similarities and differences of the terms transsexualism and GID, the inability of the current criteria to capture the whole spectrum of Gender variance phenomena, the potential risk of unnecessary physically invasive examinations to rule out intersex conditions (Disorders of sex development), the necessity of the D criterion (distress and impairment), and the fact that the diagnosis still applies to those who already had hormonal and surgical treatment. If the diagnosis should not be deleted from the DSM, most of the criticism could be addressed in the DSM-V if the diagnosis would be renamed, the criteria would be adjusted in wording, and made more stringent. However, this would imply that the diagnosis would still be dichotomous and similar to earlier DSM versions. Another option is to follow a more dimensional approach, allowing for different degrees of Gender dysphoria depending on the number of indicators. Considering the strong resistance against sexuality related specifiers, and the relative difficulty assessing sexual orientation in individuals pursuing hormonal and surgical interventions to change physical sex characteristics, it should be investigated whether other potentially relevant specifiers (e.g., onset age) are more appropriate.

  • 2d 4d finger length ratios in children and adults with Gender Identity Disorder
    Hormones and Behavior, 2008
    Co-Authors: Madeleine S C Wallie, Kenneth J Zucke, Thomas D Steensma, Peggy T Cohenkettenis
    Abstract:

    Previous research suggests that prenatal testosterone affects the 2D:4D finger ratio in humans, and it has been speculated that prenatal testosterone also affects Gender Identity differentiation. If both things are true, then one would expect to find an association between the 2D:4D ratio and Gender Identity. We measured 2D:4D in two samples of patients with Gender Identity Disorder (GID). In Study 1, we compared the 2D:4D ratios of 96 adult male and 51 female patients with GID to that of 90 heterosexual male and 112 heterosexual female controls. In Study 2, we compared the 2D:4D ratios of 67 boys and 34 girls with GID to that of 74 control boys and 72 control girls. In the sample of adults with GID, we classified their sexual orientation as either homosexual or non-homosexual (in relation to their birth sex) to examine whether or not there were any within-group differences as a function of sexual orientation. In the sample of adult men with GID (both homosexual and non-homosexual) and children with GID, we found no evidence of an altered 2D:4D ratio relative to same-sex controls. However, women with GID had a significantly more masculinized ratio compared to the control women. This last finding was consistent with the prediction that a variance in prenatal hormone exposure contributes to a departure from a sex-typical Gender Identity in women.

Urs Hepp - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • finger length ratio 2d 4d in adults with Gender Identity Disorder
    Archives of Sexual Behavior, 2009
    Co-Authors: Ernd Kraeme, Gabriella Milos, Aba Delsignore, Ulrich Schnyde, Thomas Noll, Urs Hepp
    Abstract:

    From early childhood, Gender Identity and the 2nd to 4th finger length ratio (2D:4D) are discriminative characteristics between sexes. Both the human brain and 2D:4D may be influenced by prenatal testosterone levels. This calls for an examination of 2D:4D in patients with Gender Identity Disorder (GID) to study the possible influence of prenatal testosterone on Gender Identity. Until now, the only study carried out on this issue suggests lower prenatal testosterone levels in right-handed male-to-female GID patients (MtF). We compared 2D:4D of 56 GID patients (39 MtF; 17 female-to-male GID patients, FtM) with data from a control sample of 176 men and 190 women. Bivariate group comparisons showed that right hand 2D:4D in MtF was significantly higher (feminized) than in male controls, but similar to female controls. The comparison of 2D:4D ratios of biological women revealed significantly higher (feminized) values for right hands of right handed FtM. Analysis of variance confirmed significant effects for sex and for Gender Identity on 2D:4D ratios but not for sexual orientation or for the interaction among variables. Our results indirectly point to the possibility of a weak influence of reduced prenatal testosterone as an etiological factor in the multifactorially influenced development of MtF GID. The development of FtM GID seems even more unlikely to be notably influenced by prenatal testosterone.

  • comorbidity of asperger syndrome and Gender Identity Disorder
    European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2005
    Co-Authors: Ernd Kraeme, Aba Delsignore, Ronnie Gundelfinge, Ulrich Schnyde, Urs Hepp
    Abstract:

    The case of a 35-year-old biological woman with Asperger syndrome (AS) and Gender Identity Disorder (GID) fulfilling DSM-IV criteria is reported. Against the background of recently emerging theories of cognitive male pattern underlying autism we present additional psychological assessments in order to discuss any possible interaction or discrimination between AS and GID. Whilst we explain GID as a secondary feature of AS, we examine the assumption of the necessity of treating GID in AS as a primary GID in accordance with international standards. We consider the treatment of GID as compelling, particularly because curative therapy for AS is lacking and with GID treatment in this vein, the patient gains psychosocial improvement.

  • psychiatric comorbidity in Gender Identity Disorder
    Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 2005
    Co-Authors: Urs Hepp, Bernd Kraemer, Ulrich Schnyder, N Miller, Aba Delsignore
    Abstract:

    OBJECTIVE: Despite being recognized as an important prognostic factor for the outcome in Gender Identity Disorder (GID), psychiatric comorbidity has rarely been assessed by means of standardized diagnostic instruments. The aim of this study was to assess current and lifetime psychiatric comorbidity in patients with GID. METHODS: A cross-sectional sample of 31 patients who were treated for GID was assessed by the structured clinical interview for Axis I and II (SCID-I/II) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). RESULTS: Twenty-nine percent of the patients had no current or lifetime Axis I Disorder; 39% fulfilled the criteria for current and 71% for current and/or lifetime Axis I diagnosis. Forty-two percent of the patients were diagnosed with one or more personality Disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Lifetime psychiatric comorbidity in GID patients is high, and this should be taken into account in the assessment and treatment planning of GID patients.

  • Gender Identity Disorder and anorexia nervosa in male monozygotic twins
    International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2004
    Co-Authors: Urs Hepp, Gabriella Milos, Hellmuth Aunscharm
    Abstract:

    Abstract: Objective: Male identical twins with Gender Identity Disorder (GID) in childhoodand anorexia nervosa (AN) are presented. Etiologic aspects and the relationship amongGender Identity, sexual orientation, body dissatisfaction, and AN are discussed. Method:Case reports and a review of the literature are reported. Results: In childhood, both twinsshowed an atypical Gender behavior. Whereas one of the twins later developed a transsexualGender Identity and asked for sex reassignment, the other developed a male Identity but hisappearance and clothing are effeminate. According to their biologic sex, they are concordantin regard to their homosexual orientation. In adolescence, both developed AN. Monozygo-tism was proved by DNA analysis. Discussion: GID in childhood could be at least partlyhereditary, whereas the development of the later phenotype of the Gender identification ismore determined by environmental factors. GID might be a risk factor for the developmentof AN. # 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 239–243, 2004.Key words: eating Disorder; anorexia nervosa; Gender Identity Disorder; transsexualism, twins

Kenneth J Zucke - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • behavior problems and psychiatric diagnoses in girls with Gender Identity Disorder a follow up study
    Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 2017
    Co-Authors: Kelley D Drummond, Susa J Adley, Michelle Petersonbadali, Doug P Vanderlaa, Kenneth J Zucke
    Abstract:

    This study evaluated the presence of clinical range behavior problems and psychiatric diagnoses in 25 girls referred for Gender Identity Disorder (GID) in childhood (mean age: 8.88 years) at the ti...

  • Gender typicality in children s speech a comparison of boys with and without Gender Identity Disorder
    Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2015
    Co-Authors: Enjami Munso, Alliso Owenanderso, Laura Crocke, Jane Pierrehumbe, Kenneth J Zucke
    Abstract:

    This study examined whether boys with Gender Identity Disorder (GID) produced less prototypically male speech than control boys without GID, a possibility that has been suggested by clinical observations. Two groups of listeners participated in tasks where they rated the Gender typicality of single words (group 1) or sentences (group 2) produced by 15 5–13 year old boys with GID and 15 age-matched boys without GID. Detailed acoustic analyses of the stimuli were also conducted. Boys with GID were rated as less boy-like than boys without GID. In the experiment using sentence stimuli, these group differences were larger than in the experiment using single-word stimuli. Listeners' ratings were predicted by a variety of acoustic parameters, including ones that differ between the two groups and ones that are stereotypically associated with adult men's and women's speech. Future research should examine how these variants are acquired.

  • puberty blocking hormonal therapy for adolescents with Gender Identity Disorder a descriptive clinical study
    Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 2010
    Co-Authors: Kenneth J Zucke, Devita Singh, Susa J Adley, Alliso Owenanderso, Ray Lanchard
    Abstract:

    The use of puberty-delaying or blocking hormonal treatment of adolescents with Gender Identity Disorder (GID) has become increasingly common. In the present study, we examined demographic, behavior problem, and psychosexual measures to see if any of them correlated with the clinical decision to recommend, or not recommend, puberty-blocking hormonal therapy in a consecutive series of 109 adolescents (55 females, 54 males) with GID evaluated between 2000 and 2009. Of the 109 adolescents, 66 (60.6%) were recommended for puberty-blocking hormonal therapy and 43 (39.4%) were not. A combination of five (of 15) demographic, behavior problem, and psychosexual measures were identified in a logistic regression analysis to significantly predict this clinical recommendation. The quantitative data were complemented by clinical case descriptions and some follow-up information. We discuss our data in relation to the Dutch model of early biomedical treatment for youth with GID and consider areas that require further clin...

  • children with Gender Identity Disorder is there a best practice
    Neuropsychiatrie De L'enfance Et De L'adolescence, 2008
    Co-Authors: Kenneth J Zucke
    Abstract:

    Abstract Almost 50 years of clinical observation and research on children with Gender Identity Disorder have provided useful information on phenomenology, diagnostic and assessment procedures, associated psychopathology, tests of etiological hypotheses, and natural history. In contrast, best practice guidelines and evidence-based therapeutics have lagged sorely behind these other domains. Accordingly, the therapist must rely on the “clinical wisdom” that has accumulated and to utilize largely untested case formulation conceptual models to inform treatment approaches and decisions. Because of this state of affairs, dogmatic assertions about best practice should be avoided.

  • 2d 4d finger length ratios in children and adults with Gender Identity Disorder
    Hormones and Behavior, 2008
    Co-Authors: Madeleine S C Wallie, Kenneth J Zucke, Thomas D Steensma, Peggy T Cohenkettenis
    Abstract:

    Previous research suggests that prenatal testosterone affects the 2D:4D finger ratio in humans, and it has been speculated that prenatal testosterone also affects Gender Identity differentiation. If both things are true, then one would expect to find an association between the 2D:4D ratio and Gender Identity. We measured 2D:4D in two samples of patients with Gender Identity Disorder (GID). In Study 1, we compared the 2D:4D ratios of 96 adult male and 51 female patients with GID to that of 90 heterosexual male and 112 heterosexual female controls. In Study 2, we compared the 2D:4D ratios of 67 boys and 34 girls with GID to that of 74 control boys and 72 control girls. In the sample of adults with GID, we classified their sexual orientation as either homosexual or non-homosexual (in relation to their birth sex) to examine whether or not there were any within-group differences as a function of sexual orientation. In the sample of adult men with GID (both homosexual and non-homosexual) and children with GID, we found no evidence of an altered 2D:4D ratio relative to same-sex controls. However, women with GID had a significantly more masculinized ratio compared to the control women. This last finding was consistent with the prediction that a variance in prenatal hormone exposure contributes to a departure from a sex-typical Gender Identity in women.

Ira Haraldse - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • assessing the utility of diagnostic criteria a multisite study on Gender Identity Disorder
    The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 2011
    Co-Authors: Peggy T Cohenkettenis, Muirne C S Paap, Audewijntje P C Kreukels, Hertha Richterappel, Grie De Cuypere, Ira Haraldse
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACT Introduction Studies involving patients with Gender Identity Disorder (GID) are inconsistent with regard to outcomes and often difficult to compare because of the vague descriptions of the diagnostic process. A multisite study is needed to scrutinize the utility and generality of different aspects of the diagnostic criteria for GID. Aim To investigate the way in which the diagnosis‐specific Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision criteria for GID were used to reach a psychiatric diagnosis in four European countries: the Netherlands (Amsterdam), Norway (Oslo), Germany (Hamburg), and Belgium (Ghent). The main goal was to compare item (symptom) characteristics across countries. Methods The current study included all new applicants to the four GID clinics who were seen between January 2007 and March 2009, were at least 16 years of age at their first visit, and had completed the diagnostic assessment (N = 214, mean age = 32 ± 12.2 years). Mokken scale analysis, a form of Nonparametric Item Response Theory (NIRT) was performed. Main Outcome Measures Operationalization and quantification of the core criteria A and B resulted in a 23‐item score sheet that was filled out by the participating clinicians after they had made a diagnosis. Results We found that, when ordering the 23 items according to their means for each country separately, the rank ordering was similar among the four countries for 21 of the items. Furthermore, only one scale emerged, which combined criteria A and B when all data were analyzed together. Conclusions Our results indicate that patients' symptoms were interpreted in a similar fashion in all four countries. However, we did not find support for the treatment of A and B as two separate criteria. We recommend the use of NIRT in future studies, especially in studies with small sample sizes and/or with data that show a poor fit to parametric IRT models. Paap MCS, Kreukels BPC, Cohen‐Kettenis PT, Richter‐Appelt H, de Cuypere G, and Haraldsen IR. Assessing the utility of diagnostic criteria: A multisite study on Gender Identity Disorder .

  • recommendations for revision of the dsm diagnosis of Gender Identity Disorder in adolescents
    International Journal of Transgenderism, 2010
    Co-Authors: Ira Haraldse, Randall D Ehrba, Nicholas R Gorto, Edgardo Menvielle
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACT As part of a consensus-building process to recommend removal or reform of the DSM diagnoses of Gender Identity Disorders, a work group was charged with developing a consensus statement around the diagnosis for adolescents. Specifically, the work group focused on the following questions: (a) Should there be a separate diagnostic category in the DSM 5 that describes adolescents with Gender dysphoria? (b) If so, what are appropriate diagnostic criteria? and (c) If so, should the specific adolescent diagnostic criteria be incorporated within the adult or child diagnosis? After acknowledging the lack of consensus within the mental health field and among transGender advocates as to whether or not there should be a Gender Identity Disorder diagnosis, the work group focused on the issue of what a potential diagnosis should entail. We recommended that the name of the diagnosis should change to reflect the locus of pathology, that is, dysphoria rather than Identity. We also recommend that the adolescent cr...

  • cross sex pattern of bone mineral density in early onset Gender Identity Disorder
    Hormones and Behavior, 2007
    Co-Authors: Ira Haraldse, Thore Egeland, Egil Haug, J Falch, Stei Opjordsmoe
    Abstract:

    Abstract Hormonally controlled differences in bone mineral density (BMD) between males and females are well studied. The effects of cross-sex hormones on bone metabolism in patients with early onset Gender Identity Disorder (EO-GID), however, are unclear. We examined BMD, total body fat (TBF) and total lean body mass (TLBM) in patients prior to initiation of sex hormone treatment and during treatment at months 3 and 12. The study included 33 EO-GID patients who were approved for sex reassignment and a control group of 122 healthy Norwegians (males, n  = 77; females, n  = 45). Male patients ( n  = 12) received an oral dose of 50 μg ethinylestradiol daily for the first 3 months and 100 μg daily thereafter. Female patients ( n  = 21) received 250 mg testosterone enantate intramuscularly every third week. BMD, TBF and TLBM were estimated using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). In male patients, the DXA measurements except TBF were significantly lower compared to their same-sex control group at baseline and did not change during treatment. In female patients, the DXA measurements were slightly higher than in same-sex controls at baseline and also remained unchanged during treatment. In conclusion, this study reports that body composition and bone density of EO-GID patients show less pronounced sex differences compared to controls and that bone density was unaffected by cross-sex hormone treatment.

  • cross sex hormone treatment does not change sex sensitive cognitive performance in Gender Identity Disorder patients
    Psychiatry Research-neuroimaging, 2005
    Co-Authors: Ira Haraldse, Thore Egeland, Arnstei Finse, Egil Haug, Stei Opjordsmoe
    Abstract:

    Cognitive performance in untreated early onset Gender Identity Disorder (GID) patients might correspond to their born sex and not to their perceived Gender. As a current mode of intervention, cross-sex hormone treatment causes considerable physical changes in GID patients. We asked, as has been suggested, whether this treatment skews cognitive performance towards that of the acquired sex. Somatically healthy male and female early onset GID patients were neuropsychologically tested before, 3 and 12 months after initiating cross-sex hormone treatment, whereas untreated healthy subjects without GID served as controls (C). Performance was assessed by testing six cognitive abilities (perception, arithmetic, rotation, visualization, logic, and verbalization), and controlled for age, education, born sex, endocrine differences and treatment by means of repeated measures analysis of variance. GID patients and controls showed an identical time-dependent improvement in cognitive performance. The slopes were essentially parallel for males and females. There was no significant three-way interaction of born sex by group by time for the six investigated cognitive abilities. Only education and age significantly influenced this improvement. Despite the substantial somatic cross-sex changes in GID patients, no differential effect on cognition over time was found between C and GID participants. The cognitive performance of cross-sex hormone-treated GID patients was virtually identical to that of the control group. The documented test-retest effect should be taken into consideration when evaluating treatment effects generally in psychiatry.

  • sex sensitive cognitive performance in untreated patients with early onset Gender Identity Disorder
    Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2003
    Co-Authors: Ira Haraldse, Stei Opjordsmoe, Thore Egeland, Arnstei Finse
    Abstract:

    Abstract Background. We explored whether the cognitive performance of Gender Identity Disorder patients (GID) was comparable to that of their biological sex or skewed towards that of their Gender Identity.Method. We tested four potentially sex-sensitive cognitive factors (rotation, visualization, perception, and verbalization) as well as two neutral factors (logic and arithmetic) in GID patients from Norway (GID-N, n=33) or the USA (GID-US, n=19) and in a control group (C, n=29). The testing was undertaken prior to cross sex hormone treatment. Four-way ANOVA was applied in the final analysis of the cognitive performance and its dependency on different predictors (age, biological sex, education, group).Results. In both GID groups as well as in the control group (C) males excelled in visualization and rotation, also when controlling for potential confounders (biological sex, group, age and education). No female advantage was detected. Furthermore, no interaction between biological sex and group assignment was revealed in the samples.Conclusion. In this study the cognitive pattern of GID patients is consistent with that of their biological sex and not that of their Gender Identity.

Kenneth J. Zucker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Gender Identity Disorder in twins a review of the case report literature
    The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 2012
    Co-Authors: Gunter Heylens, Kenneth J. Zucker, Griet De Cuypere, Cleo Schelfaut, Els Elaut, Heidi Vanden Bossche, Elfride De Baere, Guy Tsjoen
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACT Introduction The etiology of Gender Identity Disorder (GID) remains largely unknown. In recent literature, increased attention has been attributed to possible biological factors in addition to psychological variables. Aim To review the current literature on case studies of twins concordant or discordant for GID. Methods A systematic, comprehensive literature review. Results Of 23 monozygotic female and male twins, nine (39.1%) were concordant for GID; in contrast, none of the 21 same‐sex dizygotic female and male twins were concordant for GID, a statistically significant difference ( P  = 0.005). Of the seven opposite‐sex twins, all were discordant for GID. Conclusions These findings suggest a role for genetic factors in the development of GID. Heylens G, De Cuypere G, Zucker KJ, Schelfaut C, Elaut E, Vanden Bossche H, De Baere E, and T'Sjoen G. Gender Identity Disorder in twins: A review of the case report literature. J Sex Med 2012;9:751–757.

  • demographics behavior problems and psychosexual characteristics of adolescents with Gender Identity Disorder or transvestic fetishism
    Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 2012
    Co-Authors: Kenneth J. Zucker, Susan J. Bradley, Allison Owenanderson, Sarah J Kibblewhite, Hayley Wood, Devita Singh, Kathryn Choi
    Abstract:

    This study provided a descriptive and quantitative comparative analysis of data from an assessment protocol for adolescents referred clinically for Gender Identity Disorder (n = 192; 105 boys, 87 girls) or transvestic fetishism (n = 137, all boys). The protocol included information on demographics, behavior problems, and psychosexual measures. Gender Identity Disorder and transvestic fetishism youth had high rates of general behavior problems and poor peer relations. On the psychosexual measures, Gender Identity Disorder patients had considerably greater cross-Gender behavior and Gender dysphoria than did transvestic fetishism youth and other control youth. Male Gender Identity Disorder patients classified as having a nonhomosexual sexual orientation (in relation to birth sex) reported more indicators of transvestic fetishism than did male Gender Identity Disorder patients classified as having a homosexual sexual orientation (in relation to birth sex). The percentage of transvestic fetishism youth and mal...

  • opinions about the dsm Gender Identity Disorder diagnosis results from an international survey administered to organizations concerned with the welfare of transGender people
    International Journal of Transgenderism, 2010
    Co-Authors: Stanley R Vance, Peggy T Cohenkettenis, Heino F L Meyerbahlburg, Friedemann Pfafflin, Jack Drescher, Kenneth J. Zucker
    Abstract:

    A survey on various issues related to the DSM-IV-TR Gender Identity Disorder diagnosis was conducted among 201 organizations concerned with the welfare of transGender people from North America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Forty-three organizations from all continents completed the survey. A majority of 55.8% believed the diagnosis should be excluded from the 2013 edition. The major reason for wanting to keep the diagnosis in the DSM was health care reimbursement. Regardless of whether groups were for or against the removal of the diagnosis, the survey revealed a broad consensus that if the diagnosis remains in the DSM, there needs to be an overhaul of the name, criteria, and language to minimize stigmatization of transGender individuals.

  • the dsm diagnostic criteria for Gender Identity Disorder in children
    Archives of Sexual Behavior, 2010
    Co-Authors: Kenneth J. Zucker
    Abstract:

    In this article, I review the diagnostic criteria for Gender Identity Disorder (GID) in children as they were formulated in the DSM-III, DSM-III-R, and DSM-IV. The article focuses on the cumulative evidence for diagnostic reliability and validity. It does not address the broader conceptual discussion regarding GID as “Disorder,” as this issue is addressed in a companion article by Meyer-Bahlburg (2009). This article addresses criticisms of the GID criteria for children which, in my view, can be addressed by extant empirical data. Based in part on reanalysis of data, I conclude that the persistent desire to be of the other Gender should, in contrast to DSM-IV, be a necessary symptom for the diagnosis. If anything, this would result in a tightening of the diagnostic criteria and may result in a better separation of children with GID from children who display marked Gender variance, but without the desire to be of the other Gender.

  • Epidemiology of Gender Identity Disorder: Recommendations for the Standards of Care of the World Professional Association for TransGender Health.
    International Journal of Transgenderism, 2009
    Co-Authors: Kenneth J. Zucker, Anne A. Lawrence
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACT Formal epidemiological studies on the incidence and prevalence of Gender Identity Disorder (GID) or transsexualism have not been conducted. Accordingly, crude estimates of prevalence have had to rely on indirect methods, such as parental endorsement of behavioral items pertaining to GID on omnibus questionnaires for children and youth or the number of adult patients seeking contra-sex hormonal treatment or sex-transformative surgery at hospital- or university-based Gender clinics. Data from child and adolescent parent-report questionnaires show that the frequent wish to be of the other sex is quite low but that periodic cross-Gender behavior is more common. In the general population, cross-Gender behavior is more common in girls than it is in boys but boys are referred to Gender Identity clinics more frequently than are girls. Prevalence estimates of GID in adults indicate that it is higher in natal males than in natal females although this may be accounted for by between-sex variation in sexual ...