Hydrangea

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Kumi Yoshida - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Direct mapping of Hydrangea blue-complex in sepal tissues of Hydrangea macrophylla
    Nature Publishing Group, 2019
    Co-Authors: Takaaki Ito, Dan Aoki, Kazuhiko Fukushima, Kumi Yoshida
    Abstract:

    Abstract The original sepal color of Hydrangea macrophylla is blue, although it is well known that sepal color easily changes from blue through purple to red. All the colors are due to a unique anthocyanin, 3-O-glucosyldelphinidin, and both aluminum ion (Al3+) and copigments, 5-O-caffeoyl and/or 5-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid are essential for blue coloration. A mixture of 3-O-glucosyldelphinidin, 5-O-acylquinic acid, and Al3+ in a buffer solution at pH 4 produces a stable blue solution with visible absorption and circular dichroism spectra identical to those of the sepals, then, we named this blue pigment as ‘Hydrangea blue-complex’. The Hydrangea blue-complex consists of 3-O-glucosyldelphinidin, Al3+, and 5-O-acylquinic acid in a ratio 1:1:1 as determined by the electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. To map the distribution of Hydrangea blue-complex in sepal tissues, we carried out cryo-time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis. The spectrum of the reproduced Hydrangea blue-complex with negative mode-detection gave a molecular ion at m/z = 841, which was consistent with the results of ESI-TOF MS. The same molecular ion peak at m/z = 841 was detected in freeze-fixed blue sepal-tissue. In sepal tissues, the blue cells were located in the second layer and the mass spectrometry imaging of the ion attributable to Hydrangea blue-complex overlapped with the same area of the blue cells. In colorless epidermal cells, atomic ion of Al3+ was hardly detected and potassium adduct ion of 5-O-caffeoyl and/or 3-O-acylquinic acid were found. This is the first report about the distribution of aluminum, potassium, Hydrangea blue-complex, and copigment in sepal tissues and the first evidence that aluminum and Hydrangea blue-complex exist in blue sepal cells and are involved in blue coloration

  • Direct Observation of Hydrangea Blue-Complex Composed of 3-O-Glucosyldelphinidin, Al3+ and 5-O-Acylquinic Acid by ESI-Mass Spectrometry
    MDPI AG, 2018
    Co-Authors: Takaaki Ito, Kin Ichi Oyama, Kumi Yoshida
    Abstract:

    The blue sepal color of Hydrangea is due to a metal complex anthocyanin composed of 3-O-glucosyldelphinidin (1) and an aluminum ion with the co-pigments 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (2) and/or 5-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid (3). The three components, namely anthocyanin, Al3+ and 5-O-acylquinic acids, are essential for blue color development, but the complex is unstable and only exists in an aqueous solution. Furthermore, the complex did not give analyzable NMR spectra or crystals. Therefore, many trials to determine the detailed chemical structure of the Hydrangea-blue complex have not been successful to date. Instead, via experiments mixing 1, Al3+ and 2 or 3 in a buffered solution at pH 4.0, we obtained the same blue solution derived from the sepals. However, the ratio was not stoichiometric but fluctuated. To determine the composition of the complex, we tried direct observation of the molecular ion of the complex using electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry. In a very low-concentration buffer solution (2.0 mM) at pH 4.0, we reproduced the Hydrangea-blue color by mixing 1, 2 and Al3+ in ratios of 1:1:1, 1:2:1 and 1:3:1. All solution gave the same molecular ion peak at m/z = 843, indicating that the blue solution has a ratio of 1:1:1 for the complex. By using 3, the observed mass number was m/z = 827 and the ratio of 1, 3 and Al3+ was also 1:1:1. A mixture of 1, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (4) and Al3+ did not give any blue color but instead was purple, and the intensity of the molecular ion peak at m/z = 843 was very low. These results strongly indicate that the Hydrangea blue-complex is composed of a ratio of 1:1:1 for 1, Al3+ and 2 or 3

  • Metal Complex Pigment Involved in the Blue Sepal Color Development of Hydrangea
    Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2015
    Co-Authors: Kin Ichi Oyama, Daisuke Ito, Tadao Kondo, Tomomi Yamada, Kumi Yoshida
    Abstract:

    Anthocyanins exhibit various vivid colors from red through purple to blue and are potential sources of food colorants. However, their usage is restricted because of their instability, especially as a blue colorant. The blue sepal color of Hydrangea macrophylla is due to a metal complex named "Hydrangea-blue complex" composed of delphinidin 3-O-glucoside, 1, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 2, and/or 5-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid, 3, as copigments, and Al(3+) in aqueous solution at approximately pH 4.0. However, the ratio of each component ins not stoichiometric, but is fluctuates within a certain range. The Hydrangea-blue complex exists only in aqueous solution, exhibiting a stable blue color, but attempts at crystallization have failed; therefore, the structure remains obscure. To clarify the basis of the character of the Hydrangea-blue pigment and to obtain its structural information, we studied the mixing conditions to reconstruct the same blue color as observed in the sepals. In highly concentrated sodium acetate buffer (6 M, pH 4.0) we could measure (1)H NMR of both the Hydrangea-blue complex composed of 1 (5 mM), 2 (10 mM), and Al(3+) (10 mM) and a simple 1-Al(3+) complex. We also recorded the spectra of complexes composed with structurally different anthocyanins and copigments. Comparison of those signals indicated that in the Hydrangea-blue complex 1 might be under equilibrium between chelating and nonchelating structures having an interaction with 2.

  • Plasma membrane-localized Al-transporter from blue Hydrangea sepals is a member of the anion permease family
    Genes to Cells, 2013
    Co-Authors: Takashi Negishi, Masahira Hattori, Kenshiro Oshima, Kumi Yoshida
    Abstract:

    In Hydrangea sepals, an aluminum complex of delphinidin-3-O-glucoside is responsible for the development of the blue color, and co-existing copigments mediate the solubilization and stabilization of the blue Al-anthocyanin complex which is localized in the sepal vacuole. In addition, Hydrangeas are Al-hyperaccumulators and exhibit tolerance to acidic soils, in which the toxicity is due to soluble Al ion. Therefore, an Al-absorbing transport and storage system must exist in Hydrangea. Recently, we cloned vacuolar and plasma membrane-localized Al-transporters, HmVALT, and HmPALT1, which are both members of the aquaporin family. However, HmPALT1 was only expressed in the sepals, indicating that a different Al-transporter should exist for absorption and long-distance transportation in the Hydrangea plant. Using genetic information and microarray analysis, we identified an additional aluminum transporter gene, HmPALT2, which belongs to a member of the anion permease. The transcript was expressed in all tissues of Hydrangea plants, and a transient expression study indicated that the gene product is localized to the plasma membrane. The results of an aluminum tolerance assay using yeast cells showed that the HmPALT2 is also involved in the transport of other metal(loid)s. The over-expression of HmPALT2 in Arabidopsis resulted in aluminum-hypersensitivity, suggesting that HmPALT2 should work as an aluminum transporter into cells in planta.

  • Tonoplast- and Plasma Membrane-Localized Aquaporin-Family Transporters in Blue Hydrangea Sepals of Aluminum Hyperaccumulating Plant
    PLoS ONE, 2012
    Co-Authors: Takashi Negishi, Shoji Mano, Makoto Kanai, Masahira Hattori, Kenshiro Oshima, Kumi Yoshida
    Abstract:

    Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla) is tolerant of acidic soils in which toxicity generally arises from the presence of the soluble aluminum (Al) ion. When Hydrangea is cultivated in acidic soil, its resulting blue sepal color is caused by the Al complex formation of anthocyanin. The concentration of vacuolar Al in blue sepal cells can reach levels in excess of approximately 15 mM, suggesting the existence of an Al-transport and/or storage system. However, until now, no Al transporter has been identified in Al hyperaccumulating plants, animals or microorganisms. To identify the transporter being responsible for Al hyperaccumulation, we prepared a cDNA library from blue sepals according to the sepal maturation stage, and then selected candidate genes using a microarray analysis and an in silico study. Here, we identified the vacuolar and plasma membrane-localized Al transporters genes vacuolar Al transporter (VALT) and plasma membrane Al transporter 1 (PALT1), respectively, which are both members of the aquaporin family. The localization of each protein was confirmed by the transient co-expression of the genes. Reverse transcription-PCR and immunoblotting results indicated that VALT and PALT1 are highly expressed in sepal tissue. The overexpression of VALT and PALT1 in Arabidopsis thaliana conferred Al-tolerance and Al-sensitivity, respectively.

Seikou Nakamura - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Hisashi Matsuda - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Jinhui Peng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • RESEARCH ARTICLE Global Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Distinct Aluminum-Tolerance Pathways in the Al-Accumulating Species Hydrangea macrophylla and Marker Identification
    2016
    Co-Authors: Haixia Chen, Hui Jiang, Jinhui Peng
    Abstract:

    Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla) is a well known Al-accumulating plant, showing a high level of aluminum (Al) tolerance and accumulation. Although the physiological mechanisms for detoxification of Al and the roles of Al in blue Hydrangea sepals have been reported, the molecular mechanisms of Al tolerance and accumulation are poorly understood in hydran-gea. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide transcriptome analysis of Al-response genes in the roots and leaves of Hydrangea by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). The assembly of Hydrangea transcriptome provides a rich source for gene identification and mining molec-ular markers, including single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR). A total of 401,215 transcripts with an average length of 810.77bp were assembled, generating 256,127 unigenes. After annotation, 4,287 genes in the roots and 730 genes in the leaves were up-regulated by Al exposure, while 236 genes in the roots and 719 genes in the leaves were down-regulated, respectively. Many transporters, including MATE and ABC families, were involved in the process of Al-citrate complex transporting from the roots in Hydrangea. A plasma membrane Al uptake transporter, Nramp aluminum transporter was up-regulated in roots and leaves under Al stress, indicating it may play an important role in Al tolerance by reducing the level of toxic Al. Although the exact roles of these candidate genes remain to be examined, these results provide a platform for further functional analysis of the process of detoxification of Al in Hydrangea

  • global transcriptome analysis reveals distinct aluminum tolerance pathways in the al accumulating species Hydrangea macrophylla and marker identification
    PLOS ONE, 2015
    Co-Authors: Haixia Chen, Huihui Jiang, Jinhui Peng
    Abstract:

    Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla) is a well known Al-accumulating plant, showing a high level of aluminum (Al) tolerance and accumulation. Although the physiological mechanisms for detoxification of Al and the roles of Al in blue Hydrangea sepals have been reported, the molecular mechanisms of Al tolerance and accumulation are poorly understood in Hydrangea. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide transcriptome analysis of Al-response genes in the roots and leaves of Hydrangea by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). The assembly of Hydrangea transcriptome provides a rich source for gene identification and mining molecular markers, including single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR). A total of 401,215 transcripts with an average length of 810.77bp were assembled, generating 256,127 unigenes. After annotation, 4,287 genes in the roots and 730 genes in the leaves were up-regulated by Al exposure, while 236 genes in the roots and 719 genes in the leaves were down-regulated, respectively. Many transporters, including MATE and ABC families, were involved in the process of Al-citrate complex transporting from the roots in Hydrangea. A plasma membrane Al uptake transporter, Nramp aluminum transporter was up-regulated in roots and leaves under Al stress, indicating it may play an important role in Al tolerance by reducing the level of toxic Al. Although the exact roles of these candidate genes remain to be examined, these results provide a platform for further functional analysis of the process of detoxification of Al in Hydrangea.

Tadao Kondo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Metal Complex Pigment Involved in the Blue Sepal Color Development of Hydrangea
    Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2015
    Co-Authors: Kin Ichi Oyama, Daisuke Ito, Tadao Kondo, Tomomi Yamada, Kumi Yoshida
    Abstract:

    Anthocyanins exhibit various vivid colors from red through purple to blue and are potential sources of food colorants. However, their usage is restricted because of their instability, especially as a blue colorant. The blue sepal color of Hydrangea macrophylla is due to a metal complex named "Hydrangea-blue complex" composed of delphinidin 3-O-glucoside, 1, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 2, and/or 5-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid, 3, as copigments, and Al(3+) in aqueous solution at approximately pH 4.0. However, the ratio of each component ins not stoichiometric, but is fluctuates within a certain range. The Hydrangea-blue complex exists only in aqueous solution, exhibiting a stable blue color, but attempts at crystallization have failed; therefore, the structure remains obscure. To clarify the basis of the character of the Hydrangea-blue pigment and to obtain its structural information, we studied the mixing conditions to reconstruct the same blue color as observed in the sepals. In highly concentrated sodium acetate buffer (6 M, pH 4.0) we could measure (1)H NMR of both the Hydrangea-blue complex composed of 1 (5 mM), 2 (10 mM), and Al(3+) (10 mM) and a simple 1-Al(3+) complex. We also recorded the spectra of complexes composed with structurally different anthocyanins and copigments. Comparison of those signals indicated that in the Hydrangea-blue complex 1 might be under equilibrium between chelating and nonchelating structures having an interaction with 2.

  • Chemical Studies on Different Color Development in Blue- and Red-Colored Sepal Cells of Hydrangea macrophylla
    Bioscience biotechnology and biochemistry, 2009
    Co-Authors: Daisuke Ito, Tadao Kondo, Yosuke Shinkai, Yuki Kato, Kumi Yoshida
    Abstract:

    To clarify the cause of the difference in blue and red color development of Hydrangea sepals, Hydrangea macrophylla, we analyzed the organic and inorganic components in the colored cells. To obtain...

  • Essential structure of co-pigment for blue sepal-color development of Hydrangea
    Tetrahedron Letters, 2005
    Co-Authors: Tadao Kondo, Yuki Toyama-Kato, Kumi Yoshida
    Abstract:

    Abstract Blue sepal-color of Hydrangea macrophylla might be due to a supramolecular metal-complex pigment consisting of delphinidin 3-glucoside ( 1 ), co-pigments (5-O-caffeoylquinic acid ( 2 ), and/or 5-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid ( 3 )) and Al3+ in an aqueous solution around pH 4.0. To clarify the mechanism of blue sepal-color development of Hydrangea, we tried to reproduce the blue color in vitro by mixing 1 with designed synthetic co-pigments in the presence of Al3+ at pH 4.0. We at first succeeded in clarifying the essential functional structure in the co-pigment that could form the stable blue solution. Here, we present the structure of the blue pigment caused by an Al-complex coordinating of 1 at ortho-dihydroxyl groups of the B-ring, 1-hydroxy, 1-carboxylic acid, and the carbonyl residue in the ester at 5-position of 2 and/or 3 . The hydrophobic interaction between the aromatic acyl residue at 5-position and the nucleus of 1 may also contribute to stabilize the complex.

  • Sepal color variation of Hydrangea macrophylla and vacuolar pH measured with a proton-selective microelectrode
    Plant and Cell Physiology, 2003
    Co-Authors: Kumi Yoshida, Yuki Toyama-Kato, Kiyoshi Kameda, Tadao Kondo
    Abstract:

    Sepal color of Hydrangea varies with the environmental conditions. Although chemical and biological studies on this color variation have a long history, little correct knowledge has been generated about color development. All colored sepals contain the same anthocyanin, delphinidin 3-glucoside. Thus, there must be some other system for developing the wide variety of colors. In Hydrangea sepals the cells of the epidermis are colorless and only the second layer of cells contain pigment. We prepared protoplasts without any color change during enzyme treatment of sepals and measured the vacuolar pH of each of the colored cells. We could correlate the color of a single Hydrangea cell with its vacuolar pH using a combination of micro-spectrophotometry and a proton-selective microelectrode. Values for the vacuolar pH of blue (lambda vismax: 589 nm) and red cells (lambda vismax: 537 nm) were 4.1 and 3.3, respectively, the vacuolar pH of blue cells being significantly higher.

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