The Experts below are selected from a list of 300 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Kenneth J. Zucker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Gender Identity and Intersexuality
International Library of Ethics Law and the New Medicine, 2020Co-Authors: Kenneth J. ZuckerAbstract:Gender Identity is often conceptualized in a dichotomous manner: a person’s basic sense of self as either male or female. Of course, it is not necessary, theoretically or empirically, to restrict the conceptualization in this way. One can imagine “third” (or even more) Gender identities. Indeed, in recent years, some adults have characterized their subjective Gender Identity as “intersexed” (Schober, 2001). However, the vast majority of humans appear to differentiate rather strongly either a male or a female Gender Identity. The origins and determinants of Gender Identity differentiation have long elicited rather pointed controversy and debate. The tendency to dichotomize the reason as either fully biological (the essentialist perspective) or psychosocial (the constructionist or socialization perspective) is well illuminated by the following two quotes: On the one hand, Swaab et al. (1992) asserted that Gender Identity is very difficult to change, “probably because...[it is] fixed in the brain” (p. 52). On the other hand, Thorne (1993) asserted that:
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Gender Identity Disorder in Girls
Handbook of Behavioral and Emotional Problems in Girls, 2020Co-Authors: Kenneth J. ZuckerAbstract:Understanding Gender Identity disorder first requires an explication of what is meant by Gender Identity. As a psychological construct, Gender Identity has been conceptualized with respect to both cognitive and affective parameters. At the cognitive level, Gender Identity has been defined as the child’s ability to accurately discriminate females from males and then to identify her or his own Gender status correctly—a task considered by some to be the first “stage” in Gender constancy development, of which the “end state” is the knowledge of Gender invariance (Fagot, 1995; Kohlberg, 1966; Slaby & Frey, 1975). Most recently, Martin, Ruble, and Szkrybalo (2002) suggested that this rather crude, first-stage developmental acquisition be referred to as the basic self-labeling of Gender Identity, which most children appear to master some time between the ages of 2 and 3 years. With greater reliance on nonverbal assessment techniques, a number of studies have shown that, prior to this time frame, there is evidence that infants and young toddlers, perhaps as early as 6 months of age, are sensitive to various perceptual features that are reliably correlated with biological sex, such as voice and hairstyle (reviewed in Martin et al., 2002, pp. 917– 922). Sensitivity to these and other kinds of perceptual cues (e.g., clothing style) are likely related to the subsequent emergence of basic self-labeling of Gender Identity. At the affective level, Stoller (1964) originally used the term core Gender Identity to describe a young child’s developing “fundamental sense of belonging to one sex” (p. 453, emphasis added) (see also Fagot & Leinbach, 1985). Various observers have noted that children tend to take great pride in announcing to the world that they are girls or boys and will take great offense if they are miscategorized by others. Research derived from social
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Handbook of Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders - Gender Identity Disorder in Children and Adolescents
Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 2012Co-Authors: Kenneth J. ZuckerAbstract:Gender Identity disorder entered the psychiatric nomenclature in the DSM-III in 1980. This article reviews three domains of empirical research on Gender Identity disorder in children and adolescents: diagnosis and assessment, associated psychopathology, and developmental trajectories.
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demographics behavior problems and psychosexual characteristics of adolescents with Gender Identity disorder or transvestic fetishism
Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 2012Co-Authors: Kenneth J. Zucker, Susan J. Bradley, Allison Owenanderson, Sarah J Kibblewhite, Hayley Wood, Devita Singh, Kathryn ChoiAbstract:This study provided a descriptive and quantitative comparative analysis of data from an assessment protocol for adolescents referred clinically for Gender Identity disorder (n = 192; 105 boys, 87 girls) or transvestic fetishism (n = 137, all boys). The protocol included information on demographics, behavior problems, and psychosexual measures. Gender Identity disorder and transvestic fetishism youth had high rates of general behavior problems and poor peer relations. On the psychosexual measures, Gender Identity disorder patients had considerably greater cross-Gender behavior and Gender dysphoria than did transvestic fetishism youth and other control youth. Male Gender Identity disorder patients classified as having a nonhomosexual sexual orientation (in relation to birth sex) reported more indicators of transvestic fetishism than did male Gender Identity disorder patients classified as having a homosexual sexual orientation (in relation to birth sex). The percentage of transvestic fetishism youth and mal...
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the Gender Identity Gender dysphoria questionnaire for adolescents and adults
Journal of Sex Research, 2007Co-Authors: Joseph J Deogracias, Laurel L Johnson, Heino F L Meyerbahlburg, Suzanne J Kessler, Justine M Schober, Kenneth J. ZuckerAbstract:The present study reports on the construction of a dimensional measure of Gender Identity (Gender dysphoria) for adolescents and adults. The 27-item Gender Identity/Gender dysphoria questionnaire for adolescents and adults (GIDYQ-AA) was administered to 389 university students (heterosexual and nonheterosexual) and 73 clinic-referred patients with Gender Identity disorder. Principal axis factor analysis indicated that a one-factor solution, accounting for 61.3% of the total variance, best fits the data. Factor loadings were all ≥ .30 (median, .82; range, .34–.96). A mean total score (Cronbach's alpha, .97) was computed, which showed strong evidence for discriminant validity in that the Gender Identity patients had significantly more Gender dysphoria than both the heterosexual and nonheterosexual university students. Using a cut-point of 3.00, we found the sensitivity was 90.4% for the Gender Identity patients and specificity was 99.7% for the controls. The utility of the GIDYQ-AA is discussed.
Bryn S Austin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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social epidemiology of depression and anxiety by Gender Identity
Journal of Adolescent Health, 2016Co-Authors: Sari L Reisner, Sabra L Katzwise, Allegra R Gordon, Heather L Corliss, Bryn S AustinAbstract:Abstract Purpose This study investigates depression and anxiety in Gender minority (i.e., transGender and/or Gender nonconforming) compared with nonGender minority (cisGender) young adults. Methods Data were from the Growing Up Today Study, a national cohort of U.S. young adults. A two-step method (maternal-reported natal sex in 1996 cross-classified with participant-reported current Gender Identity in 2010) was used to identify Gender minority and nonGender minority respondents (n = 7,831; mean age = 26 years). Differences in past week depressive symptoms and anxious symptoms were examined cross-sectionally by Gender Identity. Gender minority and nonGender minority respondents were compared using age-adjusted logistic regression models. Results In Gender minorities, the prevalence of depressive and anxious symptoms meeting clinical cutoffs was 52% and 38%, respectively, compared with nonGender minorities (27% and 30% in females and 25% and 14% in males; p Conclusions Gender Identity is an understudied social determinant of mental health. Surveillance efforts to monitor mental health disparities should include survey questions to assess Gender Identity in epidemiologic research. Research and interventions to understand and ameliorate mental health disparities by Gender Identity are needed.
Sari L Reisner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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social epidemiology of depression and anxiety by Gender Identity
Journal of Adolescent Health, 2016Co-Authors: Sari L Reisner, Sabra L Katzwise, Allegra R Gordon, Heather L Corliss, Bryn S AustinAbstract:Abstract Purpose This study investigates depression and anxiety in Gender minority (i.e., transGender and/or Gender nonconforming) compared with nonGender minority (cisGender) young adults. Methods Data were from the Growing Up Today Study, a national cohort of U.S. young adults. A two-step method (maternal-reported natal sex in 1996 cross-classified with participant-reported current Gender Identity in 2010) was used to identify Gender minority and nonGender minority respondents (n = 7,831; mean age = 26 years). Differences in past week depressive symptoms and anxious symptoms were examined cross-sectionally by Gender Identity. Gender minority and nonGender minority respondents were compared using age-adjusted logistic regression models. Results In Gender minorities, the prevalence of depressive and anxious symptoms meeting clinical cutoffs was 52% and 38%, respectively, compared with nonGender minorities (27% and 30% in females and 25% and 14% in males; p Conclusions Gender Identity is an understudied social determinant of mental health. Surveillance efforts to monitor mental health disparities should include survey questions to assess Gender Identity in epidemiologic research. Research and interventions to understand and ameliorate mental health disparities by Gender Identity are needed.
Heino F. L. Meyer-bahlburg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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4.06 – Gender Identity Variants
Hormones Brain and Behavior, 2020Co-Authors: Heino F. L. Meyer-bahlburg, Wylie C. HembreeAbstract:This chapter addresses the development of persons with Gender Identity variants and their hormonal treatment. Research to date has focused mostly on transsexuals, i.e., persons who meet criteria for clinically defined Gender dysphoria and transition to the ‘other’ Gender (in terms of the traditional binary Gender system). The development of Gender Identity and its variants is a complex process that involves multiple biological, social, and psychological factors. Considerably more research is required to develop an empirically well-grounded detailed theory of the development of Gender–Identity variants and to fine-tune clinical work accordingly.
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The Gender Identity/Gender Dysphoria Questionnaire for Adolescents and Adults
Journal of Sex Research, 2007Co-Authors: Joseph J Deogracias, Heino F. L. Meyer-bahlburg, Laurel L Johnson, Suzanne J Kessler, Justine M Schober, Kenneth J. ZuckerAbstract:The present study reports on the construction of a dimensional measure of Gender Identity (Gender dysphoria) for adolescents and adults. The 27-item Gender Identity/Gender dysphoria questionnaire for adolescents and adults (GIDYQ-AA) was administered to 389 university students (heterosexual and nonheterosexual) and 73 clinic-referred patients with Gender Identity disorder. Principal axis factor analysis indicated that a one-factor solution, accounting for 61.3% of the total variance, best fits the data. Factor loadings were all ≥ .30 (median, .82; range, .34–.96). A mean total score (Cronbach's alpha, .97) was computed, which showed strong evidence for discriminant validity in that the Gender Identity patients had significantly more Gender dysphoria than both the heterosexual and nonheterosexual university students. Using a cut-point of 3.00, we found the sensitivity was 90.4% for the Gender Identity patients and specificity was 99.7% for the controls. The utility of the GIDYQ-AA is discussed.
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Intersexuality and the diagnosis of Gender Identity disorder
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 1994Co-Authors: Heino F. L. Meyer-bahlburgAbstract:Problems of Gender Identity development are the core concern in the psychosocial management of medical conditions involving ambiguous genitalia. This report discusses the difficulties encountered in applying the DSM category and criteria of Gender Identity Disorder (GID) to such patients. Data on prevalence, age of onset or presentation, sex ratio, and associated or predictive factors also suggest marked differences between intersex patients with Gender Identity problems and nonintersex patients with GID. Patients with intersexuality or similar medical conditions should be excluded from the GID diagnosis.
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Gender Identity Development in Intersex Patients
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 1993Co-Authors: Heino F. L. Meyer-bahlburgAbstract:In most intersex patients, Gender Identity appears to develop in line with the Gender of original assignment, but there is a substantial number of patients who develop Gender Identity problems. The phenomenon is not the same as Gender Identity disorder in non-intersex persons. The study of intersex patients points to factors in the development of Gender Identity that are not sufficiently investigated in this context, these being prenatal hormone effects on behavior, the effect of primary and secondary sex characteristics on social feedback and body image, the role of the behavioral self-image, and the influence of the peer group. Principles of psychosocial management are listed.
Diane Ehrensaft - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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research review Gender Identity in youth treatment paradigms and controversies
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2018Co-Authors: Jack L Turban, Diane EhrensaftAbstract:Background Pediatric Gender Identity has gained increased attention over the past several years in the popular media, political arena, and medical literature. This article reviews terminology in this evolving field, traditional models of Gender Identity development and their limitations, epidemiology and natural history of cross-Gender identification among children and adolescents, co-occurring conditions and behaviors, research into the biological and psychosocial determinants of cross-Gender identification, and research into the options regarding and benefits of clinical approaches to Gender incongruent youth. Methods Based on a critical review of the extant literature, both theoretical and empirical, that addresses the issue of pediatric Gender Identity, the authors synthesized what is presently known and what is in need of further research in order to elucidate the developmental trajectory and clinical needs of Gender diverse youth. Results The field of pediatric Gender Identity has evolved substantially over the past several years. New research suggests that cross-Gender identification is prevalent (approximately 1% of youth). These youth suffer disproportionately high rates of anxiety, depression, and suicidality. Although research into the etiology of cross-Gender identification is limited, emerging data have shown that affirmative treatment protocols may improve the high rates of mental health difficulties seen among these patients. Conclusions The field of pediatric Gender Identity has evolved dramatically. Emerging data suggest that these patients’ high rates of anxiety, depression, and suicidality appear to be improved with affirmative protocols, although future longitudinal data are needed.