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Philippe Parola - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Detection of Rickettsia hoogstraalii, Rickettsia helvetica, Rickettsia massiliae, Rickettsia slovaca and Rickettsia aeschlimannii in ticks from Sardinia, Italy.
Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, 2017Co-Authors: Valentina Chisu, Cipriano Foxi, Giovanna Masala, Hamza Leulmi, Mariano Piredda, Philippe ParolaAbstract:Tick-borne diseases represent a large proportion of infectious diseases that have become a world health concern. The presence of Rickettsia spp. was evaluated by standard PCR and sequencing in 123 ticks collected from several mammals and vegetation in Sardinia, Italy. This study provides the first evidence of the presence of Rickettsia hoogstralii in Haemaphysalis punctata and Haemaphysalis sulcata ticks from mouflon and Rickettsia helvetica in Ixodes festai ticks from hedgehog. In addition, Rickettsia massiliae, Rickettsia slovaca and Rickettsia aeschlimannii were detected in Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Dermacentor marginatus and Hyalomma marginatum marginatum ticks from foxes, swine, wild boars, and mouflon. The data presented here increase our knowledge of tick-borne diseases in Sardinia and provide a useful contribution toward understanding their epidemiology.
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first evidence of anaplasma platys in rhipicephalus sanguineus acari ixodida collected from dogs in africa
Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 2003Co-Authors: Y O Sanogo, Philippe Parola, Bernard Davoust, Hisashi Inokuma, J L Camicas, P BrouquiAbstract:A total of 27 ticks, comprising Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) (n = 21), Haemaphysalis leachi (Andouin) (n = 4) and Haemaphysalis paraleachi (Camicas, Hoogstraal & El Kammah) (n = 2) were recovered from two clinically healthy female dogs in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. DNA of Anaplasma platys was detected in a female R. sanguineus, using primers derived from the 16S rRNA gene, which amplify members of the family Anaplasmataceae . Anaplasma platys DNA was also detected in the blood of one of the dogs. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial sequences of the 16S rRNA, the gltA and the groEL genes ranged the detected agent within the Anaplasma clade. This is the first reported detection of A. platys in ticks in Africa. This finding raises the question of the possible involvement of R. sanguineus in A. platys infection of dogs.
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detection of ehrlichia spp anaplasma spp rickettsia spp and other eubacteria in ticks from the thai myanmar border and vietnam
Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2003Co-Authors: Jean-paul Cornet, Y O Sanogo, Scott R Miller, Huynh Van Thien, Jeanpaul Gonzalez, Steven R. Telford, Philippe Parola, Didier Raoult, Chansuda WongsrichanalaiAbstract:A total of 650 ticks, including 13 species from five genera, were collected from animals, from people, or by flagging of the vegetation at sites on the Thai-Myanmar border and in Vietnam. They were tested by PCR to detect DNA of bacteria of the order Rickettsiales. Three Anaplasma spp. were detected in ticks collected in Thailand, including (i) Anaplasma sp. strain AnDa465, which was considered a genotype of Anaplasma platys (formerly Ehrlichia platys) and which was obtained from Dermacentor auratus ticks collected from dogs; (ii) Anaplasma sp. strain AnAj360, which was obtained from Amblyomma javanense ticks collected on a pangolin; and (iii) Anaplasma sp. strain AnHl446, which was closely related to Anaplasma bovis and which was detected in Haemaphysalis lagrangei ticks collected from a bear. Three Ehrlichia spp. were identified, including (i) Ehrlichia sp. strain EBm52, which was obtained from Boophilus microplus ticks collected from cattle from Thailand; (ii) Ehrlichia sp. strain EHh324, which was closely related to Ehrlichia chaffeensis and which was detected in Haemaphysalis hystricis ticks collected from wild pigs in Vietnam; and (iii) Ehrlichia sp. strain EHh317, which was closely related to Ehrlichia sp. strain EBm52 and which was also detected in H. hystricis ticks collected from wild pigs in Vietnam. Two Rickettsia spp. were detected in Thailand, including (i) Rickettsia sp. strain RDla420, which was detected in Dermacentor auratus ticks collected from a bear, and (ii) Rickettsia sp. strain RDla440, which was identified from two pools of Dermacentor larvae collected from a wild pig nest. Finally, two bacteria named Eubacterium sp. strain Hw124 and Eubacterium sp. strain Hw191 were identified in Haemaphysalis wellingtoni ticks collected from chicken in Thailand; these strains could belong to a new group of bacteria.
Terry A. Klein - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Molecular detection of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome and tick-borne encephalitis viruses in ixodid ticks collected from vegetation, Republic of Korea, 2014.
Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, 2016Co-Authors: Wooyoung Choi, Sung-tae Chong, Jeannine M. Coburn, Kyu-sik Chang, Terry A. KleinAbstract:Abstract Ticks play an important role in transmission of arboviruses responsible for emerging infectious diseases, and have a significant impact on human, veterinary, and wildlife health. In the Republic of Korea (ROK), little is known about information regarding the presence of tick-borne viruses and their vectors. A total of 21,158 ticks belonging to 3 genera and 6 species collected at 6 provinces and 4 metropolitan areas in the ROK from March to October 2014 were assayed for selected tick-borne pathogens. Haemaphysalis longicornis (n = 17,570) was the most numerously collected, followed by H aemaphysalis flava (n = 3317), Ixodes nipponensis (n = 249), Amblyomma testudinarium (n = 11), H aemaphysalis phasiana (n = 8), and Ixodes turdus (n = 3). Ticks were pooled (adults 1–5, nymphs 1–30, and larvae 1–50) and tested by one-step reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or nested RT-PCR for the detection of severe fever with thrombocytopenia virus (SFTSV), tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Powassan virus (POWV), Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus (OHFV), and Langat virus (LGTV). The overall maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) [estimated numbers of viral RNA positive ticks/1000 ticks] for SFTSV and TBEV was 0.95 and 0.43, respectively, while, all pools were negative for POWV, OHFV, and LGTV. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of SFTSV, TBEV, POWV, OHFV, and LGTV in ixodid ticks collected from vegetation in the ROK to aid our understanding of the epidemiology of tick-borne viral diseases. Results from this study emphasize the need for continuous tick-based arbovirus surveillance to monitor the emergence of tick-borne diseases in the ROK.
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prevalence of tick borne encephalitis virus in ticks from southern korea
Journal of Veterinary Science, 2010Co-Authors: Jungu Kang, Sung-tae Chong, Terry A. Klein, Su Yeon Kim, Heung Chul Kim, William J Sames, Seok Min Yun, Joonseok ChaeAbstract:The prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in southern Korea was determined by collecting ticks using tick drags. A total of 4,077 of 6,788 ticks collected were pooled (649 pools) according to collection site, species, and developmental stage and assayed for TBEV. The TBEV protein E and NS5 gene fragments were detected using RT-nested PCR in six pools of nymphs collected from Jeju Island (2,491 ticks). The minimum field detection rates for TBEV were 0.17% and 0.14% for Haemaphysalis longicornis and Haemayphysalis flava nymphs, respectively. The 252 bp NS5 and 477 bp protein E gene amplicons were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the NS5 and protein E genes of the Jeju strain were clustered with Western subtype (98.0% and 99.4% identity, respectively). The Western subtype of TBEV is endemic in Korea, including Jeju Island. The study of vector and zoonotic host susceptibility to TBEV is required to better understand its potential impact on public health.
Oliveira Bernardo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Sobre uma população de ixodídeos colhida em troféus de caça nas províncias do Cabo e de Mpumalanga (República da África do Sul) e de Matabeleland South (Zimbabwé)
2010Co-Authors: Rosa Fernanda, Crespo, Maria Virgínia, Oliveira BernardoAbstract:Apresentação em PainelDurante os meses de Maio de 2008 e de 2009 e Março de 2010, foram observados treze troféus de caça obtidos em reservas de caça privadas nas províncias de “Eastern Cape” e Mpumalanga (República da África do Sul) e de Matabeleland South (Zimbabwé), tendo-se recolhido ixodídeos em vertebrados pertencentes à Classe Mammalia (Artiodactyla e Carnivora). A identificação baseou-se na chave adoptada por Travassos Dias (1989), nas descrições do género Rhipicephalus efectuadas por Walker et al. (2000) e na morfologia das genitálias. Dos 39 exemplares colhidos, 17 (89,74%) eram adultos e os restantes (10,26%), ninfas e larvas, com igual distribuição. Identificaram-se Ixodes sp. (12,82%) em Tragelaphus strepsiceros capensis e Oreotragus oreotragus; Haemaphysalis leachi (2,56%) em Caracal caracal e Haemaphysalis spp. (12,82%) em Tragelaphus scriptus silvaticus; Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (5,13%) em Taurotragus oryx; Rhipicephalus simus (5,13%) em Panthera leo; Rhipicephalus spp. (5,13%) em Damaliscus dorcas philipsi, Damaliscus dorcas; Hyalomma truncatum (7,69%) em Damaliscus dorcas, Rhapicerus melanotis e Cervus unicolor; Amblyomma hebraeum (46,15%) em Taurotragus oryx e Sincerus caffer; Boophilus sp. (2,56%) em Tragelaphus strepsiceros capensis. Relativamente a estudos anteriores, realizados na província de “Eastern Cape”, pelos mesmos autores, mas em épocas distintas, verificou-se um aumento da prevalência para a infecção por Ixodes sp. e Hyalomma truncatum. A espécie Amblyomma hebraeum evidenciou os valores de prevalência mais elevados, ou seja 30,77%, e a maior carga parasitária média, com 4,5 espécimes por hospedeiro parasitado. Com excepção do macho, salienta-se a presença de todas as formas de evolução no mesmo hospedeiro (Tragelaphus scriptus silvaticus) relativamente a Haemaphysalis sp. Predominaram as infecções simples (84,62%) e apenas ocorreram infecções duplas em três vertebrados (géneros: Ixodes e Boophilus, Rhipicephalus e Hyalomma). Salienta-se ainda que algumas das espécies identificadas poderão assegurar o ciclo de vida de alguns agentes patogénicos, nomeadamente de Ehrlichia ruminantium, Anaplasma spp., Theileria spp., entre outros, e consequentemente desempenhar um papel importante na transmissão destes às diversas populações silvestres e domésticas que coabitem os mesmos habitats.Escola Superior Agrária/Instituto Politécnico de Santarém e Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical
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Sobre uma população de ixodídeos colhida em troféus de caça na província de “EASTERN CAPE” (República da África do Sul)
2008Co-Authors: Crespo, Maria Virgínia, Rosa Fernanda, Oliveira BernardoAbstract:Apresentação em painelDurante o mês de Maio de 2008 foram observados nove troféus de caça obtidos em reservas de caça privadas na Província de “Eastern Cape” (República da África do Sul), tendo-se recolhido ixodídeos em vertebrados pertencentes à Classe MAMMALIA (ARTIODACTYLA e CARNIVORA). A identificação baseou-se na chave adoptada por Travassos Dias (1989), nas descrições do género Rhipicephalus efectuadas por Walker et al. (2000) e na morfologia das genitálias. Dos 21 exemplares colhidos, 17 (80,96%) eram adultos e os restantes (18,04%), ninfas e larvas, com igual distribuição. Identificaram-se Ixodes sp. (23,81%) em Tragelaphus strepsiceros capensis e Oreotragus oreotragus; Haemaphysalis leachi (28,57%) em Caracal caracal e Haemaphysalis spp. em Tragelaphus scriptus silvaticus; Rhipecephelus evertsi evertsi (9,52%) em Damaliscus dorcas philipsi e Damaliscus dorcas; Hyalomma truncatum (19,05%) em Damaliscus dorcas, Rhapicerus melanotis e Cervus unicolor; Amblyomma hebraeum (14,29%) em Taurotragus oryx; Boophilus sp. (4,76%) em Tragelaphus strepsiceros capensis. Relativamente a estudos anteriores, realizados na mesma região, pelos mesmos autores, mas em épocas distintas, verificou-se um aumento da prevalência para a infecção por Ixodes sp. e Hyalomma truncatum. O género Haemaphysalis, para além de ter sido observado pela primeira vez, evidenciou os valores de prevalência mais elevados e a maior carga parasitária, salientando-se todas as formas de evolução no mesmo hospedeiro. Predominaram as infecções simples (66,67%) e apenas ocorreram infecções duplas em três vertebrados (géneros: Ixodes e Boophilus, Rhipicephalus e Hyalomma, Hyalomma e Amblyomma).Escola Superior Agrária do Instituto Politécnico de Santarém; Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical/DE
Su Yeon Kim - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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prevalence of tick borne encephalitis virus in ticks from southern korea
Journal of Veterinary Science, 2010Co-Authors: Jungu Kang, Sung-tae Chong, Terry A. Klein, Su Yeon Kim, Heung Chul Kim, William J Sames, Seok Min Yun, Joonseok ChaeAbstract:The prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in southern Korea was determined by collecting ticks using tick drags. A total of 4,077 of 6,788 ticks collected were pooled (649 pools) according to collection site, species, and developmental stage and assayed for TBEV. The TBEV protein E and NS5 gene fragments were detected using RT-nested PCR in six pools of nymphs collected from Jeju Island (2,491 ticks). The minimum field detection rates for TBEV were 0.17% and 0.14% for Haemaphysalis longicornis and Haemayphysalis flava nymphs, respectively. The 252 bp NS5 and 477 bp protein E gene amplicons were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the NS5 and protein E genes of the Jeju strain were clustered with Western subtype (98.0% and 99.4% identity, respectively). The Western subtype of TBEV is endemic in Korea, including Jeju Island. The study of vector and zoonotic host susceptibility to TBEV is required to better understand its potential impact on public health.
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Isolation of tick-borne encephalitis viruses from wild rodents, South Korea.
Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 2008Co-Authors: Su Yeon Kim, Seok Min Yun, Myung Guk Han, In Yong Lee, Na Yeon Lee, Young Eui Jeong, Byeong Cheol LeeAbstract:To determine whether the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is present in vector ticks and mammalian hosts in Korea, we examined two tick species, Haemaphysalis longicornis (n = 548) and Ixodes n...
Nava Santiago - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A pictorial key to differentiate the recently detected exotic Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, 1901 (Acari, Ixodidae) from native congeners in North America
'Pensoft Publishers', 2019Co-Authors: Egizi, Andrea M., Nava Santiago, Robbins, Richard G., Beati Lorenza, Evans, Colleen R., Occi, James L., Fonseca, Dina M.Abstract:Until recently, only two haemaphysaline species, Haemaphysalis chordeilis (Packard, 1869) and Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (Packard, 1869), were known to occur in the United States, and neither was considered to be of significant medical or veterinary importance. In 2017–2018 established populations of the Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, 1901, were detected in the eastern US for the first time. Haemaphysalis longicornis has the potential to be a significant threat to human and animal health, and the urgent need to determine the full extent of its distribution and host range requires availability of a straightforward and practical guide to differentiate it from native species. We created a pictorial dichotomous key to all stages of Haemaphysalis spp. known to occur in North America with scanning electron photomicrographs of all H. longicornis life stages, including rarely seen males, to aid researchers in differentiating these species. The largely Neotropical species Haemaphysalis juxtakochi Cooley, 1946, with established populations in Mexico and sporadic detections in the US on migrating birds is also included.EEA RafaelaFil: Egizi, Andrea M. Monmouth County Mosquito Control Division, Titon Falls; Estados Unidos. Rutgers University; Estados UnidosFil: Robbins, Richard G. Smithsonian Institution. Department of Entomology; Estados UnidosFil: Beati, Lorenza. Georgia Southern University. Institute for Coastal Plain Science. United States National Tick Collection; Estados UnidosFil: Nava, Santiago. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Evans, Colleen R. Georgia Southern University. Institute for Coastal Plain Science. United States National Tick Collection; Estados UnidosFil: Occi, James L. Rutgers University; Estados UnidosFil: Fonseca, Dina M. Rutgers University; Estados Unido
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A pictorial key to differentiate the recently detected exotic Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, 1901 (Acari, Ixodidae) from native congeners in North America
'Pensoft Publishers', 2019Co-Authors: Egizi, Andrea M., Nava Santiago, Robbins, Richard G., Beati Lorenza, Evans, Colleen R., Occi, James L., Fonseca, Dina M.Abstract:Until recently, only two haemaphysaline species, Haemaphysalis chordeilis (Packard, 1869) and Haemaphysalisleporispalustris (Packard, 1869), were known to occur in the United States, and neither was consideredto be of significant medical or veterinary importance. In 2017?2018 established populations ofthe Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, 1901, were detected in the eastern US forthe first time. Haemaphysalis longicornis has the potential to be a significant threat to human and animalhealth, and the urgent need to determine the full extent of its distribution and host range requires availabilityof a straightforward and practical guide to differentiate it from native species. We created a pictorialdichotomous key to all stages of Haemaphysalis spp. known to occur in North America with scanningelectron photomicrographs of all H. longicornis life stages, including rarely seen males, to aid researchers indifferentiating these species. The largely Neotropical species Haemaphysalis juxtakochi Cooley, 1946, withestablished populations in Mexico and sporadic detections in the US on migrating birds is also included.Fil: Egizi, Andrea M.. Monmounth County Mosquito Control Division; Estados UnidosFil: Robbins, Richard G.. Smithsonian Institution; Estados UnidosFil: Beati, Lorenza. Georgia Southern University;Fil: Nava, Santiago. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; ArgentinaFil: Evans, Colleen R.. Georgia Southern University;Fil: Occi, James L.. Georgia Southern University;Fil: Fonseca, Dina M.. Georgia Southern University
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Birds and hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae), with discussions about hypotheses on tick evolution
Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 2017Co-Authors: Guglielmone Alberto, Nava SantiagoAbstract:The relationship between birds (Aves) and hard ticks (Ixodidae) was analyzed for the 386 of 721 tick extant species whose larva, nymph and adults are known as well as their natural hosts. A total of 136 (54 Prostriata= Ixodes, 82 Metastriata= all other genera) are frequently found on Aves, but only 32 species (1 associated with Palaeognathae, 31 with Neognathae) have all parasitic stages feeding on birds: 25 Ixodes (19% of the species analyzed for this genus), 6 Haemaphysalis (7%) and 1 species of Amblyomma (2%). The species of Amblyomma feeds on marine birds (MB), the six Haemaphysalis are parasites of non-marine birds (NMB), and 14 of the 25 Ixodes feed on NMB, one feeds on NMB and MB, and ten on MB. The Australasian Ixodes + I. uriae clade probably originated at an uncertain time from the late Triassic to the early Cretaceous. It is speculated that Prostriata first hosts were Gondwanan theropod dinosaurs in an undetermined place before Pangaea break up; alternatively, if ancestral monotromes were involved in its evolution an Australasian origin of Prostriata seems plausible. As for Prostriata the Motherland of Ixodida is probably Gondwana
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Birds and hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae), with discussions about hypotheses on tick evolution
'Universidad Nacional del Litoral', 2017Co-Authors: Guglielmone Alberto, Nava SantiagoAbstract:The relationship between birds (Aves) and hard ticks (Ixodidae) was analyzed for the 386 of 721 tick extant species whose larva, nymph and adults are known as well as their natural hosts. A total of 136 (54 Prostriata= Ixodes, 82 Metastriata= all other genera) are frequently found on Aves, but only 32 species (1 associated with Palaeognathae, 31 with Neognathae) have all parasitic stages feeding on birds: 25 Ixodes (19% of the species analyzed for this genus), 6 Haemaphysalis (7%) and 1 species of Amblyomma (2%). The species of Amblyomma feeds on marine birds (MB), the six Haemaphysalis are parasites of non-marine birds (NMB), and 14 of the 25 Ixodes feed on NMB, one feeds on NMB and MB, and ten on MB. The Australasian Ixodes + I. uriae clade probably originated at an uncertain time from the late Triassic to the early Cretaceous. It is speculated that Prostriata first hosts were Gondwanan theropod dinosaurs in an undetermined place before Pangaea break up; alternatively, if ancestral monotromes were involved in its evolution an Australasian origin of Prostriata seems plausible. As for Prostriata the Motherland of Ixodida is probably Gondwana.Aves y garrapatas duras (Ixodidae), con discusión sobre hipótesis sobre evolución de las garrapatas. En esta revisión se analizó la relación entre aves y garrapatas duras (Ixodidae) para las 386 de 725 especies de garrapatas que utilizan aves como hospedadores para larvas, ninfas y adultos. Un total de 136 especies (54 Prostriata= Ixodes, 82 Metastriata= restantes géneros) son frecuentemente encontradas sobre aves, pero solo 32 especies (1 asociada con Palaeognathae, 31 con Neognathae) tienen ciclos donde todos los estadios se alimentan sobre aves: 25 Ixodes (19% de las especies analizadas para este género), 6 Haemaphysalis (7% del total) y 1 especie de Amblyomma (2% del total). Las especies de Amblyomma se alimentan sobre aves marinas (MB), las seis de Haemaphysalis son parásitas de aves no-marinas (NMB), y 14 de las 25 especies de Ixodes se alimentan sobre NMB, una sobre NMB y MB, y diez sobre MB. El clado de Australasia Ixodes + I. uriae probablemente se originó entre el fin del Triásico y comienzos del Cretácico. Se especula que los primeros hospedadores de Prostriata fueron dinosaurios terópodos con distribución Gondwánica; alternativamente, si monotremas ancestrales estuvieron involucrados en su evolución, un origen de Prostriata en Australasia es plausible. Al igual que para Prostriata, el área de origen de Ixodida es probablemente GondwanaEEA RafaelaFil: Guglielmone, Alberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Nava, Santiago. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin
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Aves y garrapatas duras (Ixodidae), con discusión sobre hipótesis sobre evolución de las garrapatas
'Universidad Nacional del Litoral', 2017Co-Authors: Guglielmone, Alberto Alejandro, Nava SantiagoAbstract:The relationship between birds (Aves) and hard ticks (Ixodidae) was analyzed for the 386 of 725 tick extant species whose larva, nymph and adults are known as well as their natural hosts. A total of 136 (54 Prostriata= Ixodes, 82 Metastriata= all other genera) are frequently found on Aves, but only 32 species (1 associated with Palaeognathae, 31 with Neognathae) have all parasitic stages feeding on birds: 25 Ixodes (19% of the species analyzed for this genus), 6 Haemaphysalis (7%) and 1 species of Amblyomma (2%). The species of Amblyomma feeds on marine birds (MB), the six Haemaphysalis are parasites of non-marine birds (NMB), and 14 of the 25 Ixodes feed on NMB, one feeds on NMB and MB, and ten on MB. The Australasian Ixodes + I. uriae clade probably originated at an uncertain time from the late Triassic to the early Cretaceous. It is speculated that Prostriata first hosts were Gondwanan theropod dinosaurs in an undetermined place before Pangaea break up; alternatively, if ancestral monotromes were involved in its evolution an Australasian origin of Prostriata seems plausible. As for Prostriata the Motherland of Ixodida is probably Gondwana.En esta revisión se analizó la relación entre aves y garrapatas duras (Ixodidae) para las 386 de 725 especies de garrapatas que utilizan aves como hospedadores para larvas, ninfas y adultos. Un total de 136 especies (54 Prostriata= Ixodes, 82 Metastriata= restantes géneros) son frecuentemente encontradas sobre aves, pero solo 32 especies (1 asociada con Palaeognathae, 31 con Neognathae) tienen ciclos donde todos los estadios se alimentan sobre aves: 25 Ixodes (19% de las especies analizadas para este género), 6 Haemaphysalis (7% del total) y 1 especie de Amblyomma (2% del total). Las especies de Amblyomma se alimentan sobre aves marinas (MB), las seis de Haemaphysalis son parásitas de aves no-marinas (NMB), y 14 de las 25 especies de Ixodes se alimentan sobre NMB, una sobre NMB y MB, y diez sobre MB. El clado de Australasia Ixodes + I. uriae probablemente se originó entre el fin del Triásico y comienzos del Cretácico. Se especula que los primeros hospedadores de Prostriata fueron dinosaurios terópodos con distribución Gondwánica; alternativamente, si monotremas ancestrales estuvieron involucrados en su evolución, un origen de Prostriata en Australasia es plausible. Al igual que para Prostriata, el área de origen de Ixodida es probablemente Gondwana.Fil: Guglielmone, Alberto Alejandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Nava, Santiago. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentin
