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Deokchun Yang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Production of ginseng saponins: elicitation strategy and signal transductions
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2015Co-Authors: Shadi Rahimi, Deokchun YangAbstract:Ginseng is one of the most important plants in oriental medicine. The pharmacological effects of this medicinal herb are mostly correlated to the major bioactive triterpene saponin, called Ginsenoside. Due to the long cultivation period of ginseng and increased Ginsenoside level in aged root, we need to develop strategies to increase ginseng productivity in cell and tissue culture in a faster way. Elicitation is already considered to improve the yield of this valuable secondary metabolite; especially, different types, timings, and durations of elicitation could affect the Ginsenoside production and heterogeneity. Activation of Ginsenoside biosynthetic genes and Ginsenoside accumulation mediated by elicitor-induced signaling molecules would be helpful for commercial production of individual Ginsenosides. Jasmonic acid is the well-known signaling molecule which mainly involved in Ginsenoside accumulation. Ca^2+ spiking and reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and ethylene production are other messengers which mediate production of Ginsenoside. This review highlights the elicitation strategies for production of the Ginsenoside based on the principle of putative signal transduction pathways.
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Investigation of Ginsenosides in different tissues after elicitor treatment in Panax ginseng.
Journal of Ginseng Research, 2014Co-Authors: Ji Yeon Oh, Moon-gi Jang, Woo-saeng Kwon, Seok-kyu Jung, Deokchun YangAbstract:Background: The effect of methyl jasmonate (MJ) on Ginsenoside production in different organs of ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) was evaluated after the whole plant was dipped in an MJ-containing solution. MJ can induce the production of antioxidant defense genes and secondary metabolites in plants. In ginseng, MJ treatment in adventitious root resulted in the increase of dammarenediol synthase expression but a decrease of cycloartenol synthase expression, thereby enhancing Ginsenoside biosynthesis. Although a previous study focused on the application of MJ to affect Ginsenoside production in adventitious roots, we conducted our research on entire plants by evaluating the effect of exogenous MJ on Ginsenoside production with the aim of obtaining new approaches to study Ginsenoside biosynthesis response to MJ in vivo. Methods: Different parts of MJ-treated ginseng plants were analyzed for Ginsenoside contents (fine root, root body, epidermis, rhizome, stem, and leaf) by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: The total Ginsenoside content of the ginseng root significantly increased after 2 d of MJ treatment compared with the control not subjected to MJ. Our results revealed that MJ treatment enhances Ginsenoside production not in the epidermis but in the stele of the ginseng root, implying transportation of Ginsenosides from the root vasculature to the epidermis. Application of MJ enhanced protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type Ginsenosides, whereas chilling treatment induced protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type Ginsenosides. Conclusion: These findings indicate that the production of PPD-type and PPT-type Ginsenosides is differently affected by abiotic and biotic stresses in the ginseng plant, and they might play different defense mechanism roles.
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Ginsenoside profiles and related gene expression during foliation in panax ginseng meyer
Journal of Ginseng Research, 2014Co-Authors: Yujin Kim, Moon-gi Jang, Woo-saeng Kwon, Seok-kyu Jung, Jina Jeon, Deokchun YangAbstract:Panax ginseng is one of the most important medicinal plants in Asia. Triterpene saponins, known as Ginsenosides, are the major pharmacological compounds in P. ginseng. The present study was conducted to evaluate the changes in Ginsenoside composition according to the foliation stage of P. ginseng cultured in a hydroponic system. Among the three tested growth stages (closed, intermediate, and opened), the highest amount of total Ginsenoside in the main and fine roots was in the intermediate stage. In the leaves, the highest amount of total Ginsenoside was in the opened stage. The total Ginsenoside content of the ginseng leaf was markedly increased in the transition from the closed to intermediate stage, and increased more slowly from the intermediate to opened leaf stage, suggesting active biosynthesis of Ginsenosides in the leaf. Conversely, the total Ginsenoside content of the main and fine roots decreased from the intermediate to opened leaf stage. This suggests movement of Ginsenosides during foliation from the root to the leaf, or vice versa. The difference in the composition of Ginsenosides between the leaf and root in each stage of foliation suggests that the Ginsenoside profile is affected by foliation stage, and this profile differs in each organ of the plant. These results suggest that protopanaxadiol- and protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type Ginsenosides are produced according to growth stage to meet different needs in the growth and defense of ginseng. The higher content of PPT-type Ginsenosides in leaves could be related to the positive correlation between light and PPT-type Ginsenosides.
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Isolation and characterization of novel Ginsenoside-hydrolyzing glycosidase from Microbacterium esteraromaticum that transforms Ginsenoside Rb2 to rare Ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 2013Co-Authors: Lin-hu Quan, Yeon-ju Kim, Yan Jin, Chao Wang, Ting-rui Wang, Deokchun YangAbstract:Ginsenoside Rb2 was transformed by recombinant glycosidase (Bgp2) into Ginsenosides Rd and 20(S)-Rg3. The bgp2 gene consists of 2,430 bp that encode 809 amino acids, and this gene has homology to the glycosyl hydrolase family 2 protein domain. SDS-PAGE was used to determine that the molecular mass of purified Bgp2 was 87 kDa. Using 0.1 mg ml−1 of enzyme in 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer at 40 °C and pH 7.0, 1.0 mg ml−1 Ginsenoside Rb2 was transformed into 0.47 mg ml−1 Ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 within 120 min, with a corresponding molar conversion yield of 65 %. Bgp2 hydrolyzed the Ginsenoside Rb2 along the following pathway: Rb2 → Rd → 20(S)-Rg3. This is the first report of the biotransformation of Ginsenoside Rb2 to Ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 using the recombinant glycosidase.
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Biotransformation of Ginsenosides Re and Rg1 into Ginsenosides Rg2 and Rh1 by recombinant β-glucosidase.
Biotechnology Letters, 2012Co-Authors: Lin-hu Quan, Jin-woo Min, Subramaniyam Sathiyamoorthy, Dong-uk Yang, Yeon-ju Kim, Deokchun YangAbstract:Ginsenosides Re and Rg1 were transformed by recombinant β-glucosidase (Bgp1) to Ginsenosides Rg2 and Rh1, respectively. The bgp1 gene consists of 2,496 bp encoding 831 amino acids which have homology to the glycosyl hydrolase families 3 protein domain. Using 0.1 mg enzyme ml−1 in 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer at 37°C and pH 7.0, the glucose moiety attached to the C-20 position of Ginsenosides Re and Rg1, was removed: 1 mg Ginsenoside Re ml−1 was transformed into 0.83 mg Rg2 ml−1 (100% molar conversion) after 2.5 h and 1 mg Ginsenoside Rg1 ml−1 was transformed into 0.6 mg Ginsenoside Rh1 ml−1 (78% molar conversion) in 15 min. Using Bgp1 enzyme, almost all initial Ginsenosides Re and Rg1 were converted completely to Ginsenosides Rg2 and Rh1. This is the first report of the conversion of Ginsenoside Re to Ginsenoside Rg2 and Ginsenoside Rg1 to Ginsenoside Rh1 using the recombinant β-glucosidase.
Deokkun Oh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Complete Biotransformation of Protopanaxadiol-Type Ginsenosides to 20-O-β-Glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol Using a Novel and Thermostable β-Glucosidase
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2018Co-Authors: Kyungchul Shin, Ji-hyeon Choi, Deokkun OhAbstract:The Ginsenoside 20-O-β-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol, compound K, has attracted much attention in functional food, traditional medicine, and cosmetic industries because of diverse pharmaceutical activities. The effective production of compound K from ginseng extracts has been required. However, an enzyme capable of completely converting all protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type Ginsenosides to compound K has not been reported until now. In this study, unlike other enzymes, β-glucosidase from Caldicellulosiruptor bescii was able to hydrolyze sugar moieties such as l-arabinofuranose as well as d-glucose and l-arabinopyranose as the C-20 outer sugar in Ginsenosides. Thus, Ginsenoside Rc containing l-arabinofuranose can be converted to compound K by only this enzyme. Under the optimized reaction conditions, the enzyme completely converted PPD-type Ginsenosides in ginseng extracts to compound K with the highest productivity among the reported results. This is the first report of the enzyme capable of completely co...
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characterization of a novel recombinant β glucosidase from sphingopyxis alaskensis that specifically hydrolyzes the outer glucose at the c 3 position in protopanaxadiol type Ginsenosides
Journal of Biotechnology, 2014Co-Authors: Kyungchul Shin, Deokkun OhAbstract:Abstract A recombinant β-glucosidase from Sphingopyxis alaskensis with a specific activity of 233.3 U mg −1 was purified by His-trap chromatography. The native enzyme was a 206 kDa tetramer. The maximum enzyme activity was observed at pH 5.5 and 50 °C. However, above 40 °C, the enzyme stability significantly decreased. The enzyme hydrolyzed only the outer glucose at the C-3 position in protopanaxadiol-type Ginsenosides without further hydrolysis. Because of the narrow substrate specificity, the enzyme completely converted Ginsenosides Rb 1 , Rb 2 , Rc, and Rd as substrates to gypenoside XVII, compound O, compound Mc 1 , and F 2 , respectively, and it converted Ginsenoside Rg 3 to Rh 2 with a molar conversion yield of 89%. These results suggest that the recombinant β-glucosidase from S. alaskensis is a potential producer of the rare Ginsenosides gypenoside XVII, compound O, compound Mc 1 , F 2 , and Rh 2 . Among Ginsenoside substrates, Rb 1 was used for the high-level production of the rare Ginsenoside gypenoside XVII. The optimum reaction conditions were pH 5.5, 40 °C, 0.5 mg ml −1 (116.7 U ml −1 ) enzyme, and 8.0 g l −1 Ginsenoside Rb 1 . Under these conditions, 6.8 g l −1 gypenoside XVII was produced by the enzyme after 1 h with a molar conversion yield of 100% and a productivity of 6.8 g l −1 h −1 .
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complete conversion of major protopanaxadiol Ginsenosides to compound k by the combined use of α l arabinofuranosidase and β galactosidase from caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus and β glucosidase from sulfolobus acidocaldarius
Journal of Biotechnology, 2013Co-Authors: Kyungchul Shin, Hyejin Oh, Deokkun OhAbstract:Abstract The Ginsenoside compound K has pharmaceutical activities, including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and hepatoprotective effects. To increase the production of compound K, the α- l -arabinofuranoside-hydrolyzing α- l -arabinofuranosidase (CS-abf) and/or the α- l -arabinopyranoside-hydrolyzing β-galactosidase from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus (CS-bgal) were mixed with the β- d -glucopyranoside-hydrolyzing β-glucosidase from Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (SA-bglu). The optimum conditions for the production of Ginsenoside compound K from Ginsenoside Rc or Rb 2 , or from major protopanaxadiol Ginsenosides in ginseng root extract were determined to be pH 6.0 and 75 °C with 8 mg ml −1 Ginsenoside Rc, 8 mg ml −1 Rb 2 , or 10% (w/v) ginseng root extract; and 10.5 U ml −1 CS-abf or CS-bgal supplemented with 4.5 U ml −1 SA-bglu, or 10.5 U ml −1 CS-abf and 10.5 U ml −1 CS-bgal supplemented with 4.5 U ml −1 SA-bglu, respectively. Under optimum conditions, Ginsenosides Rc and Rb 2 , and major protopanaxadiol Ginsenosides in ginseng root extract were completely converted to compound K after 12, 14, and 20 h, respectively, with the respective productivities of 388, 328, and 144 mg l −1 h −1 . This is the first report of the complete conversion of major protopanaxadiol Ginsenosides to compound K.
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Biotransformation of Ginsenosides by hydrolyzing the sugar moieties of Ginsenosides using microbial glycosidases
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2010Co-Authors: Chang-su Park, Deokkun OhAbstract:Ginsenosides are the principal components responsible for the pharmaceutical activities of ginseng. The minor Ginsenosides, which are also pharmaceutically active, can be produced via the hydrolysis of the sugar moieties in the major Ginsenosides using acid hydrolytic, heating, microbial, and enzymatic transformation techniques. The enzymatic method has a profound potential for Ginsenoside transformation, owing to its high specificity, yield, and productivity, and this method is increasingly being recognized as a useful tool in structural modification and metabolism studies. In this article, the transformation methods of Ginsenosides, the characterization of microbial glycosidases with Ginsenoside hydrolyzing activities, and the enzymatic production of minor Ginsenosides are reviewed. Moreover, the conversions of Ginsenosides using cell extracts from food microorganisms and recombinant thermostable β- d -glycosidases are proposed as feasible methods for use in industrial processes.
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Ginsenoside rd production from the major Ginsenoside rb1 by β glucosidase from thermus caldophilus
Biotechnology Letters, 2008Co-Authors: Deokkun OhAbstract:Under optimum conditions (pH 5, 75°C, and 0.2 U purified enzyme ml−1), 4 mg Ginsenoside Rd was produced from 5 mg reagent-grade Ginsenoside Rb1 in 5 ml after 30 min by β-glucosidase from Thermus caldophilus GK24. Using a ginseng root extract containing 1 mg Ginsenoside Rb1 ml−1 and 3.2 mg additional Ginsenosides ml−1, 1.23 mg Ginsenoside Rd ml−1 was produced after 18 h; the concentrations of Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, and Rc used for Ginsenoside Rd production were 0.77, 0.17, and 0.19 mg ml−1, respectively.
Chunying Liu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Dynamic changes of multi-notoginseng stem-leaf Ginsenosides in reaction with ginsenosidase type-I
Elsevier, 2019Co-Authors: Yongkun Xiao, Chunying Liu, Shuang Chen, Kangze Zuo, Jianguo Song, Fengxie JinAbstract:Background: Notoginseng stem-leaf (NGL) Ginsenosides have not been well used. To improve their utilization, the biotransformation of NGL Ginsenosides was studied using ginsenosidase type-I from Aspergillus niger g.848. Methods: NGL Ginsenosides were reacted with a crude enzyme in the RAT-5D bioreactor, and the dynamic changes of multi-Ginsenosides of NGL were recognized by HPLC. The reaction products were separated using a silica gel column and identified by HPLC and NMR. Results: All the NGL Ginsenosides are protopanaxadiol-type Ginsenosides; the main Ginsenoside contents are 27.1% Rb3, 15.7% C-Mx1, 13.8% Rc, 11.1% Fc, 7.10% Fa, 6.44% C-Mc, 5.08% Rb2, and 4.31% Rb1. In the reaction of NGL Ginsenosides with crude enzyme, the main reaction of Rb3 and C-Mx1 occurred through Rb3→C-Mx1→C-Mx; when reacted for 1 h, Rb3 decreased from 27.1% to 9.82 %, C-Mx1 increased from 15.5% to 32.3%, C-Mx was produced to 6.46%, finally into C-Mx and a small amount of C-K. When reacted for 1.5 h, all the Rb1, Rd, and Gyp17 were completely reacted, and the reaction intermediate F2 was produced to 8.25%, finally into C-K. The main reaction of Rc (13.8%) occurred through Rc→C-Mc1→C-Mc→C-K. The enzyme barely hydrolyzed the terminal xyloside on 3-O or 20-O-sugar-moiety of the substrate; therefore, 9.43 g C-Mx, 6.85 g C-K, 4.50 g R7, and 4.71 g Fc (hardly separating from the substrate) were obtained from 50 g NGL Ginsenosides by the crude enzyme reaction. Conclusion: Four monomer Ginsenosides were successfully produced and separated from NGL Ginsenosides by the enzyme reaction. Keywords: dynamic changes, enzyme reaction, ginsenosidase type-I, notoginseng, notoginseng stem-leaf Ginsenoside
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preparation of minor Ginsenosides c mc c y f2 and c k from american ginseng ppd Ginsenoside using special ginsenosidase type i from aspergillus niger g 848
Journal of Ginseng Research, 2015Co-Authors: Chunying Liu, Ruixin Zhou, Changkai Sun, Yinghua Jin, Tianyang Zhang, Fengxie JinAbstract:Background Minor Ginsenosides, those having low content in ginseng, have higher pharmacological activities. To obtain minor Ginsenosides, the biotransformation of American ginseng protopanaxadiol (PPD)-Ginsenoside was studied using special ginsenosidase type-I from Aspergillus niger g.848.
Donghyun Kim - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Inhibitory effect of Ginsenoside Rg5 and its metabolite Ginsenoside Rh3 in an oxazolone-induced mouse chronic dermatitis model.
Archives of Pharmacal Research, 2006Co-Authors: Yongwook Shin, Eunah Bae, Donghyun KimAbstract:The effect of a main constituent Ginsenoside Rg5 isolated from red ginseng and its metabolite Ginsenoside Rh3 in a chronic dermatitis model was investigated. Ginsenosides Rg5 and Rh3 suppressed swelling of oxazolone-induced mouse ear contact dermatitis. These Ginsenosides also reduced mRNA expressions of cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ. The inhibition of Ginsenoside Rh3 was more potent than that of Ginsenoside Rg5. These findings suggest that Ginsenoside Rh3 metabolized from Ginsenoside Rg5 may improve chronic dermatitis or psoriasis by the regulation of IL-1β and TNF-α produced by macrophage cells and of IFN-γ produced by Th cells.
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metabolism of Ginsenoside re by human intestinal microflora and its estrogenic effect
Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2005Co-Authors: Eunah Bae, Jieun Shin, Donghyun KimAbstract:To understand the relationship between the metabolism and biological activity of Ginsenoside Re, a main protopanaxatriol saponin in Panax ginseng C. A. MEYER, its metabolic pathway and estrogenic effect by human intestinal microflora were investigated. All human fecal specimens metabolized Ginsenoside Re, mainly to Ginsenoside Rh1 and Ginsenoside F1, via Ginsenoside Rg1, with protopanaxadiol as a minor component. Almost all isolated Ginsenoside Re-metabolizing intestinal bacteria (GHIB) also metabolized Ginsenoside Re, mainly to Ginsenosides Rh1 and F1, via Ginsenoside Rg1. Alpha-Rhamnosidase and beta-glucosidase, partially purified from the most potent GHIB, Bacteroides JY-6, hydrolyzed Ginsenoside Re and Ginsenoside Rg1, respectively; however, they did not hydrolyze Ginsenosides Rh1 and F1. These findings suggest that the Ginsenosides Rh1 and/or F1 may not be suitable substrates of intestinal bacteria, particularly Bacteroides JY-6. The estrogenic effects of Ginsenoside Re and its main metabolites, Ginsenosides Rg1 and Rh1, were also investigated. Ginsenoside Rh1 showed the greatest estrogenic effect in human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells. Based on these findings, the estrogenic effect of Ginsenoside Re may be expressed by intestinal microflora.
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hepatoprotective effect of Ginsenoside rb1 and compound k on tert butyl hydroperoxide induced liver injury
Liver International, 2005Co-Authors: Haeung Lee, Eunah Bae, Myung Joo Han, Namjae Kim, Donghyun KimAbstract:: Background/Aim: The main component of Panax ginseng, which have been reported by many researchers, are Ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2 and Rc. Orally administered Ginsenosides are metabolized to 20-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol (compound K) by intestinal bacteria and absorbed to blood. To understand its hepatoprotective effect and its mechanism, the effects of Ginsenoside Rb1 and its metabolite compound K on chemically injured HepG2 cells and mice were investigated. Methods: Ginsenoside Rb1 and compound K were isolated from ginseng. Hepatotoxicity of HepG2 cells and mice was induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP). Cytotoxicity for HepG2 cells and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) for mice as markers of hepatoprotective activity were measured. Results: Compound K protected HepG2 cell cytotoxicity induced by t-BHP. However, Ginsenoside Rb1 did not inhibit cytotoxicity. Nevertheless, both Ginsenoside Rb1 and compound K significantly inhibited the increment of ALT and AST induced by t-BHP in mice, when it was orally administered. However, intraperitoneally administered Ginsenoside Rb1 did not inhibit the increment of plasma ALT and AST induced by t-BHP in mice. These compounds did not exhibit antioxidant activity. However, compound K showed the potent membrane stabilizing activity more than Ginsenoside Rb1. Conclusion: Compound K, which was produced from Ginsenosides of Panax ginseng in intestine, could protect liver injury.
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transformation of ginseng saponins to Ginsenoside rh2 by acids and human intestinal bacteria and biological activities of their transformants
Archives of Pharmacal Research, 2004Co-Authors: Eunah Bae, Myung Joo Han, Eunjin Kim, Donghyun KimAbstract:When ginseng water extract was incubated at 60°C in acidic conditions, its protopanaxadiol Ginsenosides were transformed to Ginsenoside Rg3 and ▵20-Ginsenoside Rg3. However, protopanaxadiol glycoside Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2 and Rc isolated from ginseng were mostly not transformed to Ginsenoside Rg3 by the incubation in neutral condition. The transformation of these Ginsenosides to Ginsenoside Rg3 and ▵20-Ginsenoside Rg3 was increased by increasing incubation temperature and time in acidic condition: the optimal incubation time and temperature for this transformation was 5 h and 60°C resepectively. The transformed Ginsenoside Rg3 and ▵20-Ginsenoside Rg3 were metabolized to Ginsenoside Rh2 and ▵20-Ginsenoside Rh2, respectively, by human fecal microflora. Among the bacteria isolated from human fecal microflora,Bacteroides sp.,Bifidobacterium sp. andFusobacterium sp. potently transformed Ginsenoside Rg3 to Ginsenoside Rh2. Acid-treated ginseng (AG) extract, fermented AG extract, Ginsenoside Rh2 and protopanaxadiol showed potent cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines. AG extract, fermented AG extract and protopanaxadiol potently inhibited the growth ofHelicobacter pylori.
Fengxie Jin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Dynamic changes of multi-notoginseng stem-leaf Ginsenosides in reaction with ginsenosidase type-I
Elsevier, 2019Co-Authors: Yongkun Xiao, Chunying Liu, Shuang Chen, Kangze Zuo, Jianguo Song, Fengxie JinAbstract:Background: Notoginseng stem-leaf (NGL) Ginsenosides have not been well used. To improve their utilization, the biotransformation of NGL Ginsenosides was studied using ginsenosidase type-I from Aspergillus niger g.848. Methods: NGL Ginsenosides were reacted with a crude enzyme in the RAT-5D bioreactor, and the dynamic changes of multi-Ginsenosides of NGL were recognized by HPLC. The reaction products were separated using a silica gel column and identified by HPLC and NMR. Results: All the NGL Ginsenosides are protopanaxadiol-type Ginsenosides; the main Ginsenoside contents are 27.1% Rb3, 15.7% C-Mx1, 13.8% Rc, 11.1% Fc, 7.10% Fa, 6.44% C-Mc, 5.08% Rb2, and 4.31% Rb1. In the reaction of NGL Ginsenosides with crude enzyme, the main reaction of Rb3 and C-Mx1 occurred through Rb3→C-Mx1→C-Mx; when reacted for 1 h, Rb3 decreased from 27.1% to 9.82 %, C-Mx1 increased from 15.5% to 32.3%, C-Mx was produced to 6.46%, finally into C-Mx and a small amount of C-K. When reacted for 1.5 h, all the Rb1, Rd, and Gyp17 were completely reacted, and the reaction intermediate F2 was produced to 8.25%, finally into C-K. The main reaction of Rc (13.8%) occurred through Rc→C-Mc1→C-Mc→C-K. The enzyme barely hydrolyzed the terminal xyloside on 3-O or 20-O-sugar-moiety of the substrate; therefore, 9.43 g C-Mx, 6.85 g C-K, 4.50 g R7, and 4.71 g Fc (hardly separating from the substrate) were obtained from 50 g NGL Ginsenosides by the crude enzyme reaction. Conclusion: Four monomer Ginsenosides were successfully produced and separated from NGL Ginsenosides by the enzyme reaction. Keywords: dynamic changes, enzyme reaction, ginsenosidase type-I, notoginseng, notoginseng stem-leaf Ginsenoside
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preparation of minor Ginsenosides c mc c y f2 and c k from american ginseng ppd Ginsenoside using special ginsenosidase type i from aspergillus niger g 848
Journal of Ginseng Research, 2015Co-Authors: Chunying Liu, Ruixin Zhou, Changkai Sun, Yinghua Jin, Tianyang Zhang, Fengxie JinAbstract:Background Minor Ginsenosides, those having low content in ginseng, have higher pharmacological activities. To obtain minor Ginsenosides, the biotransformation of American ginseng protopanaxadiol (PPD)-Ginsenoside was studied using special ginsenosidase type-I from Aspergillus niger g.848.