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Chingching Chang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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When Does Gender Count? Further Insights into Gender Schematic Processing of Female Candidates' Political Advertisements
Sex Roles, 2004Co-Authors: Chingching Chang, Jacqueline C. HitchonAbstract:In this study we explored viewers' responses to advertising by female political candidates. Gender Schema Theory provided the basis for developing a better understanding of the circumstances when voters evaluate female candidates and how cognitive representations of what women are like influence viewer responses. Results showed general support for the predictions derived from Gender Schema Theory. That is, participants did seem to rely on Gender Schema in making judgments, a form of inference making known as “default processing,” when information was absent. Results also indicated that participants relied more on Gender Schematic processing when the advertisement elicited positive emotions and less on Gender Schematic processing when exposed to an attack ad. For comparison, viewers' responses to male candidates' political advertising were also examined. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of these findings for political campaigns.
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Mass Media Impact on Voter Response to Women Candidates: Theoretical Development
Communication Theory, 1997Co-Authors: Chingching Chang, Jacqueline C. HitchonAbstract:This paper reviews cross-disciplinary literature concerning political representation by women, of which mass media effects are an essential component. Much of the literature is insightful but atheoretical. Gender Schema Theory is introduced as a framework within which to interpret and extend past findings.
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Effects of Gender Schematic Processing on the Reception of Political Commercials for Men and Women Candidates
Communication Research, 1995Co-Authors: Jacqueline C. Hitchon, Chingching ChangAbstract:The article tests hypotheses from Gender Schema Theory (Bem, 1981) in the context of political television commercials for men and women gubernatorial candidates. Subjects viewed authentic commercials for three pairs of candidates, each pair comprising a man and a woman candidate competing for office. The experimental design varied the tone of the commercials (positive, negative, neutral) in addition to candidate Gender. Findings included enhanced recall of ad information from content domains of family and appearance in the case of women as opposed to men candidates, and enhanced recall from the domain of campaign activities in the case of men as opposed to women candidates. Men's attack ads on women elicited greater emotional reaction than women's attacks on men.
Jacqueline C. Hitchon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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When Does Gender Count? Further Insights into Gender Schematic Processing of Female Candidates' Political Advertisements
Sex Roles, 2004Co-Authors: Chingching Chang, Jacqueline C. HitchonAbstract:In this study we explored viewers' responses to advertising by female political candidates. Gender Schema Theory provided the basis for developing a better understanding of the circumstances when voters evaluate female candidates and how cognitive representations of what women are like influence viewer responses. Results showed general support for the predictions derived from Gender Schema Theory. That is, participants did seem to rely on Gender Schema in making judgments, a form of inference making known as “default processing,” when information was absent. Results also indicated that participants relied more on Gender Schematic processing when the advertisement elicited positive emotions and less on Gender Schematic processing when exposed to an attack ad. For comparison, viewers' responses to male candidates' political advertising were also examined. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of these findings for political campaigns.
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Mass Media Impact on Voter Response to Women Candidates: Theoretical Development
Communication Theory, 1997Co-Authors: Chingching Chang, Jacqueline C. HitchonAbstract:This paper reviews cross-disciplinary literature concerning political representation by women, of which mass media effects are an essential component. Much of the literature is insightful but atheoretical. Gender Schema Theory is introduced as a framework within which to interpret and extend past findings.
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Effects of Gender Schematic Processing on the Reception of Political Commercials for Men and Women Candidates
Communication Research, 1995Co-Authors: Jacqueline C. Hitchon, Chingching ChangAbstract:The article tests hypotheses from Gender Schema Theory (Bem, 1981) in the context of political television commercials for men and women gubernatorial candidates. Subjects viewed authentic commercials for three pairs of candidates, each pair comprising a man and a woman candidate competing for office. The experimental design varied the tone of the commercials (positive, negative, neutral) in addition to candidate Gender. Findings included enhanced recall of ad information from content domains of family and appearance in the case of women as opposed to men candidates, and enhanced recall from the domain of campaign activities in the case of men as opposed to women candidates. Men's attack ads on women elicited greater emotional reaction than women's attacks on men.
Pagès Santacana Anna - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The influence of performative Gender categories in teenager’s school success. Students self-story analysis
Universidad de Alicante. Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Estudios de Género, 2018Co-Authors: Llongueras Aparicio Anna, Pagès Santacana AnnaAbstract:Este artículo se propone identificar qué categorías performativas de género funcionan como variables de construcción de la identidad escolar, siguiendo dos perspectivas teóricas: el esquema de género de Sandra Bem (Gender Schema Theory 355 y Gender Schema Theory implications 604) y el concepto de marcos de significación de Judith Butler (Género disputa 274-275). Hemos realizado una investigación narrativa, en torno a diez relatos de vida de adolescentes con éxito escolar, mediante un análisis dividido en tres fases: 1) identificación de aspectos claves de la identidad personal y educativa, según Paul Ricoeur y su lectura de Freud (mismidad, ipseidad y aspecto relacional escolar); 2) análisis de las categorías performativas de género a partir de Sandra Bem en su Inventario de Rasgos de Roles Sexuales; 3) valoración de la presencia o ausencia de significantes referidos a estereotipos identitarios de género. Se concluye que en la escuela se promueve el Gender bias, al relacionar el éxito escolar con características típicamente atribuidas al género femenino.In this paper we propose to identify which Gender performative categories constitute scholar identity. The core of this study encompasses both the perspective Sandra’s Bem Gender Schema Theory (Gender Schema Theory 355 y Gender Schema Theory implications 604) and Judith’s Butler concept of significance frameworks (Género disputa 274-275). Methodologically, we developed a narrative research about ten scholar success teenagers through an analysis that we will divide into three phases: (1) following Paul Ricoeur philosophy and his Freud’s reading we categorized the key aspects of scholar’s identity: samesses, ipseity and educative relational aspects (2) taking into consideration the categories proposed by Sandra Bem in the Sex Role Inventory Traits (BSRI), we analyzed the performative categories of Gender that emerged from the interviews (3) assessment of the presence or absence of signifiers related to Gender identity stereotypes. We conclude by saying that in the school Gender bias is being promoted by relating school success with characteristics typically attributed to the female Gender
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La influencia de las categorías performativas de género en el éxito académico de adolescentes. Análisis de relatos de vida escolares
Research Institute for Gender Studies (IUEG). Universitat d'Alacant, 2018Co-Authors: Llongueras Aparicio Anna, Pagès Santacana AnnaAbstract:Este artículo se propone identificar qué categorías performativas de género funcionan como variables de construcción de la identidad escolar, siguiendo dos perspectivas teóricas: el esquema de género de Sandra Bem (Gender Schema Theory 355 y Gender Schema Theory implications 604) y el concepto de marcos de significación de Judith Butler (Género disputa 274-275). Hemos realizado una investigación narrativa, en torno a diez relatos de vida de adolescentes con éxito escolar, mediante un análisis dividido en tres fases: 1) identificación de aspectos claves de la identidad personal y educativa, según Paul Ricoeur y su lectura de Freud (mismidad, ipseidad y aspecto relacional escolar); 2) análisis de las categorías performativas de género a partir de Sandra Bem en su Inventario de Rasgos de Roles Sexuales; 3) valoración de la presencia o ausencia de significantes referidos a estereotipos identitarios de género. Se concluye que en la escuela se promueve el Gender bias, al relacionar el éxito escolar con características típicamente atribuidas al género femenino.In this paper we propose to identify which Gender performative categories constitute scholar identity. The core of this study encompasses both the perspective Sandra’s Bem Gender Schema Theory (Gender Schema Theory 355 y Gender Schema Theory implications 604) and Judith’s Butler concept of significance frameworks (Género disputa 274-275). Methodologically, we developed a narrative research about ten scholar success teenagers through an analysis that we will divide into three phases: (1) following Paul Ricoeur philosophy and his Freud’s reading we categorized the key aspects of scholar’s identity: samesses, ipseity and educative relational aspects (2) taking into consideration the categories proposed by Sandra Bem in the Sex Role Inventory Traits (BSRI), we analyzed the performative categories of Gender that emerged from the interviews (3) assessment of the presence or absence of signifiers related to Gender identity stereotypes. We conclude by saying that in the school Gender bias is being promoted by relating school success with characteristics typically attributed to the female Gender
Maureen C. Mchugh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Personal, Political, and Professional Life of Sandra Bem
Sex Roles, 2017Co-Authors: Carla R. Golden, Maureen C. MchughAbstract:The contributions of Sandra Bem, a pioneer in feminist psychology, are reviewed in the context of her life. From childhood and her early years as a second wave feminist activist in Pittsburgh, Bem challenged established Gender conventions including dress codes, segregated employment ads, workplace discrimination, and marital roles. We follow the trajectory of Bem’s education and academic career, highlighting her three main contributions to feminist psychology: (a) psychological androgyny and the BSRI, (b) Gender Schema Theory, and (c) the reproduction of sexual inequality via the lenses of Gender. We also review her late life developments, such as her retraining in clinical psychology and her decision to end her own life after a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Placing Bem’s activist and academic work in the context of her personal struggle against Gender expectations, we include her own voice to illustrate how she integrated the personal, political, and professional from the beginning of her life until her last days. We show that over the last four decades, Sandra Bem’s contributions to Theory and research transformed the study of the psychology of women in the United States and had an international reach—adding immensely to our understanding of Gender roles, stereotypes, nonconscious Gender ideologies, psychological androgyny, Gender Schemas, and Gender-aSchematic parenting, as well as how androcentrism, Gender polarization, and biological essentialism work systemically and psychologically to reproduce Gender inequality.
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Sandra Lipsitz Bem (1944-2014).
The American psychologist, 2015Co-Authors: Carla Golden, Maureen C. MchughAbstract:This article memorializes Sandra Lipsitz Bem (1944-2014). Bem was a feminism psychologist whose incisive writing and research transformed the psychology of Gender and contributed significantly to our understanding of sex-typing, psychological androgyny, Gender Schema Theory, and sexual inequality. Bem and her husband, Daryl Bem, were active in the feminist community in Pittsburgh, and worked with the National Organization for Women to challenge Gender-segregated job advertisements in a lawsuit against the Pittsburgh Press in 1969. The Bems co-wrote an influential article, "Case Study of a Nonconscious Ideology: Training the Woman to Know Her Place" (1970) using the word "sexism" when it was not widely known. She created the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) and conducted research showing that conventional Gender typing was not necessarily correlated with psychological adjustment. Her publications won her enduring recognition and awards, including the American Psychological Association Distinguished Scientific Award for Early Career Contribution (1976), Distinguished Publication Awards from the Association for Women in Psychology (AWP; 1977, 1994), the Young Scholar Award from the American Association of University Women (1980), and, posthumously, the Distinguished Career Award (AWP, 2014).
Thalma E. Lobel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Sex typing and the social perception of Gender stereotypic and nonstereotypic behavior: The uniqueness of feminine males.
Journal of personality and social psychology, 1994Co-Authors: Thalma E. LobelAbstract:The social perception of masculine, feminine, androgynous and undifferentiated males was examined. Preadolescent boys (n = 251) were shown a video film portraying a male target playing either a masculine game with boys, a feminine game with girls, a neutral game with boys, or a neutral game with girls and were required to make a variety of inferences about him. All 4 groups made similar cognitive stereotypic inferences that varied in accordance with the Gender stereotypic nature of the target's behavior. However, for the affective judgments (e.g., liking the target and wanting to engage in activities with him), the feminine males showed a pattern of inferences that was not only different from other sex role orientations, but often the reverse. The implications of these results for S. L. Bem's Gender Schema Theory (1981) and H. Markus's self Schema Theory (H. Markus, M. Crane, S. L. Bernstein, & M. Siladi, 1982) are discussed.