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Zhancheng Guo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Recovery of crown zinc and metallic copper from copper smelter dust by evaporation, condensation and super-Gravity Separation
Separation and Purification Technology, 2020Co-Authors: Jintao Gao, Zili Huang, Zengwu Wang, Zhancheng GuoAbstract:Abstract Copper smelter dust is an ultrafine hazardous waste containing various heavy metallic elements. This manuscript proposed a novel method for efficient recovery of crown zinc and metallic copper from copper smelter dust, including evaporation and condensation of zinc vapor, and super-Gravity Separation of copper droplets. Firstly, the fine zinc oxide powders mixed in the dust were efficiently transformed into zinc vapor and escaped from the dust through carbothermal reduction at 1373–1573 K, which was effectively condensed into the metallic zinc named as “crown zinc” above its melting point. Subsequently, the dispersed fine copper droplets were evidently separated from the residue above the melting point of Cu as driven by super-Gravity. Accordingly, crown zinc and metallic copper, with high purity of 98.57 wt% and 99.99 wt%, were efficiently recovered from the copper smelter dust with the high recovery ratios of 99.94% and 98.86%, respectively.
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Recovery of rutile from Ti-Bearing blast furnace slag through phase transformation and super-Gravity Separation for dielectric material
Ceramics International, 2020Co-Authors: Jintao Gao, Xi Lan, Zhancheng GuoAbstract:Abstract High-purity rutile (TiO2) possessing favorable dielectric properties was sustainably recovered from Ti-bearing blast furnace slag through phase transformation and super-Gravity Separation in this study. Firstly, the phase transformation behavior of Ti was studied, the favorable conditions for transformation from perovskite to rutile were determined, and the Ti elements were efficiently enriched into rutile in the Ti-bearing blast furnace slag. Subsequently, the condition for solid and liquid phases of rutile and slag in coexistence was acquired by high-temperature CSLM, the rutile was effectively recovered from the Ti-bearing blast furnace slag through super-Gravity Separation, and its high purity was verified by the results of XRD, SEM-EDS, XRF, EPMA and Raman. Moreover, the rutile ceramic was prepared, and its dielectric properties were investigated, the dielectric constant was up to around 200, and the dielectric loss was as low as 0.0047 at about 900 Hz. The excellent frequency stability, high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss of the rutile recovered from Ti-bearing blast furnace slag reflect its favorable energy storage capability for dielectric material.
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Recovery of zinc from galvanizing dross by a method of super-Gravity Separation
Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2018Co-Authors: Long Meng, Zhe Wang, Zhancheng Guo, Jintao Gao, Anjun ShiAbstract:Abstract The hot dip galvanizing dross is a valuable by-product because it contains high levels of zinc, motivating a search for processes or technologies to allow the cost-effective recovery of the zinc content. In this work, the feasibility of recovering zinc from an industrial galvanizing dross by a novel method of super-Gravity Separation was investigated. The effects of Gravity coefficient (G), Separation time (t) and Separation temperature (T) on the Separation efficiency were evaluated. When the Gravity coefficient was higher than 15, the galvanizing dross samples were separated into two parts, i.e. the upper residue and the lower filtered zinc. The majority of the dross particles were retained in the upper residue and the filtered zinc was purified significantly. At G ≥ 500, t ≥ 180 s and T = 510 °C, over 79 wt% zinc was recovered with a high purity of about 99 wt%. Increasing Gravity coefficient and separating time favored the zinc recovery, but at G ≥ 500 and t ≥ 60 s, the zinc recovery increased at a very limited rate. Increasing separating temperature benefited the zinc recovery but reduced the iron removal. Also, cake mode filtration was determined to be the dominant mechanism of the super-Gravity Separation of galvanizing dross in this work.
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super Gravity Separation of purified si from solvent refining with the al si alloy system for solar grade silicon
Silicon, 2015Co-Authors: Zhancheng GuoAbstract:The purification of metallurgical grade silicon (MG-Si) by using a combination of solvent refining and super Gravity Separation was studied. MG-Si was first alloyed with aluminum and then solidified at different cooling rates in order to precipitate dendritic primary Si from the Al-Si alloy. Primary Si dendrites were separated under super Gravity, resulting in the ejection of Al-Si eutectics from the solid Si-eutectics melt mixture. The effect of the Gravity coefficient on the Separation efficiency and then influence of the cooling rate and proportion of Si in the Al-Si alloy on the removal efficiency of Al entrainment were investigated. The results demonstrate that super Gravity is an effective tool for the Separation of primary Si dendrites from Al-Si alloy, with an optimum Gravity coefficient of 280. When the proportion of Si was held constant, varying the cooling rate had almost no effect on the entrainment of Al in the separated Si. However, increasing the proportion of Si in the Al-Si alloy had the effect of reducing Al entrainment.
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purification of metallurgical grade silicon by sn si refining system with calcium addition
Separation and Purification Technology, 2013Co-Authors: Zhi Wang, Zhancheng Guo, Xuzhong Gong, Hu ZhangAbstract:Purification of metallurgical-grade silicon (MG-Si) by a combination of solvent refining and super Gravity Separation and acid leaching has been studied. MG-Si was alloyed with tin, and based on this system, the removal of main impurities in MG-Si by solvent refining was investigated. Furthermore, phosphorus removal by calcium addition in molten Si and Sn-Si melt was also studied. Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) chemical analysis revealed main impurities including B and P could be efficiently removed by the Sn-Si process and acid leaching. The content of P further reduced when Ca was added to the Sn-Si refining system. Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis showed that the formation of compounds between P and several elements in the grain boundaries during the solvent refining process was an important routine of P removal. The maximum weight percent of P in P-containing impurity phases reached to 17.8% in the refined Si after the Sn-Si refining process with Ca addition. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
David M. Barbano - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The effect of immunoglobulins and somatic cells on the Gravity Separation of fat, bacteria, and spores in pasteurized whole milk1
Journal of dairy science, 2014Co-Authors: S.r. Geer, David M. BarbanoAbstract:Abstract Our objective was to determine the role that immunoglobulins and somatic cells (SC) play in the Gravity Separation of milk. The experiment comprised 9 treatments: (1) low-temperature pasteurized (LTP; 72°C for 17.31s) whole milk; (2) LTP (72°C for 17.31s) whole milk with added bacteria and spores; (3) recombined LTP (72°C for 17.31s) whole milk with added bacteria and spores; (4) high-temperature pasteurized (HTP; 76°C for 7min) whole milk with added bacteria and spores; (5) HTP (76°C for 7min) whole milk with added bacteria and spores and added colostrum; (6) HTP (76°C for 7min) centrifugally separated, Gravity-separated (CS GS) skim milk with HTP (76°C for 7min) low-SC cream with added bacteria and spores; (7) HTP (76°C for 7min) CS GS skim milk with HTP (76°C for 7min) high-SC cream with added bacteria and spores; (8) HTP (76°C for 7min) CS GS skim milk with HTP (76°C for 7min) low-SC cream with added bacteria and spores and added colostrum; and (9) HTP (76°C for 7min) CS GS skim milk with HTP (76°C for 7min) high-SC cream with added bacteria and spores and added colostrum. The milks in the 9 treatments were Gravity separated at 4°C for 23h in glass columns. Five fractions were collected by weight from each of the column treatments, starting from the bottom of the glass column: 0 to 5%, 5 to 90%, 90 to 96%, 96 to 98%, and 98 to 100%. The SC, fat, bacteria, and spores were measured in each of the fractions. The experiment was replicated 3 times in different weeks using a different batch of milk and different colostrum. Portions of the same batch of the frozen bacteria and spore solutions were used for all 3 replicates. The presence of both SC and immunoglobulins were necessary for normal Gravity Separation (i.e., rising to the top) of fat, bacteria, and spores in whole milk. The presence of immunoglobulins alone without SC was not sufficient to cause bacteria, fat, and spores to rise to the top. The interaction between SC and immunoglobulins was necessary to cause aggregates of fat, SC, bacteria, and spores to rise during Gravity Separation. The SC may provide the buoyancy required for the aggregates to rise to the top due to gas within the SC. More research is needed to understand the mechanism of the Gravity-Separation process.
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Effect of colostrum on Gravity Separation of milk somatic cells in skim milk1
Journal of dairy science, 2013Co-Authors: S.r. Geer, David M. BarbanoAbstract:Abstract Our objective was to determine if immunoglobulins play a role in the Gravity Separation (rising to the top) of somatic cells (SC) in skim milk. Other researchers have shown that Gravity Separation of milk fat globules is enhanced by IgM. Our recent research found that bacteria and SC Gravity separate in both raw whole and skim milk and that heating milk to >76.9°C for 25s stopped Gravity Separation of milk fat, SC, and bacteria. Bovine colostrum is a good natural source of immunoglobulins. An experiment was designed where skim milk was heated at high temperatures (76°C for 7min) to stop the Gravity Separation of SC and then colostrum was added back to try to restore the Gravity Separation of SC in increments to achieve 0, 0.4, 0.8, 2.0, and 4.0g/L of added immunoglobulins. The milk was allowed to Gravity separate for 22h at 4°C. The heat treatment of skim milk was sufficient to stop the Gravity Separation of SC. The treatment of 4.0g/L of added immunoglobulins was successful in restoring the Gravity Separation of SC as compared with raw skim milk. Preliminary spore data on the third replicate suggested that bacterial spores Gravity separate the same way as the SC in heated skim milk and heated skim milk with 4.0g/L of added immunoglobulins. Strong evidence exists that immunoglobulins are at least one of the factors necessary for the Gravity Separation of SC and bacterial spores. It is uncertain at this time whether SC are a necessary component for Gravity Separation of fat, bacteria, and spores to occur. Further research is needed to determine separately the role of immunoglobulins and SC in Gravity Separation of bacteria and spores. Understanding the mechanism of Gravity Separation may allow the development of a continuous flow technology to remove SC, bacteria, and spores from milk.
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Gravity Separation of fat, somatic cells, and bacteria in raw and pasteurized milks.
Journal of dairy science, 2013Co-Authors: Z. Caplan, C. Melilli, David M. BarbanoAbstract:The objective of experiment 1 was to determine if the extent of Gravity Separation of milk fat, bacteria, and somatic cells is influenced by the time and temperature of Gravity Separation or the level of contaminating bacteria present in the raw milk. The objective of experiment 2 was to determine if different temperatures of milk heat treatment affected the Gravity Separation of milk fat, bacteria, and somatic cells. In raw milk, fat, bacteria, and somatic cells rose to the top of columns during Gravity Separation. About 50 to 80% of the fat and bacteria were present in the top 8% of the milk after Gravity Separation of raw milk. Gravity Separation for 7h at 12°C or for 22h at 4°C produced equivalent Separation of fat, bacteria, and somatic cells. The completeness of Gravity Separation of fat was influenced by the level of bacteria in the milk before Separation. Milk with a high bacterial count had less (about 50 to 55%) Gravity Separation of fat than milk with low bacteria count (about 80%) in 22h at 4°C. Gravity Separation caused fat, bacteria, and somatic cells to rise to the top of columns for raw whole milk and high temperature, short-time pasteurized (72.6°C, 25s) whole milk. Pasteurization at ≥76.9°C for 25s prevented all 3 components from rising, possibly due to denaturation of native bovine immunoglobulins that normally associate with fat, bacteria, and somatic cells during Gravity Separation. Gravity Separation can be used to produce reduced-fat milk with decreased bacterial and somatic cell counts, and may be a critical factor in the history of safe and unique traditional Italian hard cheeses produced from Gravity-separated raw milk. A better understanding of the mechanism of this natural process could lead to the development of new nonthermal thermal technology (that does not involve heating the milk to high temperatures) to remove bacteria and spores from milk or other liquids.
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Gravity Separation of raw bovine milk: fat globule size distribution and fat content of milk fractions.
Journal of dairy science, 2000Co-Authors: David M. BarbanoAbstract:Abstract This project determined effects of time and temperature on changes of fat globule size distribution and fat content in milk fractions during Gravity Separation. Fresh raw bovine milk was Gravity separated at 4 or 15°C. After 2, 6, 12, and 48h, seven fractions, from bottom fraction (F1) to top fraction (F7), were successively drained from a Separation column. Higher temperature resulted in a faster rate of fat Separation. Within 2h, large fat globules had already moved to the top, and the volume mean diameter of F7 increased from 3.13 μ m (without Separation) to 3.48 and 3.64 μ m, respectively, at 4 and 15°C. In F7, there was little change in globule size distribution after 2h, but fat content continued to increase with Separation time. The fat content of F7 reached 26.6% after 48h at 4°C, achieving a 58.8% creaming capacity. For F1 to F6, longer Separation time resulted in smaller fat globule sizes and lower fat contents, especially for F1. After 48h at 4°C, the volume mean diameter of F1 decreased from 3.23 μ m(without Separation) to 1.16 μ m, and fat content decreased from 3.75% (without Separation) to 0.20%. Gravity Separation may have unique applications in the dairy industry today. Its simplicity makes it an effective procedure for small-scale dairy product manufacturers to produce milks with a range of fat contents without using a centrifugal cream separator.
William Skinner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a study of the feasibility of upgrading rare earth elements minerals from iron oxide silicate rich tailings using knelson concentrator and wilfley shaking table
Powder Technology, 2019Co-Authors: George Blankson Abakawood, Keith Quast, Massimiliano Zanin, Jonas Addaimensah, William SkinnerAbstract:Abstract A number of Gravity Separation techniques for rare earth elements (REE) minerals have been investigated and reported in the literature. These include the use of dense/heavy media, Falcon concentrators, Knelson concentrators, spiral concentrators, laboratory scale jigs, and shaking tables. Most of these methods have provided considerable REE minerals recovery and upgrade; but remain at the laboratory testing stage. There are vast quantities of iron-oxide-silicate rich tailings (IST) containing low grade REE in Australia. This work is part of research and development studies currently underway at the University of South Australia to develop economically viable methods to exploit selected IST for their REE contents. In this investigation, the feasibility of exploiting the differences in specific Gravity to concentrate REE minerals from a typical IST sample was studied using two Gravity Separation units, a Knelson concentrator (KC) and Wilfley shaking table. The feed sample and Gravity Separation products were characterised using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Quantitative Evaluation of Minerals by Scanning Electron Microscopy (QEMSCAN) to study and compare the performance of the KC and shaking table as Gravity preconcentration methods. The results indicated that the performance of both the KC and shaking table are significantly dependent on the mineralogical and particle size characteristics of the feed, however, the tabling was found to be the preferred choice over the KC, due to its greater selectivity. Tabling of >38 μm feed samples produced the desired split between the iron oxides and silicate minerals. The results suggest that desliming of the feed to remove fine/ultrafine particles (
Jintao Gao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Recovery of crown zinc and metallic copper from copper smelter dust by evaporation, condensation and super-Gravity Separation
Separation and Purification Technology, 2020Co-Authors: Jintao Gao, Zili Huang, Zengwu Wang, Zhancheng GuoAbstract:Abstract Copper smelter dust is an ultrafine hazardous waste containing various heavy metallic elements. This manuscript proposed a novel method for efficient recovery of crown zinc and metallic copper from copper smelter dust, including evaporation and condensation of zinc vapor, and super-Gravity Separation of copper droplets. Firstly, the fine zinc oxide powders mixed in the dust were efficiently transformed into zinc vapor and escaped from the dust through carbothermal reduction at 1373–1573 K, which was effectively condensed into the metallic zinc named as “crown zinc” above its melting point. Subsequently, the dispersed fine copper droplets were evidently separated from the residue above the melting point of Cu as driven by super-Gravity. Accordingly, crown zinc and metallic copper, with high purity of 98.57 wt% and 99.99 wt%, were efficiently recovered from the copper smelter dust with the high recovery ratios of 99.94% and 98.86%, respectively.
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Recovery of rutile from Ti-Bearing blast furnace slag through phase transformation and super-Gravity Separation for dielectric material
Ceramics International, 2020Co-Authors: Jintao Gao, Xi Lan, Zhancheng GuoAbstract:Abstract High-purity rutile (TiO2) possessing favorable dielectric properties was sustainably recovered from Ti-bearing blast furnace slag through phase transformation and super-Gravity Separation in this study. Firstly, the phase transformation behavior of Ti was studied, the favorable conditions for transformation from perovskite to rutile were determined, and the Ti elements were efficiently enriched into rutile in the Ti-bearing blast furnace slag. Subsequently, the condition for solid and liquid phases of rutile and slag in coexistence was acquired by high-temperature CSLM, the rutile was effectively recovered from the Ti-bearing blast furnace slag through super-Gravity Separation, and its high purity was verified by the results of XRD, SEM-EDS, XRF, EPMA and Raman. Moreover, the rutile ceramic was prepared, and its dielectric properties were investigated, the dielectric constant was up to around 200, and the dielectric loss was as low as 0.0047 at about 900 Hz. The excellent frequency stability, high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss of the rutile recovered from Ti-bearing blast furnace slag reflect its favorable energy storage capability for dielectric material.
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Recovery of zinc from galvanizing dross by a method of super-Gravity Separation
Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2018Co-Authors: Long Meng, Zhe Wang, Zhancheng Guo, Jintao Gao, Anjun ShiAbstract:Abstract The hot dip galvanizing dross is a valuable by-product because it contains high levels of zinc, motivating a search for processes or technologies to allow the cost-effective recovery of the zinc content. In this work, the feasibility of recovering zinc from an industrial galvanizing dross by a novel method of super-Gravity Separation was investigated. The effects of Gravity coefficient (G), Separation time (t) and Separation temperature (T) on the Separation efficiency were evaluated. When the Gravity coefficient was higher than 15, the galvanizing dross samples were separated into two parts, i.e. the upper residue and the lower filtered zinc. The majority of the dross particles were retained in the upper residue and the filtered zinc was purified significantly. At G ≥ 500, t ≥ 180 s and T = 510 °C, over 79 wt% zinc was recovered with a high purity of about 99 wt%. Increasing Gravity coefficient and separating time favored the zinc recovery, but at G ≥ 500 and t ≥ 60 s, the zinc recovery increased at a very limited rate. Increasing separating temperature benefited the zinc recovery but reduced the iron removal. Also, cake mode filtration was determined to be the dominant mechanism of the super-Gravity Separation of galvanizing dross in this work.
Kevin P. Galvin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Gravity Separation and Desliming of Fine Coal: Pilot-Plant Study Using Reflux Classifiers in Series
International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 2014Co-Authors: M. Mason, Simon M. Iveson, Kevin P. GalvinAbstract:Two pilot-scale Reflux Classifiers (600 mm × 600 mm cross-section) arranged in a cascading sequence were used to beneficiate fine -2 mm coal. The first Reflux Classifier performed a density Separation that produced a coal product contaminated with fine high-ash slimes. This was then washed in the second Reflux Classifier to remove the fine clays and mineral matter. This combination reliably produced a clean coal product and allowed Gravity Separation performance to be extended from the usual eight-fold limit of upper to lower size to a much broader size range. Performance was similar to previous laboratory-scale results units with cross-sectional areas of only 100 mm × 80 mm each. Hence, full-scale desliming units can be confidently designed based on laboratory trials. The cut size varied linearly from 0.04 to 0.24 mm with increases in the overflow channel velocity from 25 to 55 m3/(m2 h). The Ep values increased from 0.02 to 0.07 mm (Whitten factor α from 2 to 6) over the same range. The linear dependenc...
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Gravity Separation of coal in the reflux classifier new mechanisms for suppressing the effects of particle size
International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 2010Co-Authors: Kevin P. Galvin, A.m. Callen, K. Walton, S Spear, J. ZhouAbstract:The Reflux Classifier was applied to the Separation of coal and mineral matter over different size bands, −8 + 0.5 mm, −2 + 0.25 mm, and −2 + 0.075 mm. The technology consists of a fluidized bed, with a system of parallel inclined channels above. Significant improvement in Separation efficiency was achieved by exploiting new Separation mechanisms that apply to particles of a given size within the inclined channels. For the coarsest size range, the use of a sufficiently large channel aspect ratio, defined by the channel length to gap ratio, leads to Separation densities that are independent of the particle size, and in turn strong control of the cut point. For the finer particles, a new and powerful Separation mechanism was exploited, leading to a major reduction in the variation of the particle Separation density with particle size, and to a significant reduction in the Ep. The new Separation mechanism, achieved through the use of appropriate, closely spaced, inclined channels leads to significant suppres...
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Gravity Separation of coarse particles using the reflux classifier
Minerals Engineering, 2010Co-Authors: Kevin P. Galvin, A.m. Callen, S SpearAbstract:Abstract A comprehensive study examining the potential of the Reflux Classifier to be applied to the beneficiation of coarser coal up to 8 mm in size was undertaken. It was demonstrated that efficient combustible recovery and control of the Separation density to target low ash products could be achieved. The major finding from the study was the critical importance of providing sufficient fluidization water, though beyond the critical level the process was largely insensitive to the fluidization rate. It was concluded the required fluidization velocity is nominally 10 m/h per mm of top-size, hence for a nominal 4 mm top size the required velocity is 40 m/h. In an extended campaign the control of the process was investigated by varying the set point density from high to low levels and then returning the process to the original settings, and demonstrating a return to the original Separation. Further analysis was conducted to determine the partition curves and the shift in the Separation density with particle size. The variation in the D 50 with particle size approaches a level that is independent of the particle size. Previous data ( Galvin et al., 2002 , Galvin et al., 2004 ) covering particles up to 2 mm in size are consistent with the results from this study, involving feeds with top sizes of 4 mm and 8 mm. Beyond a particle size of 2 mm the Ep is typically less than 0.05 and approaches about 0.03 as the particle size increases to 8 mm.
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Application of closely spaced inclined channels in Gravity Separation of fine particles
Minerals Engineering, 2010Co-Authors: Kevin P. Galvin, J. Zhou, K. WaltonAbstract:Abstract This paper is concerned with the Gravity Separation of fine particles in a Reflux Classifier, a fluidized bed device with a system of parallel inclined channels located above. A significant advance is reported here over what was previously possible, through the application of a recent discovery described by Galvin et al. (2009) . By using closely spaced inclined channels it is possible to achieve significant suppression of the effects of particle size, and hence produce a powerful Separation on the basis of density. Experimental work was undertaken on the continuous steady state Separation of coal and mineral matter, with a very narrow channel spacing of 1.77 mm used to process a feed finer than 0.5 mm in diameter, and a channel spacing of 4.2 mm used to process coarser feeds finer than 2.0 mm. These results are compared with previous findings reported in the literature for wider channels. The Gravity Separation performance is shown to be remarkably high, with a significant reduction in the variation of the Separation density with particle size, and a significant reduction in the Ecart probable error, E p . For example, over the particle size range 0.25–2.0 mm the composite E p for the size range decreased from 0.14 for the wide channels used in previous studies to a typical level of 0.06 for the closely spaced inclined channels used in the present study. The Separation performance was also shown to be insensitive to feed pulp density and feed solids throughput over a very broad range.
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Performance of the reflux classifier for Gravity Separation at full scale
Minerals Engineering, 2005Co-Authors: Kevin P. Galvin, A.m. Callen, J. Zhou, Elham DoroodchiAbstract:Abstract The Reflux Classifier (RC) is a fluidized bed separator capable of operating at high hydraulic loadings due to the presence of parallel inclined plates within the system. When the fluidized suspension passes up through the inclined channels formed by the plates, faster settling particles segregate onto the inclined surfaces, and slide back down to the zone below, while slower settling particles pass on through. The parallel inclined plates provide for a much higher sedimentation area. This arrangement is suitable for both hydrosizing and Gravity Separation. At MEGS01, the results obtained for a pilot-scale study of the RC were reported [Galvin, K.P., Doroodchi, E., Callen, A.M., Lambert, N., Pratten, S.J., 2002. Pilot plant trial of the reflux classifier. Minerals Engineering, 15, 19–25]. Since then Ludowici MPE, in association with the University of Newcastle have developed the technology at the full-scale. The purpose of this paper is to provide details on the performance of the full-scale RC in the Gravity Separation of a coal and mineral matter feed in the size range of 0.25–2.0 mm. Historically, this feed has been processed using spirals, however, there is a strong trend now in Australia to employ fluidized bed devices, thus allowing significant changes to be made to the cut-point. The performance of the full-scale RC is described in terms of the partition curves for individual size fractions, and in terms of the yield–ash condition on the feed washability curve. It is concluded that the Separation performance is equivalent to that obtained at the pilot scale.
