Head Louse

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Ian F. Burgess - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Can neem oil help eliminate lice? Randomised controlled trial with and without Louse combing
    Advances in Pediatric Research, 2020
    Co-Authors: Christine M Brown, Ian F. Burgess
    Abstract:

    Background: Neem oil and wet combing with conditioner are both claimed to facilitate elimination of Head Louse infestation. The aim of this pilot study was to identify whether a 1% neem oil lotion showed activity itself and/or enhanced the effectiveness of combing in treating infestation. Methods: We treated 47 participants with 1% neem-based lotion on four occasions 3-4 days apart in a randomised, community based trial, analysed by intention to treat. The participants were randomly divided between two groups: One group used a grooming comb (placebo) and the other a Head Louse detection and removal comb (wet combing with conditioner method) to systematically comb the hair. Cure was defined as no lice on both Day 10 and Day 14. Results: The cure rates of 6/24 (25.0%) for the placebo comb group and 8/23 (34.8%) for the Louse comb group were not significantly different. Conclusion: These results indicate that this formulation of neem oil was ineffective in the treatment of Head Louse infestations, even when accompanied by combing. Both combing methods were also ineffective, despite being implemented throughout by trained professionals.

  • a cosmetically acceptable dye product to improve detection of Head Louse eggs and nits
    Cosmetics, 2020
    Co-Authors: Elizabeth R Brunton, Mark N Burgess, Ian P Whelan, Ian F. Burgess
    Abstract:

    Removing Head Louse eggshells and nits after a successful pediculicide treatment is often made more difficult because it is not easy to see them all amongst the hairs. Therefore, a treatment that makes Louse eggs more visible potentially makes the task of removal easier and reduces the risk that children would be sent home from school or over-treated. This project involved the development of a hair treatment gel concept that was easy to apply, wash out, and that stained Louse eggs and nits but without staining the hair and skin. A series of food-grade dyes were evaluated for their ability to stain the eggshells, and various copolymer-based rheology modifiers were tested for dye compatibility and stability. Several dyes were rejected because either they failed to stain Louse eggshells or else stained skin too easily. Two dyes, Patent Blue and Ponceau 4R, were eventually selected for different product developments, one specifically for post-treatment nit removal and the other for pre-treatment diagnosis. In clinical field studies, both were found to make the treated eggshells contrast sufficiently with the hair to enable identification of persistent nits. Use of a nit stain product can enable easier detection of Louse eggs and nits, thus facilitating the removal process and reducing the risk that persistent eggshells could be mistaken for signs of a continuing infestation.

  • can Head Louse repellents really work field studies of piperonal 2 spray
    PeerJ, 2014
    Co-Authors: Ian F. Burgess, Christine M Brown, Nazma A Burgess, Judith Kaufman
    Abstract:

    Background. Many families find regular checking of children’s Heads for Head Louse infestation too onerous and would prefer to be able to prevent infestation by use of a topical application that deters lice from infesting the Head. Identification in the laboratory of a repellent activity for piperonal provided the basis for developing a spray product to repel lice. Methods. A proof of principle field study in Dhaka, Bangladesh, compared the e ff ect of using 2% piperonal spray with that of a placebo in 105 children and adults from three communities with infestation levels close to 100%. All participants were treated for infestation and subsequent incidence of reinfestation monitored daily by investigators. A second randomised, controlled, double blind, study in North London, UK, evaluated the eff ect of the product in normal use. One hundred and sixty-three children from schools with a high level (20–25%) of infestation were treated and confirmed Louse free and randomly divided between 2% piperonal, a placebo spray, and a control group for up to 22 weeks. Parents applied the spray and monitored for infestation. Regular investigator visits confirmed the parental monitoring and replenished supplies of spray. Results. In Dhaka, over 18 days there were only 4 infestations in the piperonal group and 8 in the placebo group. This diff erence was not significant (p = 0.312). In North London, there were 41 cases of infestation over the course of the study. Although there were fewer infestations in the piperonal group, analysis of time to first infestation showed a no significant (p = 0.4368) diff erence between groups. Conclusion. Routine use of 2% piperonal spray in communities with a high prevalence of Head Louse infestation may provide some protection from infestation. However, the diff erence between use of the product and no active intervention was suffi ciently small that regular checking for presence of lice is likely to be a more practical and cost eff ective approach to prevention of infestation.

  • Can Head Louse repellents really work? Field studies of piperonal 2% spray
    2014
    Co-Authors: Ian F. Burgess, Christine M Brown, Nazma A Burgess, Judith Kaufman
    Abstract:

    Background: Many families find regular checking of children’s Heads for Head Louse infestation too onerous and would prefer to be able to prevent infestation by use of a topical application that deters lice from infesting the Head. Identification in the laboratory of a repellent activity for piperonal provided the basis for developing a spray product to repel lice. Methods: A proof of principle field study in Dhaka, Bangladesh, compared the effect of using 2% piperonal spray with that of a placebo in 105 children and adults from three communities with infestation levels close to 100%. All participants were treated for infestation and subsequent incidence of reinfestation monitored daily by investigators. A second randomised, controlled, double blind, study in North London, UK, evaluated the effect of the product in normal use. One hundred and sixty-three children from schools with a high level (20-25%) of infestation were treated and confirmed Louse free and randomly divided between 2% piperonal, a placebo spray, and a control group for up to 22 weeks. Parents applied the spray and monitored for infestation. Regular investigator visits confirmed the parental monitoring and replenished supplies of spray. Results: In Dhaka, over 18 days there were only 4 infestations in the piperonal group and 8 in the placebo group. This difference was not significant (p = 0.312). In North London, there were 41 cases of infestation over the course of the study. Analysis of time to first infestation showed a non-significant (p = 0.4368) trend in favour of piperonal. Conclusion: Routine use of 2% piperonal spray in communities with a high prevalence of Head Louse infestation may provide some protection from infestation. However, the difference between use of the product and no active intervention was sufficiently small that regular checking for presence of lice is likely to be a more practical and cost effective approach to prevention of infestation.

  • Tocopheryl acetate 20% spray for elimination of Head Louse infestation: a randomised controlled trial comparing with 1% permethrin creme rinse.
    BMC Clinical Pharmacology, 2013
    Co-Authors: Ian F. Burgess, Nazma A Burgess, Elizabeth R Brunton
    Abstract:

    Background Tocopheryl acetate is viscous oily fluid used in a range of preparations for skin and scalp care in Italy. Observational and in vitro data have suggested a high level of efficacy against Head Louse infestation. The purpose of this investigation was to confirm the activity of tocopheryl acetate in a clinical setting in comparison with a standard widely used preparation.

Elizabeth R Brunton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Nazma A Burgess - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • can Head Louse repellents really work field studies of piperonal 2 spray
    PeerJ, 2014
    Co-Authors: Ian F. Burgess, Christine M Brown, Nazma A Burgess, Judith Kaufman
    Abstract:

    Background. Many families find regular checking of children’s Heads for Head Louse infestation too onerous and would prefer to be able to prevent infestation by use of a topical application that deters lice from infesting the Head. Identification in the laboratory of a repellent activity for piperonal provided the basis for developing a spray product to repel lice. Methods. A proof of principle field study in Dhaka, Bangladesh, compared the e ff ect of using 2% piperonal spray with that of a placebo in 105 children and adults from three communities with infestation levels close to 100%. All participants were treated for infestation and subsequent incidence of reinfestation monitored daily by investigators. A second randomised, controlled, double blind, study in North London, UK, evaluated the eff ect of the product in normal use. One hundred and sixty-three children from schools with a high level (20–25%) of infestation were treated and confirmed Louse free and randomly divided between 2% piperonal, a placebo spray, and a control group for up to 22 weeks. Parents applied the spray and monitored for infestation. Regular investigator visits confirmed the parental monitoring and replenished supplies of spray. Results. In Dhaka, over 18 days there were only 4 infestations in the piperonal group and 8 in the placebo group. This diff erence was not significant (p = 0.312). In North London, there were 41 cases of infestation over the course of the study. Although there were fewer infestations in the piperonal group, analysis of time to first infestation showed a no significant (p = 0.4368) diff erence between groups. Conclusion. Routine use of 2% piperonal spray in communities with a high prevalence of Head Louse infestation may provide some protection from infestation. However, the diff erence between use of the product and no active intervention was suffi ciently small that regular checking for presence of lice is likely to be a more practical and cost eff ective approach to prevention of infestation.

  • Can Head Louse repellents really work? Field studies of piperonal 2% spray
    2014
    Co-Authors: Ian F. Burgess, Christine M Brown, Nazma A Burgess, Judith Kaufman
    Abstract:

    Background: Many families find regular checking of children’s Heads for Head Louse infestation too onerous and would prefer to be able to prevent infestation by use of a topical application that deters lice from infesting the Head. Identification in the laboratory of a repellent activity for piperonal provided the basis for developing a spray product to repel lice. Methods: A proof of principle field study in Dhaka, Bangladesh, compared the effect of using 2% piperonal spray with that of a placebo in 105 children and adults from three communities with infestation levels close to 100%. All participants were treated for infestation and subsequent incidence of reinfestation monitored daily by investigators. A second randomised, controlled, double blind, study in North London, UK, evaluated the effect of the product in normal use. One hundred and sixty-three children from schools with a high level (20-25%) of infestation were treated and confirmed Louse free and randomly divided between 2% piperonal, a placebo spray, and a control group for up to 22 weeks. Parents applied the spray and monitored for infestation. Regular investigator visits confirmed the parental monitoring and replenished supplies of spray. Results: In Dhaka, over 18 days there were only 4 infestations in the piperonal group and 8 in the placebo group. This difference was not significant (p = 0.312). In North London, there were 41 cases of infestation over the course of the study. Analysis of time to first infestation showed a non-significant (p = 0.4368) trend in favour of piperonal. Conclusion: Routine use of 2% piperonal spray in communities with a high prevalence of Head Louse infestation may provide some protection from infestation. However, the difference between use of the product and no active intervention was sufficiently small that regular checking for presence of lice is likely to be a more practical and cost effective approach to prevention of infestation.

  • tocopheryl acetate 20 spray for elimination of Head Louse infestation a randomised controlled trial comparing with 1 permethrin creme rinse
    BMC Clinical Pharmacology, 2013
    Co-Authors: Ian F. Burgess, Nazma A Burgess, Elizabeth R Brunton
    Abstract:

    Background Tocopheryl acetate is viscous oily fluid used in a range of preparations for skin and scalp care in Italy. Observational and in vitro data have suggested a high level of efficacy against Head Louse infestation. The purpose of this investigation was to confirm the activity of tocopheryl acetate in a clinical setting in comparison with a standard widely used preparation.

  • Tocopheryl acetate 20% spray for elimination of Head Louse infestation: a randomised controlled trial comparing with 1% permethrin creme rinse.
    BMC Clinical Pharmacology, 2013
    Co-Authors: Ian F. Burgess, Nazma A Burgess, Elizabeth R Brunton
    Abstract:

    Background Tocopheryl acetate is viscous oily fluid used in a range of preparations for skin and scalp care in Italy. Observational and in vitro data have suggested a high level of efficacy against Head Louse infestation. The purpose of this investigation was to confirm the activity of tocopheryl acetate in a clinical setting in comparison with a standard widely used preparation.

  • single application of 4 dimeticone liquid gel versus two applications of 1 permethrin creme rinse for treatment of Head Louse infestation a randomised controlled trial
    BMC Dermatology, 2013
    Co-Authors: Ian F. Burgess, Elizabeth R Brunton, Nazma A Burgess
    Abstract:

    Background A previous study indicated that a single application of 4% dimeticone liquid gel was effective in treating Head Louse infestation. This study was designed to confirm this in comparison with two applications of 1% permethrin.

Padet Siriyasatien - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Molecular survey of the Head Louse Pediculus humanus capitis in Thailand and its potential role for transmitting Acinetobacter spp.
    Parasites & Vectors, 2015
    Co-Authors: Sakone Sunantaraporn, Apiwat Tawatsin, Vivornpun Sanprasert, Theerakamol Pengsakul, Atchara Phumee, Rungfar Boonserm, Usavadee Thavara, Padet Siriyasatien
    Abstract:

    Background Head Louse infestation, which is caused by Pediculus humanus capitis, occurs throughout the world. With the advent of molecular techniques, Head lice have been classified into three clades. Recent reports have demonstrated that pathogenic organisms could be found in Head lice. Head lice and their pathogenic bacteria in Thailand have never been investigated. In this study, we determined the genetic diversity of Head lice collected from various areas of Thailand and demonstrated the presence of Acinetobacter spp. in Head lice. Methods Total DNA was extracted from 275 Head Louse samples that were collected from several geographic regions of Thailand. PCR was used to amplify the Head Louse COI gene and for detection of Bartonella spp. and Acinetobacter spp. The amplified PCR amplicons were cloned and sequenced. The DNA sequences were analyzed via the neighbor-joining method using Kimura’s 2-parameter model. Results The phylogenetic tree based on the COI gene revealed that Head lice in Thailand are clearly classified into two clades (A and C). Bartonella spp. was not detected in all the samples, whereas Acinetobacter spp. was detected in 10 samples (3.62%), which consisted of A. baumannii (1.45%), A. radioresistens (1.45%), and A. schindleri (0.72%). The relationship of Acinetobacter spp. and the Head lice clades showed that Acinetobacter spp. was found in clade A and C. Conclusions Head lice in Thailand are classified into clade A and B based on the COI gene sequences. Pathogenic Acinetobacter spp. was detected in both clades. The data obtained from the study might assist in the development of effective strategies for Head lice control in the future. Detection of pathogenic bacteria in Head lice could raise awareness of Head lice as a source of nosocomial bacterial infections.

  • molecular survey of the Head Louse pediculus humanus capitis in thailand and its potential role for transmitting acinetobacter spp
    Parasites & Vectors, 2015
    Co-Authors: Sakone Sunantaraporn, Apiwat Tawatsin, Vivornpun Sanprasert, Theerakamol Pengsakul, Atchara Phumee, Rungfar Boonserm, Usavadee Thavara, Padet Siriyasatien
    Abstract:

    Head Louse infestation, which is caused by Pediculus humanus capitis, occurs throughout the world. With the advent of molecular techniques, Head lice have been classified into three clades. Recent reports have demonstrated that pathogenic organisms could be found in Head lice. Head lice and their pathogenic bacteria in Thailand have never been investigated. In this study, we determined the genetic diversity of Head lice collected from various areas of Thailand and demonstrated the presence of Acinetobacter spp. in Head lice. Total DNA was extracted from 275 Head Louse samples that were collected from several geographic regions of Thailand. PCR was used to amplify the Head Louse COI gene and for detection of Bartonella spp. and Acinetobacter spp. The amplified PCR amplicons were cloned and sequenced. The DNA sequences were analyzed via the neighbor-joining method using Kimura’s 2-parameter model. The phylogenetic tree based on the COI gene revealed that Head lice in Thailand are clearly classified into two clades (A and C). Bartonella spp. was not detected in all the samples, whereas Acinetobacter spp. was detected in 10 samples (3.62%), which consisted of A. baumannii (1.45%), A. radioresistens (1.45%), and A. schindleri (0.72%). The relationship of Acinetobacter spp. and the Head lice clades showed that Acinetobacter spp. was found in clade A and C. Head lice in Thailand are classified into clade A and B based on the COI gene sequences. Pathogenic Acinetobacter spp. was detected in both clades. The data obtained from the study might assist in the development of effective strategies for Head lice control in the future. Detection of pathogenic bacteria in Head lice could raise awareness of Head lice as a source of nosocomial bacterial infections.

Marshall J Clark - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • identification and characterization of an esterase involved in malathion resistance in the Head Louse pediculus humanus capitis
    Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Deok Ho Kwon, Kyong Sup Yoon, Marshall J Clark
    Abstract:

    Abstract Enhanced malathion carboxylesterase (MCE) activity was previously reported to be involved in malathion resistance in the Head Louse Pediculus humanus capitis (Gao et al., 2006 [8]). To identify MCE, the transcriptional profiles of all five esterases that had been annotated to be catalytically active were determined and compared between the malathion-resistant (BR-HL) and malathion-susceptible (KR-HL) strains of Head lice. An esterase gene, designated HLCbE3, exhibited approximately 5.4-fold higher transcription levels, whereas remaining four esterases did not exhibit a significant increase in their transcription in BR-HL, indicating that HLCbE3 may be the putative MCE. Comparison of the entire cDNA sequences of HLCbE3 revealed no sequence differences between the BR-HL and KR-HL strains and suggested that no single nucleotide polymorphism is associated with enhanced MCE activity. Two copies of the HLCbE3 gene were observed in BR-HL, implying that the over-transcription of HLCbE3 is due to the combination of a gene duplication and up-regulated transcription. Knockdown of HLCbE3 expression by RNA interference in the BR-HL strain led to increases in malathion susceptibility, confirming the identity of HLCbE3 as a MCE responsible for malathion resistance in the Head Louse. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that HLCbE3 is a typical dietary esterase and belongs to a clade containing various MCEs involved in malathion resistance.

  • ovicidal response of nyda formulations on the human Head Louse anoplura pediculidae using a hair tuft bioassay
    Journal of Medical Entomology, 2012
    Co-Authors: Joseph P Strycharz, Annamaria Alves, Marshall J Clark
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACT Using the in vitro rearing system in conjunction with the hair tuft bioassay, NYDA and NYDA without fragrances formulations (92% wt:wt dimeticones) were 100% ovicidal (0% of treated eggs hatched) after an 8-h exposure of the eggs of the human Head Louse (Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer) following the manufacturer's instructions. Comparatively, 78 and 66% of eggs similarly exposed hatched after distilled deionized water or Nix (1% permethrin) treatments, respectively. NYDA and NYDA without fragrances formulations were also statistically and substantially more ovicidal than either distilled deionized water or Nix treatments after 10, 30 min, and 1 h exposures. Only the 10 min exposure of eggs to NYDA and NYDA without fragrances formulations resulted in hatched lice that survived to adulthood (5–8% survival). Of the lice that hatched from eggs exposed to NYDA formulations for 10 min, there were no significant differences in the time it took them to become adults, female fecundity or the viability ...

  • esterase mediated malathion resistance in the human Head Louse pediculus capitis anoplura pediculidae
    Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 2006
    Co-Authors: Kyong Sup Yoon, Richard K Frisbie, G C Coles, Marshall J Clark
    Abstract:

    Resistance in a dual malathion- and permethrin-resistant Head Louse strain (BR-HL) was studied. BR-HL was 3.6- and 3.7-fold more resistant to malathion and permethrin, respectively, compared to insecticide-susceptible EC-HL. S,S,S-Tributylphosphorotrithioate synergized malathion toxicity by 2.1-fold but not permethrin toxicity in BR-HL. Piperonyl butoxide did not synergize malathion or permethrin toxicity. Malathion carboxylesterase (MCE) activity was 13.3-fold and general esterase activity was 3.9-fold higher in BRHL versus EC-HL. There were no significant differences in phosphotriesterase, glutathione S-transferase, and acetylcholinesterase activities between strains. There was no differential sensitivity in acetylcholinesterase inhibition by malaoxon. Esterases from BR-HL had higher affinities and hydrolysis efficiencies versus EC-HL using various naphthyl-substituted esters. Protein content of BR-HL females and males was 1.6- and 1.3-fold higher, respectively, versus EC-HL adults. Electrophoresis revealed two esterases with increased intensity and a unique esterase associated with BR-HL. Thus, increased MCE activity and over-expressed esterases appear to be involved in malathion resistance in the Head Louse.

  • increased frequency of the t929i and l932f mutations associated with knockdown resistance in permethrin resistant populations of the human Head Louse pediculus capitis from california florida and texas
    Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 2003
    Co-Authors: Kyong Sup Yoon, David Taplin, John D Edman, Miwa Takanolee, Terri L Meinking, Marshall J Clark
    Abstract:

    The resistance levels of different human Head Louse populations from the USA to 1% permethrin were evaluated using permethrin-impregnated, filter paper disk-contact bioassay. Populations from southern California, south Florida and south central Texas showed 1.5-, 3.1-, and 1.5- to 5.1-fold resistance compared to insecticide-susceptible Head Louse populations from Panama or Ecuador. Permethrin-resistant or permethrin-susceptible homozygous or heterozygous genotypes were determined from sequences of PCR-amplified genomic DNA fragments of the voltage-sensitive sodium channel α-subunit gene by the presence of a T or C, or both, respectively, at nucleotide positions 36 and 44 in the sequence. The presence of a T at both these positions resulted in the amino acid substitutions, T929I and L932F, respectively. Of the 424 Louse samples examined that had the T929I mutation, all also possessed the L932F mutation, indicating that the two mutations were tightly linked. The southern California population was phenotypically determined by bioassay to be comprised of 45% resistant individuals and had a resistant allele frequency of 0.53 by DNA sequence analysis. The south Florida population was phenotypically determined to consist of 87% resistant individuals and had a resistant allele frequency of 0.97. The four Texas populations varied in the level of resistance and in resistant allele frequency. The Mathis population was phenotypically determined to consist of 15% resistant individuals and had a resistant allele frequency of 0.33. However, the populations from San Antonio, Mansfield, and Corpus Christi were likewise phenotyped to have 91%, 94%, and 100%, respectively, resistant individuals and a 0.98, 1.00 and 1.00, respectively, resistant allele frequency. The log survival time versus logit mortality regression lines of susceptible-homozygotes, resistant-homozygotes, and heterozygotes determined that the resistance trait was complete recessive. Thus, the presence of homozygotes of the T929I and L932F mutations in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel correlated well with increased survival time following exposure to permethrin and indicates that a knockdown-type nerve insensitivity mechanism is functioning as the major mechanism causing permethrin resistance in USA Head Louse populations. Our results substantiate that permethrin resistance in human Head Louse population in the USA is widespread but variable. Permethrin resistance is highly correlated with the presence of the T929I and L932F point mutations, which are suitable for detection by a variety of DNA-based diagnostic techniques [Pest Manag. Sci. 57 (2001) 968]. Large-scale monitoring of permethrin resistance is possible utilizing these techniques and would provide critical information necessary for the development of an effective resistance management program for pediculosis.

  • sodium channel mutations associated with knockdown resistance in the human Head Louse pediculus capitis de geer
    Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 2003
    Co-Authors: Kyong Sup Yoon, Kosta Y Mumcuoglu, David Taplin, John D Edman, Miwa Takanolee, Marshall J Clark
    Abstract:

    Pyrethroid resistance in human Head Louse populations is widespread in the United States and worldwide. We previously documented that the knockdown resistance of permethrin-resistant Head Louse populations is associated with the T929I and L932F (T917I and L920F in the numbering of the Louse amino acid sequence) mutations in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel α-subunit gene. In order to identify additional sodium channel mutations potentially associated with knockdown resistance, we cloned and sequenced full-length cDNA fragments from insecticide-susceptible (Ecuador) and permethrin-resistant (Florida) Head Louse populations and from an insecticide-susceptible body Louse population (Israel). Sequence comparisons of the complete open reading frames of the sodium channel genes identified one additional novel mutation (M815I), which was located in the IIS1-2 extracellular loop of the α-subunit, from the permethrin-resistant Head Louse population. Absolute conservation of the Met815 residue at the corresponding positions within sodium channels from all known susceptible populations of insect species implied that the M815I mutation likely has a functional significance in resistance. Sequence analyses of cloned cDNA fragments and genomic DNA fragments from individual Louse samples, both containing the three mutation sites, confirmed that all the mutations exist en bloc as a haplotype. Northern blot analysis identified a single 7.2 kb transcript. The comparison of complete open reading frame sequences (6156 bp) of sodium channel gene between Head and body lice revealed 26 polymorphic nucleotides, of which only one resulted in a conservative amino acid substitution (glutamic versus aspartic acid at 11th amino acid position). The virtual identity in nucleotide sequences indicated that both body and Head lice are conspecific, and lends justification of the use of the body Louse as a surrogate organism for the Head Louse in biochemical and molecular biology studies. Conserved point mutations resulting in knockdown resistance to the pyrethrins, the pyrethroids, and DDT are suitable for detection by various DNA-diagnostic protocols for monitoring and resistance management.

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