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Walter C. Willett - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Whole Grain Consumption and Risk of Ischemic Stroke: Results From 2 Prospective Cohort Studies
Stroke, 2017Co-Authors: Juan Juan, Gang Liu, Walter C. Willett, Kathryn M. Rexrode, Qi SunAbstract:Background and Purpose— Higher intake of whole Grains may exert cardiometabolic benefits, although findings on stroke risk are inconclusive. The potentially differential effects of individual whole Grain foods on ischemic stroke have not been examined. Methods— We analyzed whole Grain Consumption in relation to ischemic stroke among 71 750 women from the Nurses’ Health Study and 42 823 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study who were free of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and cancer at baseline (1984 and 1986, respectively) through 2010 using a Cox proportional hazards model. Validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires were used to assess Consumption of whole Grain intake, including whole Grain cold breakfast cereal, dark bread, oatmeal, brown rice, popcorn, bran, and germ. Self-reported incident cases of ischemic stroke were confirmed through medical record review. Results— During 2 820 128 person-years of follow-up in the 2 cohorts, 2458 cases of ischemic stroke were identified and confirmed. Intake of total whole Grains was not associated with risk of ischemic stroke after adjustment for covariates: the pooled hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) comparing extreme intake levels was 1.04 (0.91–1.19). However, intake of whole Grain cold breakfast cereal and total bran was inversely associated with ischemic stroke after multivariate adjustment: the pooled hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 0.88 (0.80–0.96; P trend =0.008) and 0.89 (0.79–1.00; P trend =0.004), respectively. Other whole Grain foods were not associated with a lower risk of ischemic stroke. Conclusions— Although overall Consumption of whole Grains was not associated with lower risk of ischemic stroke, greater Consumption of whole Grain cold breakfast cereal and bran was significantly associated with a lower risk of ischemic stroke. More studies are needed to replicate these associations between individual whole Grain foods and risk of ischemic stroke among other populations.
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Lifetime Grain Consumption and breast cancer risk.
Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 2016Co-Authors: Maryam S. Farvid, Eun Young Cho, A. Heather Eliassen, Wendy Y. Chen, Walter C. WillettAbstract:We evaluated individual Grain-containing foods and whole and refined Grain intake during adolescence, early adulthood, and premenopausal years in relation to breast cancer risk in the Nurses’ Health Study II. Grain-containing food intakes were reported on a baseline dietary questionnaire (1991) and every 4 years thereafter. Among 90,516 premenopausal women aged 27–44 years, we prospectively identified 3235 invasive breast cancer cases during follow-up to 2013. 44,263 women reported their diet during high school, and from 1998 to 2013, 1347 breast cancer cases were identified among these women. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate relative risks (RR) and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI) of breast cancer for individual, whole and refined Grain foods. After adjusting for known breast cancer risk factors, adult intake of whole Grain foods was associated with lower premenopausal breast cancer risk (highest vs. lowest quintile: RR 0.82; 95 % CI 0.70–0.97; Ptrend = 0.03), but not postmenopausal breast cancer. This association was no longer significant after further adjustment for fiber intake. The average of adolescent and early adulthood whole Grain food intake was suggestively associated with lower premenopausal breast cancer risk (highest vs lowest quintile: RR 0.74; 95 % CI 0.56–0.99; Ptrend = 0.09). Total refined Grain food intake was not associated with risk of breast cancer. Most individual Grain-containing foods were not associated with breast cancer risk. The exceptions were adult brown rice which was associated with lower risk of overall and premenopausal breast cancer (for each 2 servings/week: RR 0.94; 95 % CI 0.89–0.99 and RR 0.91; 95 % CI 0.85–0.99, respectively) and adult white bread intake which was associated with increased overall breast cancer risk (for each 2 servings/week: RR 1.02; 95 % CI 1.01–1.04), as well as breast cancer before and after menopause. Further, pasta intake was inversely associated with overall breast cancer risk. Our results suggest that high whole Grain food intake may be associated with lower breast cancer risk before menopause. Fiber in whole Grain foods may mediate the association with whole Grains.
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association between dietary whole Grain intake and risk of mortality two large prospective studies in us men and women
JAMA Internal Medicine, 2015Co-Authors: Alan J Flint, Rob M Van Dam, Laura Sampson, Eric B Rimm, Michelle D Holmes, Walter C. WillettAbstract:Importance Higher intake of whole Grains has been associated with a lower risk of major chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD), although limited prospective evidence exists regarding whole Grains’ association with mortality. Objective To examine the association between dietary whole Grain Consumption and risk of mortality. Design, Setting, and Participants We investigated 74 341 women from the Nurses’ Health Study (1984–2010) and 43 744 men from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986–2010), 2 large prospective cohort studies. All patients were free of CVD and cancer at baseline. Main Outcomes and Measures Hazard ratios (HRs) for total mortality and mortality due to CVD and cancer according to quintiles of whole Grain Consumption, which was updated every 2 or 4 years by using validated food frequency questionnaires. Results We documented 26 920 deaths during 2 727 006 person-years of follow-up. After multivariate adjustment for potential confounders, including age, smoking, body mass index, physical activity, and modified Alternate Healthy Eating Index score, higher whole Grain intake was associated with lower total and CVD mortality but not cancer mortality: the pooled HRs for quintiles 1 through 5, respectively, of whole Grain intake were 1 (reference), 0.99 (95% CI, 0.95-1.02), 0.98 (95% CI, 0.95-1.02), 0.97 (95% CI, 0.93-1.01), and 0.91 (95% CI, 0.88-0.95) for total mortality ( P fortrend P fortrend P fortrend = .43). We further estimated that every serving (28 g/d) of whole Grain Consumption was associated with a 5% (95% CI, 2%-7%) lower total morality or a 9% (95% CI, 4%-13%) lower CVD mortality, whereas the same intake level was nonsignificantly associated with lower cancer mortality (HR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.94-1.02). Similar inverse associations were observed between bran intake and CVD mortality, with a pooled HR of 0.80 (95% CI, 0.73-0.87; P fortrend Conclusions and Relevance These data indicate that higher whole Grain Consumption is associated with lower total and CVD mortality in US men and women, independent of other dietary and lifestyle factors. These results are in line with recommendations that promote increased whole Grain Consumption to facilitate disease prevention.
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Whole Grain Consumption and risk of ischemic stroke in women: A prospective study.
JAMA, 2000Co-Authors: Simin Liu, Kathryn M. Rexrode, Eric B Rimm, Joann E. Manson, Meir J. Stampfer, Walter C. WillettAbstract:ContextAlthough increased intake of Grain products has been recommended to prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD), prospective data examining the relation of whole Grain intake to risk of ischemic stroke are sparse, especially among women.ObjectiveTo examine the hypothesis that higher whole Grain intake reduces the risk of ischemic stroke in women.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsA prospective cohort of 75,521 US women aged 38 to 63 years without previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, stroke, or other CVDs in 1984, who completed detailed food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) in 1984, 1986, 1990, and 1994, and were followed up for 12 years as part of the Nurses' Health Study.Main Outcome MeasureIncidence of ischemic stroke, confirmed by medical records, by quintile of whole Grain intake according to FFQ responses.ResultsDuring 861,900 person-years of follow-up, 352 confirmed incident cases of ischemic stroke occurred. We observed an inverse association between whole Grain intake and ischemic stroke risk. The age-adjusted relative risks (RRs) from the lowest to highest quintiles of whole Grain intake were 1.00 (referent), 0.68 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.49-0.94), 0.69 (95% CI, 0.51-0.95), 0.49 (95% CI, 0.35-0.69), and 0.57 (95% CI, 0.42-0.78; P = .003 for trend). Adjustment for smoking modestly attenuated this association (RR comparing extreme quintiles, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.47-0.89). This inverse association remained essentially unchanged with further adjustment for known CVD risk factors, including saturated fat and transfatty acid intake (multivariate-adjusted RR comparing extreme quintiles, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.50-0.98). The inverse relation between whole Grain intake and risk of ischemic stroke was also consistently observed among subgroups of women who never smoked, did not drink alcohol, did not exercise regularly, or who did not use postmenopausal hormones. No significant association was observed between total Grain intake and risk of ischemic stroke.ConclusionsIn this cohort, higher intake of whole Grain foods was associated with a lower risk of ischemic stroke among women, independent of known CVD risk factors. These prospective data support the notion that higher intake of whole Grains may reduce the risk of ischemic stroke.
Ahmad Esmaillzadeh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Refined Grains Consumption is associated with a greater odds of glioma.
Nutritional Neuroscience, 2020Co-Authors: Seyed Mohammad Mousavi, Somaye Rigi, Mehdi Shayanfar, Minoo Mohammad-shirazi, Giuve Sharifi, Ahmad EsmaillzadehAbstract:Objective: Grain Consumption has been associated with brain carcinogenesis in earlier studies, however, no data are available examining the association between refined Grains Consumption and risk o...
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Whole-Grain Consumption Does Not Affect Obesity Measures: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.
Advances in Nutrition, 2019Co-Authors: Omid Sadeghi, Mehdi Sadeghian, Sepideh Rahmani, Vahid Maleki, Bagher Larijani, Ahmad EsmaillzadehAbstract:Since the release of a previous meta-analysis on the effect of whole-Grain intake on obesity measures, several clinical trials have been published. Therefore, we aimed to update the previous meta-analysis on the effect of whole-Grain intake on obesity measures by including recently published studies, as well as considering the main limitations in that analysis. We searched the online databases of PubMed, Scopus, Clarivate Web of Science, EmBase, and Google Scholar for relevant studies published up to February 2019, using relevant keywords. Randomized clinical trials investigating the effect of whole-Grain products or diets high in whole-Grain foods, compared with a control diet, on anthropometric measures [including body weight, BMI, waist circumference, and fat mass (FM)] were included. In total, 21 studies with a total sample of 1798 participants, aged ≥18 years, were considered. Based on 22 effect sizes from 19 studies on body weight, with a total sample of 1698 adults, we found no significant effect of whole-Grain Consumption on body weight. The same findings were obtained for BMIs, such that using 10 effect sizes from 10 clinical trials with a total sample of 769 individuals we did not find any significant effect. With regards to body fat percentage [weighted mean difference (WMD): 0.27; 95% CI: -0.05 to 0.58%; P = 0.09], FM (WMD: 0.45; 95% CI: -0.12 to 1.02 kg; P = 0.12), fat-free mass (WMD: 0.31; 95% CI: -0.67 to 0.06 kg; P = 0.10), and waist circumference (WMD: 0.06; 95% CI: -0.50 to 0.63 cm; P = 0.82), we failed to find any significant effect of whole-Grain Consumption. In conclusion, our findings did not support current recommendations of whole-Grain intake in attempts to control obesity measures. Given the beneficial effects of whole-Grain intake on other measures of human health, additional well-designed studies are required to further investigate the effect on obesity. The protocol has been registered with PROSPERO (registration number CRD42019125320).
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The Effect of Whole-Grain Intake on Biomarkers of Subclinical Inflammation: A Comprehensive Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Advances in Nutrition, 2019Co-Authors: Sepideh Rahmani, Omid Sadeghi, Mehdi Sadeghian, Bagher Larijani, Narges Sadeghi, Ahmad EsmaillzadehAbstract:Findings on the effect of whole-Grain Consumption on inflammatory biomarkers are conflicting. This study aimed to summarize available studies on the effects of whole-Grain Consumption on inflammatory biomarkers in adults. Online databases including PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for relevant studies published up to January 2018, using relevant keywords. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effect of whole-Grain foods or diets high in whole-Grain foods on markers of inflammation. Studies were selected if they had a control diet low in whole Grains or diets without whole Grains, whether calorie restricted or not. We did not include studies that examined the effect of individual Grain components, including bran or germ, or fiber-based diets. Overall, 14 RCTs, with 1238 individuals aged ≥18 y, were included. Pooling 13 effect sizes from 11 RCTs on serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations, we found no significant effect of whole-Grain Consumption on serum CRP concentrations [weighted mean difference (WMD): -0.29 mg/L; 95% CI: -1.10, 0.52 mg/L]. However, the beneficial effects of whole-Grain intake on serum CRP concentrations were observed in studies in individuals with elevated serum concentrations of CRP and studies with isocaloric diets. Combining 11 effect sizes from 10 RCTs, we found no significant effect of whole-Grain Consumption on serum IL-6 concentrations (WMD: -0.08 pg/mL; 95% CI: -0.27, 0.11 pg/mL). Nevertheless, we observed a significant effect of whole-Grain Consumption on serum IL-6 concentrations in studies in unhealthy individuals. A nonsignificant effect of whole-Grain intake on circulating serum TNF-α concentrations was also seen when we summarized effect sizes from 7 RCTs (WMD: -0.06 pg/mL; 95% CI: -0.25, 0.14 pg/mL). Such a nonsignificant effect was observed for serum concentrations of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) (WMD: -3.59; 95% CI: -1.25, 8.44 kU/L). Unlike observational studies, we found no significant effect of whole-Grain Consumption on serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, including serum concentrations of CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, and PAI-1. However, beneficial effects of whole Grains were found in some subgroups. Given the high between-study heterogeneity, deriving firm conclusions is difficult.
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Whole-Grain Consumption and the metabolic syndrome: a favorable association in Tehranian adults.
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2004Co-Authors: Ahmad Esmaillzadeh, Parvin Mirmiran, Fereidoun AziziAbstract:Whole-Grain Consumption and the metabolic syndrome: a favorable association in Tehranian adults
Linda Thunström - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The impact of tax reforms designed to encourage healthier Grain Consumption.
Journal of Health Economics, 2009Co-Authors: Jonas Nordström, Linda ThunströmAbstract:In this paper, we simulate the effects of tax reforms aimed at encouraging healthier Grain Consumption. We use a rich data set on household Grain Consumption in 2003 from the market research institute GfK Sweden, combined with information on the nutritional content of the Consumption. We estimate behavioral parameters, which are used to simulate the impact on the average household of tax reforms entailing either a subsidy on commodities particularly rich in fiber or a subsidy of the fiber density in Grain products. Our results suggest that to direct the fiber intake towards nutritional recommendations, reforms with a substantial impact on consumer prices are required. Regardless of the type of subsidy implemented, the increase in the intake of fiber is accompanied by unwanted increases in nutrients that are often overconsumed: fat, salt and sugar. Funding the subsidies by taxing these nutrients, or less healthy commodities, helps to counteract such developments.
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The Impact on Different Household Types of Economic Policies Designed to Increase the Fiber Intake from Grain Consumption
2009Co-Authors: Jonas Nordström, Linda ThunströmAbstract:This paper simulates the impact across household types of fully funded tax reforms designed to increase consumers’ fiber intake from Grain Consumption. Our results suggest that household types with the highest initial Consumption share of fiber-rich products – i.e., households without children (seniors, couples without children, and single women without children) – experience the highest increase in fiber intake from these reforms. However, they also experience high increases in unhealthy nutrients from the reforms, making the net health effects difficult to evaluate. Seniors and couples without children also gain the most financially, paying less food taxes and facing, depending on the reform, either a lower price level than before the reform or a lower increase in the price level than the average household. These household types also face the lowest initial price level. Households with the lowest initial Consumption share of fiber-rich products – families with children – appear to gain the least financially from the reforms: they pay more food taxes and face relatively high increases in price levels. Further, in general they experience an increase in fiber intake smaller than the average household. However, they do generally see reductions in the intake of added sugar, and in many cases saturated fat, which positively affects the health of families with children, who often overconsume these nutrients.
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Effects of economic policies aimed at encouraging a healthier Grain Consumption.
2007Co-Authors: Jonas Nordström, Linda ThunströmAbstract:In this paper, we evaluate the effects of policy reforms aimed at achieving two policy objectives for Grain Consumption; (a) to double the intake of bread and breakfast cereals and (b) to ensure that half of the bread and breakfast cereals consumed are whole Grain products. The overall aim of these policy objectives are to increase the dietary fibre intake from Grain Consumption so as to significantly contribute to the general recommended (minimum) increase of the fibre intake. Based on parameter estimates from a demand system we simulate the resulting changes in volumes purchased and fibre intake from two policy reforms entailing differentiated VAT on Grain products. In the first reform we remove the VAT on "keyhole labelled" bread and breakfast cereals, in the second reform we consider a more extensive policy package of subsidizing the keyhole labelled bread and breakfast cereals by 20 percent while removing the VAT on all other Grain products. Our results indicate that both reforms are likely to be successful in ensuring that the consumers attain the nutrition recommendations that half of the bread and breakfast cereals consumed are whole Grain products, but that additional policy instruments are needed to reach the recommendation that the intake of bread and breakfast cereals should be doubled.
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The Impact of Tax Reforms Designed to Encourage a Healthier Grain Consumption
2007Co-Authors: Jonas Nordström, Linda ThunströmAbstract:In this paper, we simulate the effects of taxes on products and/or nutrients aimed at encouraging a healthier Grain Consumption. To carry out the analysis, we use a rich data set on household Consumption of Grain products, combined with information about the nutritional content of the products. We estimate behavioural parameters that are used to simulate the impact on the average household of different types of tax reforms; entailing either a subsidy on commodities particularly rich in fibre or a subsidy of the fibre density in Grain products. Our results suggest that to direct the fibre intake of the average household towards nutritional recommendations, reforms with a substantial impact on consumer prices are required. Our results also imply that subsidizing the fibre density is more cost-efficient than reducing the VAT on commodities rich in fibre. Regardless of the type of subsidy imposed, the increase in the fibre intake is accompanied by unwanted increases in nutrients that are often over consumed; fat, saturated fat, salt and sugar and added sugar. Funding the subsidies by taxing these nutrients, or less healthy commodities, prevents such developments.
Eric B Rimm - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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association between dietary whole Grain intake and risk of mortality two large prospective studies in us men and women
JAMA Internal Medicine, 2015Co-Authors: Alan J Flint, Rob M Van Dam, Laura Sampson, Eric B Rimm, Michelle D Holmes, Walter C. WillettAbstract:Importance Higher intake of whole Grains has been associated with a lower risk of major chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD), although limited prospective evidence exists regarding whole Grains’ association with mortality. Objective To examine the association between dietary whole Grain Consumption and risk of mortality. Design, Setting, and Participants We investigated 74 341 women from the Nurses’ Health Study (1984–2010) and 43 744 men from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986–2010), 2 large prospective cohort studies. All patients were free of CVD and cancer at baseline. Main Outcomes and Measures Hazard ratios (HRs) for total mortality and mortality due to CVD and cancer according to quintiles of whole Grain Consumption, which was updated every 2 or 4 years by using validated food frequency questionnaires. Results We documented 26 920 deaths during 2 727 006 person-years of follow-up. After multivariate adjustment for potential confounders, including age, smoking, body mass index, physical activity, and modified Alternate Healthy Eating Index score, higher whole Grain intake was associated with lower total and CVD mortality but not cancer mortality: the pooled HRs for quintiles 1 through 5, respectively, of whole Grain intake were 1 (reference), 0.99 (95% CI, 0.95-1.02), 0.98 (95% CI, 0.95-1.02), 0.97 (95% CI, 0.93-1.01), and 0.91 (95% CI, 0.88-0.95) for total mortality ( P fortrend P fortrend P fortrend = .43). We further estimated that every serving (28 g/d) of whole Grain Consumption was associated with a 5% (95% CI, 2%-7%) lower total morality or a 9% (95% CI, 4%-13%) lower CVD mortality, whereas the same intake level was nonsignificantly associated with lower cancer mortality (HR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.94-1.02). Similar inverse associations were observed between bran intake and CVD mortality, with a pooled HR of 0.80 (95% CI, 0.73-0.87; P fortrend Conclusions and Relevance These data indicate that higher whole Grain Consumption is associated with lower total and CVD mortality in US men and women, independent of other dietary and lifestyle factors. These results are in line with recommendations that promote increased whole Grain Consumption to facilitate disease prevention.
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Whole Grain Consumption and risk of ischemic stroke in women: A prospective study.
JAMA, 2000Co-Authors: Simin Liu, Kathryn M. Rexrode, Eric B Rimm, Joann E. Manson, Meir J. Stampfer, Walter C. WillettAbstract:ContextAlthough increased intake of Grain products has been recommended to prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD), prospective data examining the relation of whole Grain intake to risk of ischemic stroke are sparse, especially among women.ObjectiveTo examine the hypothesis that higher whole Grain intake reduces the risk of ischemic stroke in women.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsA prospective cohort of 75,521 US women aged 38 to 63 years without previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, stroke, or other CVDs in 1984, who completed detailed food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) in 1984, 1986, 1990, and 1994, and were followed up for 12 years as part of the Nurses' Health Study.Main Outcome MeasureIncidence of ischemic stroke, confirmed by medical records, by quintile of whole Grain intake according to FFQ responses.ResultsDuring 861,900 person-years of follow-up, 352 confirmed incident cases of ischemic stroke occurred. We observed an inverse association between whole Grain intake and ischemic stroke risk. The age-adjusted relative risks (RRs) from the lowest to highest quintiles of whole Grain intake were 1.00 (referent), 0.68 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.49-0.94), 0.69 (95% CI, 0.51-0.95), 0.49 (95% CI, 0.35-0.69), and 0.57 (95% CI, 0.42-0.78; P = .003 for trend). Adjustment for smoking modestly attenuated this association (RR comparing extreme quintiles, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.47-0.89). This inverse association remained essentially unchanged with further adjustment for known CVD risk factors, including saturated fat and transfatty acid intake (multivariate-adjusted RR comparing extreme quintiles, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.50-0.98). The inverse relation between whole Grain intake and risk of ischemic stroke was also consistently observed among subgroups of women who never smoked, did not drink alcohol, did not exercise regularly, or who did not use postmenopausal hormones. No significant association was observed between total Grain intake and risk of ischemic stroke.ConclusionsIn this cohort, higher intake of whole Grain foods was associated with a lower risk of ischemic stroke among women, independent of known CVD risk factors. These prospective data support the notion that higher intake of whole Grains may reduce the risk of ischemic stroke.
A Wolk - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Whole Grain Consumption and risk of colorectal cancer: a population-based cohort of 60 000 women
British Journal of Cancer, 2005Co-Authors: S C Larsson, E Giovannucci, L Bergkvist, A WolkAbstract:We examined prospectively the association between whole Grain Consumption and colorectal cancer risk in the population-based Swedish Mammography Cohort. A total of 61 433 women completed a food-frequency questionnaire at baseline (1987–1990) and, through linkage with the Swedish Cancer Registry, 805 incident cases of colorectal cancer were identified during a mean follow-up of 14.8 years. High Consumption of whole Grains was associated with a lower risk of colon cancer, but not of rectal cancer. The multivariate rate ratio (RR) of colon cancer for the top category of whole Grain Consumption (⩾4.5 servings day^−1) compared with the bottom category (
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whole Grain Consumption and risk of colorectal cancer a population based cohort of 60 000 women
British Journal of Cancer, 2005Co-Authors: S C Larsson, E Giovannucci, L Bergkvist, A WolkAbstract:We examined prospectively the association between whole Grain Consumption and colorectal cancer risk in the population-based Swedish Mammography Cohort. A total of 61 433 women completed a food-frequency questionnaire at baseline (1987–1990) and, through linkage with the Swedish Cancer Registry, 805 incident cases of colorectal cancer were identified during a mean follow-up of 14.8 years. High Consumption of whole Grains was associated with a lower risk of colon cancer, but not of rectal cancer. The multivariate rate ratio (RR) of colon cancer for the top category of whole Grain Consumption (⩾4.5 servings day−1) compared with the bottom category (<1.5 servings day−1) was 0.67 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.47–0.96; P-value for trend=0.06). The corresponding RR after excluding cases occurring within the first 2 years of follow-up was 0.65 (95% CI, 0.45–0.94; P-value for trend=0.04). Our findings suggest that high Consumption of whole Grains may decrease the risk of colon cancer in women.
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Whole Grain Consumption and risk of colorectal cancer: a population-based cohort of 60 000 women
British Journal of Cancer, 2005Co-Authors: S C Larsson, E Giovannucci, L Bergkvist, A WolkAbstract:We examined prospectively the association between whole Grain Consumption and colorectal cancer risk in the population-based Swedish Mammography Cohort. A total of 61 433 women completed a food-frequency questionnaire at baseline (1987–1990) and, through linkage with the Swedish Cancer Registry, 805 incident cases of colorectal cancer were identified during a mean follow-up of 14.8 years. High Consumption of whole Grains was associated with a lower risk of colon cancer, but not of rectal cancer. The multivariate rate ratio (RR) of colon cancer for the top category of whole Grain Consumption (⩾4.5 servings day−1) compared with the bottom category (
