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Christopher F. Sharpley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Heart Rate Reactivity and variability as psychophysiological links between stress anxiety depression and cardiovascular disease implications for health psychology interventions
Australian Psychologist, 2002Co-Authors: Christopher F. SharpleyAbstract:While there are some data indicating that health psychologists can assist with the rehabilitation and prevention of coronary Heart disease (CHD), most “psychological” interventions are aimed at variables that aresome causal distance from the actual end-organ itself (i.e., the Heart). However, medical focus is often towards physiological indices such as Heart Rate Reactivity (HRR) and Heart Rate variability (HRV) while under stress, because these have been shown to predict both gradual arterial deterioration and sudden death. These cardiovascular indices of coronary health may also be used as treatment variables within psychological interventions for stress, anxiety, and depression. This paper describes the links that HRR and HRV make between common “psychological” presenting problems of stress, anxiety, and depression, and the more life-threatening CHD. In addition, some suggestions for potential health psychological interventions in everyday practice are made, based on the wider literature on stress, anx...
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An Examination of the Relationship Between Resting Heart Rate Variability and Heart Rate Reactivity to a Mental Arithmetic Stressor
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 2000Co-Authors: Christopher F. Sharpley, Peter Kamen, Maria Galatsis, Rod Heppel, Charles Veivers, Kim ClausAbstract:Resting Heart Rate variability can be an index of sympathetic or parasympathetic dominance, according to the frequency of the variability studied. Sympathetic dominance of this system has been linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Similarly, rapid and dramatic increases in Heart Rate Reactivity to a stressor task have also been suggested as indicating increased risk of CVD via atherogenesis. Although both of these variables have been related to the development of cardiovascular disease, and both may be related to increased sympathetic activity or parasympathetic withdrawal, most research studies have tended to focus on either variable independently of the other. In order to investigate whether these two indices of stressor Reactivity were related in relatively young and healthy subjects, resting Heart Rate variability data were collected from 80 volunteers for 20 minutes. In addition, Heart Rate Reactivity data were collected during a 2-minute mental arithmetic stressor, which has been previously shown to induce significant increases in Heart Rate. After classifying subjects according to whether their Heart Rate variability data were above or below the mean for their gender, Heart Rate Reactivity data were examined via MANOVA to detect significant differences between subject groups. Females showed significant effects, and males showed nonsignificant trends, but these two sets of data were in different directions, suggesting that gender may be a confounding factor in the relationship between Heart Rate Reactivity and Heart Rate variability.
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differences between ecg and pulse when measuring Heart Rate and Reactivity under two physical and two psychological stressors
Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 1999Co-Authors: Christopher F. Sharpley, Jocelynne E GordonAbstract:To test the level of agreement of Heart Rate and Reactivity to stressor tasks as measured via noninvasive ECG and pulse, 38 healthy subjects underwent four stressor tasks: mental arithmetic, reaction time, cold pressor, and bicycling. Data on resting and stressor Heart Rate were collected via ECG and photoplethysmography, and Heart Rate Reactivity was calculated via five methods noted in the wider literature. Results indicated that, although resting Heart Rate values did not differ significantly across the two instruments, there were some significant differences in Heart Rate during certain periods of mental and physical stress Reactivity. Calculation of Heart Rate Reactivity revealed that there were few significant differences between data from the two measures but that the tasks themselves produced markedly different patterns of Reactivity, questionning assumptions underlying comparison of Reactivity data under different stress tasks. Implications for the assessment of Reactivity are discussed.
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Psychosocial Stress-Induced Heart Rate Reactivity and Atherogenesis: Cause or Correlation?
Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 1998Co-Authors: Christopher F. SharpleyAbstract:The relationship between Heart Rate Reactivity and atherogenesis is examined. Data from empirical studies are presented which support theoretical suggestions that it is the Heart Rate itself rather than the increase in Heart Rate following the onset of a stressor which is causally related to the development of arterial atherosclerosis. Several directions for research which will clarify this issue are discussed, with recent developments in the detection of atherosclerosis suggested as forming the basis of more reliable investigation of the effects of cardiac output variables upon arterial atherogenesis.
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differences in pulse Rate and Heart Rate and effects on the calculation of Heart Rate Reactivity during periods of mental stress
Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 1994Co-Authors: Christopher F. SharpleyAbstract:Heart Rate and Reactivity from pulse and ECG were compared over rest and mental arithmetic periods of 2-min duration each for 32 males and 50 females. Data from the two sources of Heart Rate were not significantly different during the rest period but did differ significantly during periods of Heart Rate acceleration and deceleration. Sex effects were also noted, with females having consistently higher Heart Rates from both sources of measurement. Calculation of Heart Rate Reactivity via five procedures based upon the wider literature revealed significant differences between data from different sources of Heart Rate. Implications for assessment of Heart Rate Reactivity to laboratory stressors are discussed, with suggestions for future research.
John T Cacioppo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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individual differences in the autonomic origins of Heart Rate Reactivity the psychometrics of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and preejection period
Psychophysiology, 1994Co-Authors: John T Cacioppo, Bert N Uchino, Gary G. BerntsonAbstract:: Heart Rate Reactivity has been conceptualized, at least implicitly, as a unidimensional construct ranging from low to high, reflecting individual differences in adrenergic Reactivity to daily stressors. However, an individual's classification as high in Heart Rate Reactivity ignores possible individual differences in the autonomic origins of this Reactivity. Sixty-eight women were exposed to orthostatic and speech stressors to determine the psychometric properties (postural stability, convergent and discriminant validity) of Heart Rate, preejection period, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Results revealed that (a) basal, stress, simple Reactivity (stress - baseline), and residualized change indices of Heart Rate, preejection period, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia were stable across postures and (b) Heart Rate Reactivity was significantly related to preejection period and respiratory sinus arrhythmia Reactivity, whereas the latter two measures were unrelated. Reactivity classifications may therefore be significantly improved by attention to concurrent estimates of the activity of both autonomic branches.
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the effects of an acute psychological stressor on cardiovascular endocrine and cellular immune response a prospective study of individuals high and low in Heart Rate Reactivity
Psychophysiology, 1994Co-Authors: Sandra A Sgoutasemch, Bert N Uchino, John T Cacioppo, William B Malarkey, Dennis K Pearl, Janice K Kiecoltglaser, Ronald GlaserAbstract:High and low reactors were preselected on the basis of their Heart Rate Reactivity to a speech stressor in a prescreening session. In the main study, subjects were exposed to a mental arithmetic plus noise stressor. Cardiovascular activity was recorded during baseline and stressor, and blood was drawn prior to and following the stressor for endocrine and immune assays. Results revealed that the stressor decreased the blastogenic response to concanavalin A and increased natural killer cell numbers and cytotoxicity, absolute numbers of CD8+ T-lymphocytes, norepinephrine and epinephrine levels, Heart Rate, and blood pressure responses. In addition, cortisol and natural killer cell cytotoxicity responses to the stressor differentiated individuals high versus low in Heart Rate Reactivity. These results suggest that the interactions among the autonomic nervous system, endocrine system, and immune system are not only amenable to psychophysiological analysis but that such analyses may play an important role in illuminating underlying mechanisms.
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social neuroscience autonomic neuroendocrine and immune responses to stress
Psychophysiology, 1994Co-Authors: John T CacioppoAbstract:The immune system is influenced by central nervous system processes that are shaped by social and psychological factors. Considerations of social factors, intrapersonal processes, and autonomic psychophysiology therefore may contribute to a fuller understanding of both immune and brain function. Research reviewed here (a) examines the socioemotional factors that contribute to, or modeRate, responses to brief and chronic stressors, (b) determines whether or not stable individual differences in Heart Rate Reactivity predict neuroendocrine and immune responses to a brief psychological stressor and to an influenza virus vaccine, and (c) investigates the autonomic origins of individual differences in low and high Heart Rate Reactivity and their relationship to neuroendocrine and immune responses to chronic and acute stressors. Among our findings are: (a) acute psychological stressors activate the sympathetic adrenomedullary system across individuals and affect immune function; and (b) individuals characterized by high sympathetic cardiac Reactivity to acute psychological stressors also show a relative activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical system and altered immune function.
Annie T Ginty - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Heart Rate Reactivity to acute psychological stress predicts higher levels of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms during the covid 19 pandemic
Psychosomatic Medicine, 2021Co-Authors: Annie T Ginty, Danielle A Young, Alexandra T Tyra, Page E Hurley, Ryan C Brindle, Sarah E WilliamsAbstract:OBJECTIVE: Increased autonomic arousal is a proposed risk factor for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Few studies have prospectively examined the association between physiological responses to acute psychological stress prior to a traumatic event with later PTSD symptoms. The present prospective study examined whether cardiovascular responses to an acute psychological stress task prior to the COVID-19 global pandemic predicted PTSD symptoms related to the ongoing pandemic. METHOD: Participants (N = 120) were a subsample of an ongoing research study. Phase 1 consisted of a 10-minute baseline and 4-minute acute psychological stress task with blood pressure and Heart Rate recorded throughout. Phase 2 was initiated two weeks after the COVID-19 pandemic declaration. Participants completed the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) with respect to the ongoing pandemic. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were used to examine whether cardiovascular stress Reactivity predicted COVID-19 PTSD symptoms. RESULTS: Heart Rate Reactivity significantly predicted IES-intrusion, b = -.208, t = -2.28, p = .025, DR = .041, CI: [-.021 - -.001] and IES-hyperarousal b = -.224, t = -2.54, p = .012, DR = .047, CI: [-0.22 - - .003], but not IES-avoidance (p = .077). These results remained statistically significant after adjustment for gender, socioeconomic status, baseline cardiovascular activity, neuroticism, race, ethnicity, body mass index, and adverse childhood experiences. There were no statistically significant associations between blood pressure with any of the IES-R subscales (p's > .12). CONCLUSIONS: Diminished Heart Rate responses (i.e., lower physiological arousal) to acute psychological stress prior to the COVID-19 pandemic significantly predicted reported PTSD symptoms during the crisis.
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diminished Heart Rate Reactivity to acute psychological stress is associated with enhanced carotid intima media thickness through adverse health behaviors
Psychophysiology, 2016Co-Authors: Annie T Ginty, Anna C Phillips, Douglas Carroll, Sarah E Williams, Alexander Jones, Tessa J Roseboom, Rebecca C Painter, Susanne R De RooijAbstract:Recent evidence demonstRates that individuals with low Heart Rate (HR) reactions to acute psychological stress are more likely to be obese or smokers. Smoking and obesity are established risk factors for increased carotid intima-media thickness (IMT). The aim of this study was to examine the potential pathways linking intima-media thickness, smoking, body mass index (BMI), and HR stress Reactivity. A total of 552 participants, 47.6% male, M (SD) age = 58.3 (0.94) years, were exposed to three psychological stress tasks (Stroop, mirror drawing, and speech) preceded by a resting baseline period; HR was recorded throughout. HR Reactivity was calculated as the average response across the three tasks minus average baseline HR. Smoking status, BMI, and IMT were determined by trained personnel. Controlling for important covariates (e.g., socioeconomic status), structural equation modeling revealed that BMI and smoking mediated the negative relationship between HR Reactivity and IMT. The hypothesized model demonstRated a good overall fit to the data, χ(2) (8) = 0.692, p = .403; CFI = 1.00; TLI = 1.00 SRMR = .01; RMSEA < .001 (90% CI < 0.01-0.11). HR Reactivity was negatively related to BMI (β = -.16) and smoking (β = -.18), and these in turn were positively associated with IMT (BMI: β = .10; smoking: β = .17). Diminished HR stress Reactivity appears to be a marker for enlarged IMT and appears to be exerting its impact through already established risks. Future research should examine this relationship longitudinally and aim to intervene early.
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Heart Rate Reactivity is associated with future cognitive ability and cognitive change in a large community sample
International Journal of Psychophysiology, 2011Co-Authors: Annie T Ginty, Anna C Phillips, Geoff Der, Ian J Deary, Douglas CarrollAbstract:The relationship between cardiovascular reactions to acute mental challenge in the laboratory and cognitive ability has received scant attention. The present study examined the association between Reactivity and future cognitive ability. Heart Rate and blood pressure reactions to a mental stress task were measured in 1647 participants comprising three distinct age cohorts. Cognitive ability was assessed using the Alice Heim-4 test of general intelligence and choice reaction time 5 and 12 years later. High Heart Rate Reactivity was related to higher general intelligence scores and faster choice reaction times at both follow-ups. High Heart Rate Reactivity was also associated with a smaller decline in cognitive ability between assessments. These associations were still evident following adjustment for a wide range of potentially confounding variables. The present results are consistent with the notion that high Reactivity may not always be a maladaptive response and that low or blunted Reactivity may also have negative corollaries.
Sarah E Williams - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Heart Rate Reactivity to acute psychological stress predicts higher levels of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms during the covid 19 pandemic
Psychosomatic Medicine, 2021Co-Authors: Annie T Ginty, Danielle A Young, Alexandra T Tyra, Page E Hurley, Ryan C Brindle, Sarah E WilliamsAbstract:OBJECTIVE: Increased autonomic arousal is a proposed risk factor for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Few studies have prospectively examined the association between physiological responses to acute psychological stress prior to a traumatic event with later PTSD symptoms. The present prospective study examined whether cardiovascular responses to an acute psychological stress task prior to the COVID-19 global pandemic predicted PTSD symptoms related to the ongoing pandemic. METHOD: Participants (N = 120) were a subsample of an ongoing research study. Phase 1 consisted of a 10-minute baseline and 4-minute acute psychological stress task with blood pressure and Heart Rate recorded throughout. Phase 2 was initiated two weeks after the COVID-19 pandemic declaration. Participants completed the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) with respect to the ongoing pandemic. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were used to examine whether cardiovascular stress Reactivity predicted COVID-19 PTSD symptoms. RESULTS: Heart Rate Reactivity significantly predicted IES-intrusion, b = -.208, t = -2.28, p = .025, DR = .041, CI: [-.021 - -.001] and IES-hyperarousal b = -.224, t = -2.54, p = .012, DR = .047, CI: [-0.22 - - .003], but not IES-avoidance (p = .077). These results remained statistically significant after adjustment for gender, socioeconomic status, baseline cardiovascular activity, neuroticism, race, ethnicity, body mass index, and adverse childhood experiences. There were no statistically significant associations between blood pressure with any of the IES-R subscales (p's > .12). CONCLUSIONS: Diminished Heart Rate responses (i.e., lower physiological arousal) to acute psychological stress prior to the COVID-19 pandemic significantly predicted reported PTSD symptoms during the crisis.
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diminished Heart Rate Reactivity to acute psychological stress is associated with enhanced carotid intima media thickness through adverse health behaviors
Psychophysiology, 2016Co-Authors: Annie T Ginty, Anna C Phillips, Douglas Carroll, Sarah E Williams, Alexander Jones, Tessa J Roseboom, Rebecca C Painter, Susanne R De RooijAbstract:Recent evidence demonstRates that individuals with low Heart Rate (HR) reactions to acute psychological stress are more likely to be obese or smokers. Smoking and obesity are established risk factors for increased carotid intima-media thickness (IMT). The aim of this study was to examine the potential pathways linking intima-media thickness, smoking, body mass index (BMI), and HR stress Reactivity. A total of 552 participants, 47.6% male, M (SD) age = 58.3 (0.94) years, were exposed to three psychological stress tasks (Stroop, mirror drawing, and speech) preceded by a resting baseline period; HR was recorded throughout. HR Reactivity was calculated as the average response across the three tasks minus average baseline HR. Smoking status, BMI, and IMT were determined by trained personnel. Controlling for important covariates (e.g., socioeconomic status), structural equation modeling revealed that BMI and smoking mediated the negative relationship between HR Reactivity and IMT. The hypothesized model demonstRated a good overall fit to the data, χ(2) (8) = 0.692, p = .403; CFI = 1.00; TLI = 1.00 SRMR = .01; RMSEA < .001 (90% CI < 0.01-0.11). HR Reactivity was negatively related to BMI (β = -.16) and smoking (β = -.18), and these in turn were positively associated with IMT (BMI: β = .10; smoking: β = .17). Diminished HR stress Reactivity appears to be a marker for enlarged IMT and appears to be exerting its impact through already established risks. Future research should examine this relationship longitudinally and aim to intervene early.
Attila Szabo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Heart Rate Reactivity to mental stress in athlete and non athlete children
Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences, 2020Co-Authors: Krisztina Abel, Attila SzaboAbstract:Background. Research suggests that exercise training and/or physical fitness may be associated with lower Heart Rate Reactivity and faster recovery from psychosocial stress. This relationship was rarely studied in children despite the potential protective role of physical activity in stress that may start in early life stages. Methods. In this laboratory investigation we examined 18 athlete and non-athlete children before, during and following exposure to mental stress which consisted of the Stroop Color Word Task and a mental arithmetic task, both distracted by classical music, in a counterbalanced research design. Results. The results based on absolute Heart Rate measures suggested that athletes exhibited lower Heart Rates in the stress-anticipation period as well as during the stress period than non-athletes. However, based on relative measures these differences vanished. The two groups of children did not differ in perceived arousal, perceived stressfulness of the mental tasks, and the self-reported feeling states before and after stress. Further, they did not differ in their performance on the two stress-eliciting active-coping tasks as indicated by the number of correct answers. Conclusion. These results appear to suggest that athletic status in children is unrelated to Heart Rate Reactivity and other subjective psychological experiences before, during and after acute psychosocial stress. Keywords: adolescent, exercise, fitness, physical activity, relative measures.
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blood pressure and Heart Rate Reactivity to mental strain in adolescent judo athletes
Physiology & Behavior, 1994Co-Authors: Attila Szabo, Francois Peronnet, Robert Frenkl, Anna Farkas, Mate Petrekanits, Janos Meszaros, Antal Hetenyi, Tamas SzaboAbstract:Abstract This exploratory investigation examined the association between maximal aerobic power ( V O 2max ) and blood pressure (BP) and Heart Rate (HR) Reactivity to mental challenge. Adolescent male judo athletes ( n = 20) performed a 2-min mental arithmetic. Heart Rate was recorded before, during, and after the arithmetic, and BP was recorded before and after the mental challenge. Blood pressure in the immediate stress-recovery period was not related to V O 2max , but subjects having a higher maximal aerobic power showed faster HR recovery from mental stress than those having a lower V O 2max . Subjects who showed earlier peak HR responses, during the stress episode, demonstRated lower average HR Reactivity than subjects who attained the maximal HR response later in the stress period. The relationship between the interval to reach peak HR response and the magnitude of Reactivity deserves further attention. However, at present these findings should be viewed as tentative because of the uniqueness and size of the sample.
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aerobic fitness does not influence directly Heart Rate Reactivity to mental stress
Acta Physiologica Hungarica, 1993Co-Authors: Attila Szabo, Thomas G Brown, Lise Gauvin, Peter SeraganianAbstract:Thirty-seven aerobically high and low fit male and female university students, selected on the basis of estimated aerobic capacity, completed a set of hard as well as a set of easy mental arithmetic tasks for 90 seconds in a counterbalanced order with a 10 min rest period between the tasks. Heart Rate (HR) Reactivity to either task was independent of aerobic fitness level. Although subjectively Rated as more challenging, HR responses to the hard arithmetic task were not greater than that seen to the easy task. These results do not support the conjecture that aerobic fitness level may mediate HR response to acute mental challenge. The overall implications of these results are discussed in relation to the literature concerning aerobic fitness and mental stress.
