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Mario E. Mellado - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A Posteriori Analysis of Analytical Models for Heap Leaching Using Uncertainty and Global Sensitivity Analyses
Minerals, 2018Co-Authors: Mario E. Mellado, Edelmira D. Gálvez, Luis A. Cisternas, Freddy A. Lucay, Felipe D. SepúlvedaAbstract:The Heap Leaching of minerals is one of the more commonly used processes in the mining industry. This process has been modeled by many authors. However, the validation, verification, and implementation of these models are difficult since there is uncertainty about the operating conditions and the Leaching model parameters. This work uses the uncertainty quantification, based on uncertainty and sensitivity analysis, for studying the model strength against uncertainties in Heap Leaching. The uncertainty analysis (UA) is used to quantify the effect of the magnitude of the uncertainties of the input variables on the recovery of Heap Leaching. Global sensitivity analysis (GSA) is used to study the nature of connections between the recovery and input variables of the Leaching model. In addition, GSA facilitates the detection of whether a Leaching model is over-parameterized. The information obtained allows studying some applications of the kinetic model. The Mellado et al. kinetic model is used as an example. The UA results indicate that the kinetic model can estimate the recovery behavior considering the full range of uncertainties of input variables. The GSA indicates that the kinetic model is over-parameterized on the uncertainties range considered; this conclusion contradicts the results when the local sensitivity analysis is used. However, the model shows a good correlation between the results of GSA and the kinetic behavior of Heap Leaching. In addition, the kinetic model presents versatility because it allows the determination of operating regions for Heap Leaching.
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Optimal design and planning of Heap Leaching process. Application to copper oxide Leaching
Chemical Engineering Research & Design, 2014Co-Authors: Jorcy Y. Trujillo, Luis A. Cisternas, Edelmira D. Gálvez, Mario E. MelladoAbstract:Abstract Although the process of Heap Leaching is an established technology for treating minerals, such as copper, gold, silver, uranium and saltpeter, as well as remediating soil, no studies to date have investigated process optimization. This work presents a methodology for the design and planning of Heap Leaching systems to optimize the process. This methodology consists of the creation of a superstructure that represents a set of alternatives to search for the optimal solution; from this superstructure, a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model was generated, and a BARON-GAMS solver was used to find the optimal solution. This method was applied to the extraction of copper from systems with one, two and three Heaps, and the effects of copper price, ore grade and other variables were analyzed for each system. From the results, it can be concluded that this methodology can be used to optimize Heap Leaching processes, including planning and design issues.
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Heap Leaching of caliche minerals phenomenological and analytical models some comparisons
Minerals Engineering, 2012Co-Authors: Edelmira D. Gálvez, Mario E. Mellado, Luis Moreno, Javier I Ordonez, Luis A. CisternasAbstract:Antofagasta, Chile, has one of the most important deposits of saltpetre in the world, which is called caliche. These deposits are mainly composed of nitrate, halite, sodium anorthite, and quartz. Minor species include anhydrite, glauberite, loeweite, calcite, polyhalite, probertite, and gypsum. Recently, several operations began to use Heap Leaching for the extraction of saltpetre. Modelling the Heap Leaching of caliche is not straightforward because of the many minerals and their different dissolution rates. Moreover, caliche may have a large fraction of soluble minerals, approximately 40%, which causes the Heap to slump. In this work, we present two models. The first, which is a phenomenological model, is an extension of the model published by Valencia et al. (2008). The system is modelled as a column comprised of N small columns, and in each of these small columns, the height of the solids varies with time when the soluble minerals are dissolved. The liquid in each small column has the same composition (well-stirred reactor). The second model, which is an analytical model, is an extension of that published by Mellado et al. (2009) for low-grade minerals, such as copper and gold, which considers that the Leaching phenomenon occurs on different scales of size and time. However, in this work, the time scale at the particle level is based on the Bruner and Tolloczko dissolution model. The objective of this work is to test the suitability of the analytical model as a tool for use in optimisation, for which the model needs to be solved many times. The phenomenological model was used to generate simulated experimental data. The results show that the analytical model may be a useful tool in optimisation.
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A posteriori analysis of analytical models for Heap Leaching
Mining Metallurgy & Exploration, 2012Co-Authors: Mario E. Mellado, Edelmira D. Gálvez, Luis A. Cisternas, J. OrdóñezAbstract:In this paper, we present an a posteriori validation of a Heap Leaching analytical model using sensitivity analysis. The model is suitable to represent the process of Heap Leaching of solid reactants from porous pellets and is based on a combination of the Leaching kinetics at two levels: particle and Heap. The validation is simple, and a sensitivity analysis can easily be performed. The simplicity of the analysis provides insight into the control and optimization of the Heap Leaching process without strong mathematical complexities. The model and the corresponding sensitivity analysis include the effects of Heap height, particle sizes, flow rates and several operation-design variables. Using a case study, we discuss the importance of model validation based on sensitivity analysis. We also comment on several choices for optimizing the process. We had three goals in this work: a posteriori validation, highlighting the importance of model validation and providing insight into optimization choices. We can conclude that the model has good internal logic and there are no extra variables; i.e., all of the variables in the model are necessary.
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Stochastic analysis of Heap Leaching process via analytical models
Minerals Engineering, 2012Co-Authors: Mario E. Mellado, Edelmira D. Gálvez, Luis A. CisternasAbstract:Abstract Heap Leaching is a technology for which there is great interest in developing mathematical models that allow one to simulate, design and optimise the underlying process. Recently, the authors have presented analytical models for Heap Leaching that describe time scales for the particle and the Heap in a rather simple model but with enough accuracy to be applied in the planning, optimisation, control and design of Heap Leaching. The simplicity of these models allows us to overcome the mathematical complexities of partial differential equation-based models and the error of empirical models. In this work, we present these analytical models, and then show how uncertainty in the input variables and parameters affects the response of the process by comparing the response curve with fixed parameters to the ones with uncertainty. Here we present simulation experiments of Heap Leaching processes under uncertainties based upon analytical models and using Monte Carlo techniques. We conclude that, in some cases, there exists an important influence of the input variables’ uncertainty on the response of the Heap Leaching process.
Luis A. Cisternas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A Posteriori Analysis of Analytical Models for Heap Leaching Using Uncertainty and Global Sensitivity Analyses
Minerals, 2018Co-Authors: Mario E. Mellado, Edelmira D. Gálvez, Luis A. Cisternas, Freddy A. Lucay, Felipe D. SepúlvedaAbstract:The Heap Leaching of minerals is one of the more commonly used processes in the mining industry. This process has been modeled by many authors. However, the validation, verification, and implementation of these models are difficult since there is uncertainty about the operating conditions and the Leaching model parameters. This work uses the uncertainty quantification, based on uncertainty and sensitivity analysis, for studying the model strength against uncertainties in Heap Leaching. The uncertainty analysis (UA) is used to quantify the effect of the magnitude of the uncertainties of the input variables on the recovery of Heap Leaching. Global sensitivity analysis (GSA) is used to study the nature of connections between the recovery and input variables of the Leaching model. In addition, GSA facilitates the detection of whether a Leaching model is over-parameterized. The information obtained allows studying some applications of the kinetic model. The Mellado et al. kinetic model is used as an example. The UA results indicate that the kinetic model can estimate the recovery behavior considering the full range of uncertainties of input variables. The GSA indicates that the kinetic model is over-parameterized on the uncertainties range considered; this conclusion contradicts the results when the local sensitivity analysis is used. However, the model shows a good correlation between the results of GSA and the kinetic behavior of Heap Leaching. In addition, the kinetic model presents versatility because it allows the determination of operating regions for Heap Leaching.
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Optimal design and planning of Heap Leaching process. Application to copper oxide Leaching
Chemical Engineering Research & Design, 2014Co-Authors: Jorcy Y. Trujillo, Luis A. Cisternas, Edelmira D. Gálvez, Mario E. MelladoAbstract:Abstract Although the process of Heap Leaching is an established technology for treating minerals, such as copper, gold, silver, uranium and saltpeter, as well as remediating soil, no studies to date have investigated process optimization. This work presents a methodology for the design and planning of Heap Leaching systems to optimize the process. This methodology consists of the creation of a superstructure that represents a set of alternatives to search for the optimal solution; from this superstructure, a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model was generated, and a BARON-GAMS solver was used to find the optimal solution. This method was applied to the extraction of copper from systems with one, two and three Heaps, and the effects of copper price, ore grade and other variables were analyzed for each system. From the results, it can be concluded that this methodology can be used to optimize Heap Leaching processes, including planning and design issues.
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Heap Leaching of caliche minerals phenomenological and analytical models some comparisons
Minerals Engineering, 2012Co-Authors: Edelmira D. Gálvez, Mario E. Mellado, Luis Moreno, Javier I Ordonez, Luis A. CisternasAbstract:Antofagasta, Chile, has one of the most important deposits of saltpetre in the world, which is called caliche. These deposits are mainly composed of nitrate, halite, sodium anorthite, and quartz. Minor species include anhydrite, glauberite, loeweite, calcite, polyhalite, probertite, and gypsum. Recently, several operations began to use Heap Leaching for the extraction of saltpetre. Modelling the Heap Leaching of caliche is not straightforward because of the many minerals and their different dissolution rates. Moreover, caliche may have a large fraction of soluble minerals, approximately 40%, which causes the Heap to slump. In this work, we present two models. The first, which is a phenomenological model, is an extension of the model published by Valencia et al. (2008). The system is modelled as a column comprised of N small columns, and in each of these small columns, the height of the solids varies with time when the soluble minerals are dissolved. The liquid in each small column has the same composition (well-stirred reactor). The second model, which is an analytical model, is an extension of that published by Mellado et al. (2009) for low-grade minerals, such as copper and gold, which considers that the Leaching phenomenon occurs on different scales of size and time. However, in this work, the time scale at the particle level is based on the Bruner and Tolloczko dissolution model. The objective of this work is to test the suitability of the analytical model as a tool for use in optimisation, for which the model needs to be solved many times. The phenomenological model was used to generate simulated experimental data. The results show that the analytical model may be a useful tool in optimisation.
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A posteriori analysis of analytical models for Heap Leaching
Mining Metallurgy & Exploration, 2012Co-Authors: Mario E. Mellado, Edelmira D. Gálvez, Luis A. Cisternas, J. OrdóñezAbstract:In this paper, we present an a posteriori validation of a Heap Leaching analytical model using sensitivity analysis. The model is suitable to represent the process of Heap Leaching of solid reactants from porous pellets and is based on a combination of the Leaching kinetics at two levels: particle and Heap. The validation is simple, and a sensitivity analysis can easily be performed. The simplicity of the analysis provides insight into the control and optimization of the Heap Leaching process without strong mathematical complexities. The model and the corresponding sensitivity analysis include the effects of Heap height, particle sizes, flow rates and several operation-design variables. Using a case study, we discuss the importance of model validation based on sensitivity analysis. We also comment on several choices for optimizing the process. We had three goals in this work: a posteriori validation, highlighting the importance of model validation and providing insight into optimization choices. We can conclude that the model has good internal logic and there are no extra variables; i.e., all of the variables in the model are necessary.
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Stochastic analysis of Heap Leaching process via analytical models
Minerals Engineering, 2012Co-Authors: Mario E. Mellado, Edelmira D. Gálvez, Luis A. CisternasAbstract:Abstract Heap Leaching is a technology for which there is great interest in developing mathematical models that allow one to simulate, design and optimise the underlying process. Recently, the authors have presented analytical models for Heap Leaching that describe time scales for the particle and the Heap in a rather simple model but with enough accuracy to be applied in the planning, optimisation, control and design of Heap Leaching. The simplicity of these models allows us to overcome the mathematical complexities of partial differential equation-based models and the error of empirical models. In this work, we present these analytical models, and then show how uncertainty in the input variables and parameters affects the response of the process by comparing the response curve with fixed parameters to the ones with uncertainty. Here we present simulation experiments of Heap Leaching processes under uncertainties based upon analytical models and using Monte Carlo techniques. We conclude that, in some cases, there exists an important influence of the input variables’ uncertainty on the response of the Heap Leaching process.
David G. Dixon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Thermophilic Heap Leaching of a chalcopyrite concentrate
Minerals Engineering, 2002Co-Authors: Jochen Petersen, David G. DixonAbstract:Abstract Thermophiles have been shown to be the only micro-organisms to leach chalcopyrite successfully. Heap Leaching may be a feasible alternative to conventional bio-reactors, providing a high temperature environment can be maintained within the Heap without external heating. In the present study thermophilic Heap Leaching of a chalcopyrite concentrate coated onto inert support rocks (the GEOCOAT™ process) was studied in sets of small heated columns. The temperature was gradually increased to 70 °C, while successively introducing various mesophile and thermophile cultures. Individual columns were dismantled after progressively longer leach periods and the residual concentrates analysed. Copper extractions in excess of 90% were achieved within 100 days. On the basis of head and residue analyses the rate of reaction heat generated was calculated. A comprehensive Heap heat conservation model was used to determine whether the experimental temperatures can be achieved and maintained in a full scale Heap. Results indicate that operating hot Heaps successfully is possible within a certain range of process parameters.
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analysis of heat conservation during copper sulphide Heap Leaching
Hydrometallurgy, 2000Co-Authors: David G. DixonAbstract:Abstract An analysis of heat conservation during copper sulphide Heap Leaching has been carried out with the aid of a computer model. As a result, a new mode of Heap behaviour called “evaporative autocatalysis” is postulated. In this mode, air is blown upward through the Heap at a rate sufficient to drive the net advection of heat upward through the Heap, resulting in much higher and more uniform internal Heap temperatures than can be achieved in the absence of forced aeration. The effects of flow rate, heat generation rate, solution and air heating, and application of an evaporation shield to the Heap surface are also investigated.
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modeling the cyanide Heap Leaching of cupriferous gold ores
Hydrometallurgy, 1999Co-Authors: Francois Coderre, David G. DixonAbstract:Abstract A kinetic and thermodynamic model of cyanide Heap Leaching of copper-bearing gold ores was developed in order to facilitate the evaluation and treatment of these complex ores [F. Coderre, Modeling the cyanide Heap Leaching of cupriferous gold ores. M.A.Sc. Thesis, U. British Columbia, 1998.]. In this first paper on the work, the behaviour of copper minerals in cyanide solutions is reviewed, and data from a series of laboratory column Leaching tests performed under different influent cyanide concentrations are presented and interpreted in support of model development. The cyanide Leaching is shown to occur in four distinct stages: (1) reductive dissolution of Cu(II) salts, during which copper and gold precipitate as cyanide salts, and no gold appears in the column effluent; (2) redissolution of the copper and gold cyanide precipitates; (3) Leaching of copper sulphide minerals and elemental gold; and (4) free cyanide breakthrough in the effluent, which is accompanied by the appearance of dissolved iron from the redissolution of metal hexacyanoferrates. During the Leaching step, it appears as if elemental gold dissolves in the absence of free cyanide, but that the copper sulphides do not.
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A mathematical model for Heap Leaching of one or more solid reactants from porous ore pellets
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B-process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science, 1993Co-Authors: David G. Dixon, James L. HendrixAbstract:A mathematical model is derived in dimensionless form for Heap Leaching of one or more solid reactants from nonreactive, porous, spherical ore particles. The model is for the interpretation of column and Heap Leaching data and for use in the design and scaleup of Heap Leaching pro-cesses. Data from experimental column Leaching tests are presented which validate the model. The scope of the present study is limited to the case where the rate-controlling reagent is a component of the lixiviant solution only and not of the gas phase. The effects of particle-scale kinetic factors, Heap scale and operating variables, competition between multiple solid reactants, and particle size distribution are examined using the concept of the Heap effectiveness factor. It is shown that Heaps operate either «homogeneously,» with distribution of reagent throughout the Heap at all times, or in a «zone-wise» manner, depending mostly on a single parameter. The observed value of this parameter deviates from the predicted value in inverse proportion to the degree of contact effectiveness between the lixiviant solution and the ore particles. A rough correlation between the contact effectiveness and Reynolds number is generated from the simulation of column test results.
Edelmira D. Gálvez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A Posteriori Analysis of Analytical Models for Heap Leaching Using Uncertainty and Global Sensitivity Analyses
Minerals, 2018Co-Authors: Mario E. Mellado, Edelmira D. Gálvez, Luis A. Cisternas, Freddy A. Lucay, Felipe D. SepúlvedaAbstract:The Heap Leaching of minerals is one of the more commonly used processes in the mining industry. This process has been modeled by many authors. However, the validation, verification, and implementation of these models are difficult since there is uncertainty about the operating conditions and the Leaching model parameters. This work uses the uncertainty quantification, based on uncertainty and sensitivity analysis, for studying the model strength against uncertainties in Heap Leaching. The uncertainty analysis (UA) is used to quantify the effect of the magnitude of the uncertainties of the input variables on the recovery of Heap Leaching. Global sensitivity analysis (GSA) is used to study the nature of connections between the recovery and input variables of the Leaching model. In addition, GSA facilitates the detection of whether a Leaching model is over-parameterized. The information obtained allows studying some applications of the kinetic model. The Mellado et al. kinetic model is used as an example. The UA results indicate that the kinetic model can estimate the recovery behavior considering the full range of uncertainties of input variables. The GSA indicates that the kinetic model is over-parameterized on the uncertainties range considered; this conclusion contradicts the results when the local sensitivity analysis is used. However, the model shows a good correlation between the results of GSA and the kinetic behavior of Heap Leaching. In addition, the kinetic model presents versatility because it allows the determination of operating regions for Heap Leaching.
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Optimal design and planning of Heap Leaching process. Application to copper oxide Leaching
Chemical Engineering Research & Design, 2014Co-Authors: Jorcy Y. Trujillo, Luis A. Cisternas, Edelmira D. Gálvez, Mario E. MelladoAbstract:Abstract Although the process of Heap Leaching is an established technology for treating minerals, such as copper, gold, silver, uranium and saltpeter, as well as remediating soil, no studies to date have investigated process optimization. This work presents a methodology for the design and planning of Heap Leaching systems to optimize the process. This methodology consists of the creation of a superstructure that represents a set of alternatives to search for the optimal solution; from this superstructure, a mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model was generated, and a BARON-GAMS solver was used to find the optimal solution. This method was applied to the extraction of copper from systems with one, two and three Heaps, and the effects of copper price, ore grade and other variables were analyzed for each system. From the results, it can be concluded that this methodology can be used to optimize Heap Leaching processes, including planning and design issues.
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Heap Leaching of caliche minerals phenomenological and analytical models some comparisons
Minerals Engineering, 2012Co-Authors: Edelmira D. Gálvez, Mario E. Mellado, Luis Moreno, Javier I Ordonez, Luis A. CisternasAbstract:Antofagasta, Chile, has one of the most important deposits of saltpetre in the world, which is called caliche. These deposits are mainly composed of nitrate, halite, sodium anorthite, and quartz. Minor species include anhydrite, glauberite, loeweite, calcite, polyhalite, probertite, and gypsum. Recently, several operations began to use Heap Leaching for the extraction of saltpetre. Modelling the Heap Leaching of caliche is not straightforward because of the many minerals and their different dissolution rates. Moreover, caliche may have a large fraction of soluble minerals, approximately 40%, which causes the Heap to slump. In this work, we present two models. The first, which is a phenomenological model, is an extension of the model published by Valencia et al. (2008). The system is modelled as a column comprised of N small columns, and in each of these small columns, the height of the solids varies with time when the soluble minerals are dissolved. The liquid in each small column has the same composition (well-stirred reactor). The second model, which is an analytical model, is an extension of that published by Mellado et al. (2009) for low-grade minerals, such as copper and gold, which considers that the Leaching phenomenon occurs on different scales of size and time. However, in this work, the time scale at the particle level is based on the Bruner and Tolloczko dissolution model. The objective of this work is to test the suitability of the analytical model as a tool for use in optimisation, for which the model needs to be solved many times. The phenomenological model was used to generate simulated experimental data. The results show that the analytical model may be a useful tool in optimisation.
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A posteriori analysis of analytical models for Heap Leaching
Mining Metallurgy & Exploration, 2012Co-Authors: Mario E. Mellado, Edelmira D. Gálvez, Luis A. Cisternas, J. OrdóñezAbstract:In this paper, we present an a posteriori validation of a Heap Leaching analytical model using sensitivity analysis. The model is suitable to represent the process of Heap Leaching of solid reactants from porous pellets and is based on a combination of the Leaching kinetics at two levels: particle and Heap. The validation is simple, and a sensitivity analysis can easily be performed. The simplicity of the analysis provides insight into the control and optimization of the Heap Leaching process without strong mathematical complexities. The model and the corresponding sensitivity analysis include the effects of Heap height, particle sizes, flow rates and several operation-design variables. Using a case study, we discuss the importance of model validation based on sensitivity analysis. We also comment on several choices for optimizing the process. We had three goals in this work: a posteriori validation, highlighting the importance of model validation and providing insight into optimization choices. We can conclude that the model has good internal logic and there are no extra variables; i.e., all of the variables in the model are necessary.
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Stochastic analysis of Heap Leaching process via analytical models
Minerals Engineering, 2012Co-Authors: Mario E. Mellado, Edelmira D. Gálvez, Luis A. CisternasAbstract:Abstract Heap Leaching is a technology for which there is great interest in developing mathematical models that allow one to simulate, design and optimise the underlying process. Recently, the authors have presented analytical models for Heap Leaching that describe time scales for the particle and the Heap in a rather simple model but with enough accuracy to be applied in the planning, optimisation, control and design of Heap Leaching. The simplicity of these models allows us to overcome the mathematical complexities of partial differential equation-based models and the error of empirical models. In this work, we present these analytical models, and then show how uncertainty in the input variables and parameters affects the response of the process by comparing the response curve with fixed parameters to the ones with uncertainty. Here we present simulation experiments of Heap Leaching processes under uncertainties based upon analytical models and using Monte Carlo techniques. We conclude that, in some cases, there exists an important influence of the input variables’ uncertainty on the response of the Heap Leaching process.
Marrufo Gallardo, José Eduar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Optimización de la recuperación del oro en el proceso de lixiviación en pilas (Heap Leaching), 2019
Universidad Privada del Norte, 2019Co-Authors: Marrufo Gallardo, José EduarAbstract:RESUMEN La lixiviación en pilas es uno de los varios métodos de proceso alternativos para tratar minerales de metales preciosos y se selecciona principalmente para aprovechar su bajo costo de capital en relación con otros métodos. El objetivo de la presente investigación optimizar la Recuperación del Oro en el Proceso de Lixiviación en Pilas (Heap Leaching). La investigación es de tipo Teórica – Descriptiva, en un principio las variables se observan y se describen tal como se presentan en su ambiente natural, esto es referente a los factores, parámetros y actividades tal y como se vienen operando en el proceso de Lixiviación en Pilas para la recuperación del oro. Su metodología es fundamentalmente descriptiva, se vale de elementos cuantitativos y cualitativos. En conclusión, se logró Optimizar la Recuperación del Oro en el Proceso de Lixiviación en Pilas (Heap Leaching), con el manejo de parámetros durante el proceso de lixiviación como la densidad de pulpa, tamaño de pulpa, concentraciones de cianuro, tamaño de partícula, control de minerales secundarios, control de acidificación (pH) con los cuales se obtuvieron mejoras óptimas de recuperación de oro
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Optimización de la recuperación del oro en el proceso de lixiviación en pilas (Heap Leaching), 2019
'Dipartimento di Economia Universita di Perugia (IT)', 2019Co-Authors: Marrufo Gallardo, José EduarAbstract:TesisLa lixiviación en pilas es uno de los varios métodos de proceso alternativos para tratar minerales de metales preciosos y se selecciona principalmente para aprovechar su bajo costo de capital en relación con otros métodos. El objetivo de la presente investigación optimizar la Recuperación del Oro en el Proceso de Lixiviación en Pilas (Heap Leaching). La investigación es de tipo Teórica – Descriptiva, en un principio las variables se observan y se describen tal como se presentan en su ambiente natural, esto es referente a los factores, parámetros y actividades tal y como se vienen operando en el proceso de Lixiviación en Pilas para la recuperación del oro. Su metodología es fundamentalmente descriptiva, se vale de elementos cuantitativos y cualitativos. En conclusión, se logró Optimizar la Recuperación del Oro en el Proceso de Lixiviación en Pilas (Heap Leaching), con el manejo de parámetros durante el proceso de lixiviación como la densidad de pulpa, tamaño de pulpa, concentraciones de cianuro, tamaño de partícula, control de minerales secundarios, control de acidificación (pH) con los cuales se obtuvieron mejoras óptimas de recuperación de oro. PALABRAS CLAVES: Optimización, recuperación del oro, Lixiviación en pilas
