The Experts below are selected from a list of 19116 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Roger Stephan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • pantoea gaviniae sp nov and pantoea calida sp nov isolated from Infant Formula and an Infant Formula production environment
    International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 2010
    Co-Authors: Alexandra Popp, Carol Iversen, Ilse Cleenwerck, Paul De Vos, Roger Stephan
    Abstract:

    Five Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non-spore-forming, coccoid rod-shaped bacterial isolates were obtained from Infant Formula and an Infant Formula production environment and were investigated by use of a polyphasic taxonomic study. Biochemical tests and partial rpoB gene sequence analysis of the five isolates revealed that they formed two distinct groups in the family Enterobacteriaceae, closely related to several species of the genera Pantoea and Erwinia, which indicated a phylogenetic position within the genus Pantoea or the genus Erwinia. Multilocus sequence analysis of concatenated partial atpD, gyrB, infB and rpoB gene sequences of two of the isolates suggested that they represented two novel species of the genus Pantoea, phylogenetically related most closely to Pantoea septica. The five isolates had general characteristics consistent with those of the genus Pantoea, and DNA–DNA hybridizations between two representatives and the type strains of their phylogenetically closest relatives based on comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the isolates represented two novel genospecies. These two genospecies could be differentiated from each other based on fermentation of galacturonate, sorbitol and potassium 5-ketogluconate. They could be differentiated from phylogenetically related Pantoea species based on their ability to ferment lactose and to utilize β-gentiobiose and raffinose, their inability to ferment or utilize d-arabitol, and their inability to produce indole. On the basis of the results obtained, the five isolates are considered to represent two novel species of the genus Pantoea, for which the names Pantoea gaviniae sp. nov. (type strain A18/07T =LMG 25382T =DSM 22758T) and Pantoea calida sp. nov. (type strain 1400/07T =LMG 25383T =DSM 22759T) are proposed.

  • enterobacter pulveris sp nov isolated from fruit powder Infant Formula and an Infant Formula production environment
    International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 2008
    Co-Authors: Roger Stephan, Stefanie Van Trappen, Ilse Cleenwerck, Carol Iversen, Han Joosten, Paul De Vos, Angelika Lehner
    Abstract:

    Six Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non-spore-forming, coccoid rod-shaped isolates were obtained from fruit powder (n=3), Infant Formula (n=2) and an Infant Formula production environment (n=1) and investigated in a polyphasic taxonomic study. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis combined with rpoB gene sequence analysis allocated the isolates to the family Enterobacteriaceae. The highest rpoB gene sequence similarities (91.2-95.8%) were obtained with Enterobacter helveticus, Enterobacter radicincitans, Enterobacter turicensis and Enterobacter sakazakii and the phylogenetic branch formed by these species was supported by a high bootstrap value. Biochemical data revealed that the isolates could be differentiated from their nearest neighbours by their ability to utilize melibiose, sucrose, D-arabitol, mucate and 1-O-methyl-alpha-galactopyranoside and their negative reactions for D-sorbitol utilization and the Voges-Proskauer test. On the basis of the phylogenetic analyses, DNA-DNA hybridization data, and unique physiological and biochemical characteristics, it is proposed that the isolates represent a novel species of the genus Enterobacter, Enterobacter pulveris sp. nov. The type strain is 601/05(T) (=LMG 24057(T)=DSM 19144(T)).

David E. Davis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Buyer Alliances as Countervailing Power in WIC Infant-Formula Auctions
    Review of Industrial Organization, 2014
    Co-Authors: David E. Davis
    Abstract:

    State agencies in Infant-Formula procurement auctions receive lower bids when they are in buyer alliances than when they are unallied. The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) uses an auction to procure Infant Formula. Manufacturers bid on the right to be an agency’s sole supplier by offering a rebate on Formula sold through WIC. Agencies frequently join together in buyer alliances. An empirical estimation shows that bids are lower to alliances and that lower prices result because alliances are heterogeneous. Results suggest that when heterogeneity is not controlled, bids decline with alliance size, which has policy implications because Congress recently limited alliance size.

  • buyer alliances as countervailing power in wic Infant Formula auctions
    Social Science Research Network, 2011
    Co-Authors: David E. Davis
    Abstract:

    State WIC agencies in Infant-Formula procurement auctions receive lower bids and final prices when they are in buyer’s alliances than when they are unallied. The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) uses an auction to procure Infant Formula. Manufacturers bid on the right to be an agency’s sole supplier by offering a rebate on Formula sold through WIC. A theoretical model of rebates shows that bidders may shade their bids and extract surplus from agencies. Estimation shows that bids are lower to alliances suggesting that alliances countervail the power of bidders to extract surplus.

  • buyer alliances as countervailing power in wic Infant Formula auctions
    Research Papers in Economics, 2011
    Co-Authors: David E. Davis
    Abstract:

    US government agencies in WIC Infant-Formula procurement auctions receive lower bids and final prices when they are in buyer’s alliances than when they are unallied. The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) uses an auction to procure Infant Formula. Manufacturers bid on the right to be an agency’s sole supplier by offering a rebate on Formula sold through WIC. This paper investigates whether bidders are more aggressive when buyers band together to jointly offer Infant Formula contracts. Results suggest that WIC agencies that band together to form an alliance receive stronger bids.

  • recent trends and economic issues in the wic Infant Formula rebate program
    Economic Research Report, 2006
    Co-Authors: Victor Oliveira, David E. Davis
    Abstract:

    Over half of all Infant Formula sold in the United States is purchased through the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Typically, WIC State agencies obtain substantial discounts in the form of rebates from Infant Formula manufacturers for each can of Formula purchased through the program. The cost to WIC for each can of Formula provided through the program has two components: (1) net wholesale price, which is equal to the wholesale price of Formula minus the amount of the rebate; and (2) retail markup, which is equal to the retail price minus the wholesale price. This analysis suggests that retail markup accounts for most of the cost to WIC of Infant Formula in most States. However, both cost components have increased over time. The recent increase in both net wholesale price and retail markup coincides with the introduction of higher priced supplemented Infant Formulas. Conditions may change after the market adjusts to these new Formulas.

Karin Ried - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • supplementation of Infant Formula with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids does not influence the growth of term Infants
    The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2005
    Co-Authors: Maria Makrides, Robert A Gibson, Tuesday Melissa Udell, Karin Ried
    Abstract:

    Background: Adequate growth is an important indicator of health and well-being in Infants. Objective:Ourobjectivewastodeterminetheeffectofsupplementing Infant Formula with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) on the growth of term Infants. Design: Using the methodology outlined by the Cochrane Collaboration, we reviewed all known randomized controlled trials that involved LCPUFA supplementation of Infant Formula fed to term Infants. Outcome measures were weight, length, and head circumference. Original data obtained from the investigators of published trials were used. Outcomes were analyzed with fixed-effects or random-effectsmodelmeta-analysesandwerereportedasweighted mean differences with 95% CIs. Results: We identified 14 eligible trials that had data available for meta-analysis(1846Infants).Trialqualitywasgenerallyhigh.Metaanalysis showed no significant effect of LCPUFA supplementation on Infant weight, length, or head circumference at any assessment age.Similarly,subgroupanalysesshowedthatsupplementationwith only n3 LCPUFAs (no arachidonic acid) had no significant effect on Infant weight, length, or head circumference. The source of LCPUFA supplementation (phospholipid or triacylglycerol) also did not significantly affect Infant growth. Conclusion:We found no evidence that LCPUFA supplementation of Infant Formula influences the growth of term Infants in either a positive or a negative way. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81: 1094–1101.

P Poulain - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • size distribution of fat globules in human colostrum breast milk and Infant Formula
    Journal of Dairy Science, 2005
    Co-Authors: Marie-caroline Michalski, F Tasson, P Poulain
    Abstract:

    Only a few results are available on the size of human milk fat globules (MFG), despite its significance regarding fat digestion in the Infant, and no data are available at <24 h postpartum (PP). We measured the MFG size distribution in colostrum and transitional human milk in comparison with fat globules of mature milk and Infant Formula. Colostrum and transitional milk samples from 18 mothers were collected regularly during 4 d PP and compared with mature milk samples of 17 different mothers and 4 Infant Formulas. The size distribution was measured by laser light scattering. For further characterization, the zeta-potential of some mature MFG was measured by laser Doppler electrophoresis. The MFG diameter decreased sigmoidally in the first days. At <12 h PP, the mode diameter was 8.9 +/- 1.0 microm vs 2.8 +/-0.3 microm at 96 h PP. Thus, the surface area of MFG increased from 1.1 +/-0.3 to 5.4 +/-0.7 m2/g between colostrum and transitional milk. In mature milk, the MFG diameter was 4 microm on average and increased with advancing lactation, whereas the droplets in Infant Formula measured 0.4 microm. The zeta potential of mature MFG was -7.8 +/- 0.1 mV. The fat globules are larger in early colostrum than in transitional and mature human milk and in contrast with the small-sized fat droplets in Infant Formula. Human MFG also have a low negative surface charge compared with bovine globules. These structural differences can be of nutritional significance for the Infant.

  • size distribution of fat globules in human colostrum breast milk and Infant Formula
    Journal of Dairy Science, 2005
    Co-Authors: Marie-caroline Michalski, F Tasson, P Poulain
    Abstract:

    Abstract Only a few results are available on the size of human milk fat globules (MFG), despite its significance regarding fat digestion in the Infant, and no data are available at μ m vs 2.8 ±0.3 μ m at 96h PP. Thus, the surface area of MFG increased from 1.1 ±0.3 to 5.4 ±0.7m 2 /g between colostrum and transitional milk. In mature milk, the MFG diameter was 4 μ m on average and increased with advancing lactation, whereas the droplets in Infant Formula measured 0.4 μ m. The ζ potential of mature MFG was −7.8±0.1mV. The fat globules are larger in early colostrum than in transitional and mature human milk and in contrast with the small-sized fat droplets in Infant Formula. Human MFG also have a low negative surface charge compared with bovine globules. These structural differences can be of nutritional significance for the Infant.

Stephen J Forsythe - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • genotyping and source tracking of cronobacter sakazakii and c malonaticus isolates from powdered Infant Formula and an Infant Formula production factory in china
    Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2015
    Co-Authors: Stephen J Forsythe, Yunlei Chai, Ran Li, Yujun Jiang
    Abstract:

    Cronobacter spp. (formerly defined as Enterobacter sakazakii) are opportunistic bacterial pathogens of both Infants and adults. In this study, we analyzed 70 Cronobacter isolates from powdered Infant Formula (PIF) and an Infant Formula production facility in China to determine possible contamination routes. The strains were profiled by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), PCR-based O-antigen serotyping, and ompA and rpoB sequence analyses. The isolates were primarily Cronobacter sakazakii (66/70) or Cronobacter malonaticus (4/70). The strains were divided into 38 pulsotypes (PTs) using PFGE and 19 sequence types (STs) by MLST. In contrast, rpoB and ompA sequence analyses divided the strains into 10 overlapping clusters each. PCR serotyping of the 66 C. sakazakii and 4 C. malonaticus strains resulted in the identification of four C. sakazakii serotypes (O1, O2, O4, and O7) and a single C. malonaticus serotype, O2. The dominant C. sakazakii sequence types from PIF and an Infant Formula production factory in China were C. sakazakii clonal complex 4 (CC4) (n = 19), ST1 (n = 14), and ST64 (n = 11). C. sakazakii CC4 is a clonal lineage strongly associated with neonatal meningitis. In the process of manufacturing PIF, the spray-drying, fluidized-bed-drying, and packing areas were the main areas with Cronobacter contamination. C. sakazakii strains with the same pulsotypes (PT3 and PT2) and sequence types (ST1 and ST64) were isolated both from processing equipment and from the PIF finished product.

  • dry stress and survival time of enterobacter sakazakii and other enterobacteriaceae in dehydrated powdered Infant Formula
    Journal of Food Protection, 2007
    Co-Authors: Juncal Caubilla Barron, Stephen J Forsythe
    Abstract:

    Powdered Infant Formula is not a sterile product, and opportunistic pathogens could multiply in the reconstituted product, resulting in neonatal infections. In this study, the generation of subleth...

  • dry stress and survival time of enterobacter sakazakii and other enterobacteriaceae in dehydrated powdered Infant Formula
    Journal of Food Protection, 2007
    Co-Authors: Juncal Caubilla Barron, Stephen J Forsythe
    Abstract:

    Powdered Infant Formula is not a sterile product, and opportunistic pathogens could multiply in the reconstituted product, resulting in neonatal infections. In this study, the generation of sublethally injured Enterobacteriaceae during desiccation and their persistence in dehydrated powdered Infant Formula was assessed during a 2.5-year period. The study included 27 strains of Enterobacter sakazakii, Enterobacter cloacae, Salmonella Enteritidis, Citrobacter koseri, Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli, Escherichia vulneris, Pantoea spp., Klebsiella oxytoca, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The number of sublethally injured cells generated during desiccation was lower for K. oxytoca, Pantoea spp., Salmonella Enteritidis, and capsulated strains of E. sakazakii than for the other Enterobacteriaceae. The Enterobacteriaceae could be divided into three groups with respect to their long-term survival in the desiccated state. C. freundii, C. koseri, and E. cloacae were no longer recoverable after 6 months, and Salmonella Enteritidis, K. pneumoniae, and E. coli could not be recovered after 15 months. Pantoea spp., K. oxytoca, and E. vulneris persisted over 2 years, and some capsulated strains of E. sakazakii were still recoverable after 2.5 years.