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Peter Petocz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • concentration and distribution of sialic acid in human milk and Infant Formulas
    The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2001
    Co-Authors: Bing Wang, Janette C Brandmiller, Patricia Mcveagh, Peter Petocz
    Abstract:

    Background: In animal studies, sialic acid supplementation is associated with increases of gangliosides in the brain and improved learning ability. Only limited data are available on the sialic acid content of human milk and Infant Formulas. Objective: We compared the concentrations of oligosaccharide-bound, protein-bound, and free sialic acid in milk from mothers of full-term and preterm Infants and in a range of Infant Formulas. Design: The milk from 20 and 14 mothers of full-term and preterm Infants (mean gestational age: 31 ± 3 wk), respectively. was collected at 4 stages of lactation (colostrum, transition, 1 mo, and 3 mo) and compared with 21 different Infant Formulas. Results: Total sialic acid concentrations were highest in colostrum (x ± SEM: 5.04 ± 0.21 mmol/L in full term) and decreased by nearly 80% over the next 3 mo. Human milk from mothers of preterm Infants contained 13-23% more sialic acid than did milk from mothers of full-term Infants at 3 of the 4 lactation stages (P < 0.02). The sialic acid content of most Formulas was <25% of that found in mature human milk (P < 0.01). Most of the sialic acid in the Formulas ( 70%) was bound to glycoproteins, whereas in human milk most sialic acid was bound to free oligosaccharides. Conclusions: Human milk, including milk from mothers of preterm Infants, is a rich source of oligosaccharide-bound sialic acid, which contrasts with the relatively small amounts found in Infant Formulas. The nutritional significance of sialic acid is presently unknown, but it is plausible that it is a conditional nutrient that contributes to sialic acid accretion in the brain.

  • concentration and distribution of sialic acid in human milk and Infant Formulas
    The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2001
    Co-Authors: Bing Wang, Janette C Brandmiller, Patricia Mcveagh, Peter Petocz
    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND: In animal studies, sialic acid supplementation is associated with increases of gangliosides in the brain and improved learning ability. Only limited data are available on the sialic acid content of human milk and Infant Formulas. OBJECTIVE: We compared the concentrations of oligosaccharide-bound, protein-bound, and free sialic acid in milk from mothers of full-term and preterm Infants and in a range of Infant Formulas. DESIGN: The milk from 20 and 14 mothers of full-term and preterm Infants (mean gestational age: 31 +/- 3 wk), respectively, was collected at 4 stages of lactation (colostrum, transition, 1 mo, and 3 mo) and compared with 21 different Infant Formulas. RESULTS: Total sialic acid concentrations were highest in colostrum (x +/- SEM: 5.04 +/- 0.21 mmol/L in full term) and decreased by nearly 80% over the next 3 mo. Human milk from mothers of preterm Infants contained 13-23% more sialic acid than did milk from mothers of full-term Infants at 3 of the 4 lactation stages (P < 0.02). The sialic acid content of most Formulas was <25% of that found in mature human milk (P < 0.01). Most of the sialic acid in the Formulas ( approximately 70%) was bound to glycoproteins, whereas in human milk most sialic acid was bound to free oligosaccharides. CONCLUSIONS: Human milk, including milk from mothers of preterm Infants, is a rich source of oligosaccharide-bound sialic acid, which contrasts with the relatively small amounts found in Infant Formulas. The nutritional significance of sialic acid is presently unknown, but it is plausible that it is a conditional nutrient that contributes to sialic acid accretion in the brain.

R Farre - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • fluorescence browning index and color in Infant Formulas during storage
    Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2005
    Co-Authors: E Ferrer, Amparo Alegría, R Farre, G Clemente, Carlos Calvo
    Abstract:

    Free and total fluorescent compounds, browning index, and color formation were measured in milk-based powdered Infant Formulas (IF) during 2 years of storage at 20 and 37 °C. The excitation spectra from 415 nm emission show three peaks (ex λ1 = 270 nm, λ2 = 325/315 nm, λ3 = 350 nm) and from 347 nm excitation two emission peaks (415 and 520 nm), and no wavelength shifts were observed. Temperature and time of storage exert in general no significant effect on the development of fluorescence emission intensity and browning index. However, an important increase in pentodilysine was recordedprobably because of the iron and ascorbic acid contents of the samplesas well as in browning index in adapted IF. In both IF a color increase (ΔE) throughout storage was observed, this increase being greater in samples stored at 37 °C than in those stored at 20 °C. The increase in color with time fitted a linear regression model. Color appeared to be an indicator of sufficient sensitivity to measure the effect of temperature...

  • high performance liquid chromatographic determination of furfural compounds in Infant Formulas changes during heat treatment and storage
    Journal of Chromatography A, 2002
    Co-Authors: E Ferrer, Amparo Alegría, R Farre, Pedro Abellan, Fernando Romero
    Abstract:

    Furfural contents in adapted and follow-up Infant Formulas were measured by RP-HPLC. The evolution of furfural compound contents during storage (a year at 20 and 37 °C) was studied. 2-Furylmethylketone and 5-methyl-2-furaldehyde were not detectable in analysed samples. The differences in the furfural compounds at point zero between both Infant Formulas has to be ascribed to the differences in protein and iron contents. An increase in free 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde (HMF), 2-furaldehyde (F) and HMF+F contents was observed in all samples, although the differences were not statistically significant. The storage temperature affected the total HMF content and the storage time affected the total HMF and F contents.

  • high performance liquid chromatographic determination of tocopherols in Infant Formulas
    Journal of Chromatography A, 2002
    Co-Authors: N Rodrigo, Amparo Alegría, Reyes Barberá, R Farre
    Abstract:

    A method for the simultaneous determination of α-tocopherol acetate and α-, δ-, and γ-tocopherols by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescent detector in Infant formula is proposed. The values obtained in the determination of the analytical parameters: linearity, precision, limit of detection and accuracy (analysis of a standard reference material, SRM 1846), confirm the quality of the method. The proposed method is useful for the determination of α-, δ-, and γ-tocopherols and α-tocopherol acetate in Infant Formulas at a low cost and in a total time of 2 h.

  • calcium iron and zinc uptake from digests of Infant Formulas by caco 2 cells
    Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2001
    Co-Authors: M Jovani, Reyes Barberá, R Farre, Esperanza Martin De Aguilera
    Abstract:

    Our aim was to estimate the bioavailability of calcium, iron, and zinc from Infant Formulas using a model that includes in vitro digestion and a Caco-2 cell culture to estimate the uptake. The cell culture conditions were selected, and uptake assays were carried out first with calcium, iron, and zinc standard solutions, and then with the soluble fraction of enzymatic digests of an adapted milk-based and a soy-based Infant formula. It was not possible to measure the uptake of calcium, iron, and zinc from standard solutions added to the cell cultures in amounts similar to those present in Infant formula digests with our method. The fact that it was, however, possible in the case of enzymatic digests suggests the presence of components in the digests that enhance mineral uptake. When mineral uptakes were expressed as percentages of the mineral present, statistically significant differences were found in the case of calcium between the uptake from the milk- and the soy-based Formulas. For iron and zinc no suc...

  • effects of thermal processing and storage on available lysine and furfural compounds contents of Infant Formulas
    Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2000
    Co-Authors: E Ferrer, Amparo Alegría, R Farre, Pedro Abellan, Fernando Romero
    Abstract:

    : The Maillard reaction-related effects that thermal treatments during the manufacturing process and storage (at 20 and 37 degrees C) have on powdered adapted and follow-up milk-based Infant Formulas were estimated by measuring the available lysine and furfural compounds contents of raw cow milk used in manufacturing, intermediate products and Formulas. A fluorimetric method was used to measure the available lysine contents, and free and total furfural compounds were determined by HPLC. Statistically significant losses in available lysine (about 20%) in the Infant Formulas with respect to raw milk were found. The storage period did not affect the available lysine contents of adapted Formulas but reduced (16%) the contents of the follow-up ones (from 6.61 to 5.33 g/100 g of protein). No furfural compounds were detected in raw milk, and free and total furyl methyl ketone (FMC) and methylfurfural (MF) were not observed in the analyzed samples. After 6 months of storage, an increase in free hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) (from 0.34 to 0.77 mg/100 g of protein) and furfural (F) (from nondetectable to 0.1 mg/100 g of protein) in adapted Formulas and free HMF (from 1.84 to 2.62 mg/100 g of protein) in follow-up Formulas was observed.

Amparo Alegría - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • addition of milk fat globule membrane as an ingredient of Infant Formulas for resembling the polar lipids of human milk
    International Dairy Journal, 2016
    Co-Authors: Lorena Claumarchirant, Amparo Alegría, Antonio Cilla, Esther Matencio, Luis Manuel Sanchezsiles, Pilar Castrogomez, Javier Fontecha, María Jesús Lagarda
    Abstract:

    Abstract Polar lipid (PL) contents in human milk (HM) from two different geographic zones in Spain (central and coastal) were determined. These PLs were also analysed in several Infant Formulas (IFs), three of which contained milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), an ingredient used to resemble the PL profile of HM. Total PL in HM decreased significantly (p

  • phospholipids in human milk and Infant Formulas benefits and needs for correct Infant nutrition
    Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2016
    Co-Authors: Antonio Cilla, Reyes Barberá, Kesia Diego Quintaes, Amparo Alegría
    Abstract:

    The composition of human milk has served as a basis for the development of Infant Formulas, which are used when breastfeeding is not possible. Among the human milk nutrients, 50% of the total energetic value corresponds to fat, with a high level of fatty acids and 0.2–2.0% present in the form of phospholipids (PLs). The PL contents and fatty acid distribution in PL species have been investigated as bioactive elements for the production of Infant Formulas, since they offer potential benefits for the optimum growth and health of the newborn Infant. The differences in the amount of PLs and in fatty acid distribution in PL species between human milk and Infant Formulas can imply biologically significant differences for newborn Infants fed with Infant Formulas versus human milk–mainly due to the greater proportion of sphingomyelin with respect to phosphatidylcholine in Infant Formulas. The limited information referred to the characterization of fatty acid distribution in PL species in Infant Formulas or in ing...

  • sterol composition in Infant Formulas and estimated intake
    Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2015
    Co-Authors: Lorena Claumarchirant, Amparo Alegría, Esther Matencio, Luis Manuel Sanchezsiles, María Jesús Lagarda
    Abstract:

    Sterol contents in Infant Formulas (IFs) from the European market were determined, and their intakes by Infants between 0 and 6 months were evaluated. Total animal sterols (mg/100 mL) ranged from 1.71 to 5.46, cholesterol being the main animal sterol (1.46–5.1). In general, cholesterol and desmosterol were lower than the human milk (HM) values indicated by other authors. Total plant sterol (mg/100 mL) ranged from 3.1 to 5.0. β-Sitosterol, the most abundant phytosterol, ranged from 1.82 to 3.01, followed by campesterol (0.72–1.15), stigmasterol (0.27–0.53), and brassicasterol (0.14–0.28). Cholesterol intake (mg/day) ranged from 9 to 51 and plant sterol intake (mg/day) from 19 to 50. The sterol profile of IFs is highly dependent on the type and quantity of fats used in their formula. The use of bovine milk fat and milk fat globule membrane in the IFs can approximate the profile of animal sterols to those found in HM, though cholesterol intakes in breastfed Infants are still higher than in formula-fed Infants.

  • fluorescence browning index and color in Infant Formulas during storage
    Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2005
    Co-Authors: E Ferrer, Amparo Alegría, R Farre, G Clemente, Carlos Calvo
    Abstract:

    Free and total fluorescent compounds, browning index, and color formation were measured in milk-based powdered Infant Formulas (IF) during 2 years of storage at 20 and 37 °C. The excitation spectra from 415 nm emission show three peaks (ex λ1 = 270 nm, λ2 = 325/315 nm, λ3 = 350 nm) and from 347 nm excitation two emission peaks (415 and 520 nm), and no wavelength shifts were observed. Temperature and time of storage exert in general no significant effect on the development of fluorescence emission intensity and browning index. However, an important increase in pentodilysine was recordedprobably because of the iron and ascorbic acid contents of the samplesas well as in browning index in adapted IF. In both IF a color increase (ΔE) throughout storage was observed, this increase being greater in samples stored at 37 °C than in those stored at 20 °C. The increase in color with time fitted a linear regression model. Color appeared to be an indicator of sufficient sensitivity to measure the effect of temperature...

  • high performance liquid chromatographic determination of furfural compounds in Infant Formulas changes during heat treatment and storage
    Journal of Chromatography A, 2002
    Co-Authors: E Ferrer, Amparo Alegría, R Farre, Pedro Abellan, Fernando Romero
    Abstract:

    Furfural contents in adapted and follow-up Infant Formulas were measured by RP-HPLC. The evolution of furfural compound contents during storage (a year at 20 and 37 °C) was studied. 2-Furylmethylketone and 5-methyl-2-furaldehyde were not detectable in analysed samples. The differences in the furfural compounds at point zero between both Infant Formulas has to be ascribed to the differences in protein and iron contents. An increase in free 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde (HMF), 2-furaldehyde (F) and HMF+F contents was observed in all samples, although the differences were not statistically significant. The storage temperature affected the total HMF content and the storage time affected the total HMF and F contents.

Eric L Lien - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • effects of term Infant Formulas containing high sn 2 palmitate with and without oligofructose on stool composition stool characteristics and bifidogenicity
    Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 2014
    Co-Authors: Eric L Lien, Maria Rosario Capeding, Margaret Fitzgerald, Kalathur S Ramanujam, Rebecca Yuhas, Robert Northington, Jowena Lebumfacil, Lin Wang, Patricia A Derusso
    Abstract:

    Differences in bowel habits and gastrointestinal (GI) tolerance between human milk (HM)–fed and formula-fed Infants are well recognized. HM-fed Infants typically have frequent, soft stools, whereas formula-fed Infants have less frequent, firm or formed stools (1,2) that may be difficult to pass. Although improvements have been made in the composition and performance of Infant Formulas, constipation and relatively hard stools remain common in formula-fed Infants (3). Fat blends used in Infant formula may contribute to these problems, and use of fat blends more closely resembling HM fat can improve Infants’ stooling patterns and consistency (4–7). The addition of prebiotics to Infant Formulas has also led to softer stools and may provide additional health benefits such as support of a more favorable gut microbiota (8–11). Triglycerides, the major source of energy in both HM and Infant formula, comprised 3 fatty acids esterified to a 3-carbon glycerol backbone. The stereospecific position of fatty acids on the glycerol, which is identified as sn-1 (outer carbon), sn-2 (center carbon), or sn-3 (outer carbon), differs in HM fat compared with vegetable oils used in Infant formula (12). Palmitic acid, an abundant saturated fatty acid in both HM and Infant formula (approximately 20% of total fatty acids), is predominantly esterified (approximately 70%) at the sn-2 position in HM, but primarily esterified at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions in fat blends commonly used in Infant Formulas (13–15). Pancreatic lipase preferentially hydrolyzes fatty acids in the sn-1 and sn-3 positions, yielding 2 free fatty acids and the corresponding sn-2 monoglyceride, which is well absorbed regardless of the fatty acid attached. Thus, palmitic acid in HM is well absorbed given its predominant esterification in the sn-2 position. In contrast, intestinal digestion of Infant formula yields relatively high levels of free palmitic acid that can bind calcium in the intestine, forming fatty acid soaps that are excreted in the feces (16) and are associated with hard, infrequent stools, and unnecessary loss of both fatty acids and calcium (3,4,17). Use of a vegetable oil blend rich in sn-2 palmitate (sn-2) in Infant formula yields a positional distribution of palmitic acid that more closely resembles that of HM. Infants who consumed a formula containing high sn-2 palmitate had reduced fecal excretion of palmitic acid soaps and softer stools (4–7). Oligofructose (OF) is a nondigestible, inulin-derived carbohydrate consisting of short chains of fructose polymers (18). OF decreases GI transit time and increases fecal weight and water-holding capacity (19). OF can beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of 1 or a limited number of bacteria (eg, bifidobacteria) in the colon (20,21). Studies in term and preterm Infants indicate that Infant Formulas with OF are well tolerated, promote a bifidobacteria-dominant fecal flora, and may increase stool softness (8–10,22). We hypothesized that formula with high sn-2 palmitate in combination with OF would promote improved GI function. This study evaluated stool composition, stool characteristics, fecal bifidobacteria, and GI tolerance in Infants receiving a control formula versus Infants receiving Formulas containing a fat blend with elevated levels of sn-2 palmitate, either alone or in combination with 2 different concentrations of OF.

  • Infant Formulas with increased concentrations of α lactalbumin
    The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2003
    Co-Authors: Eric L Lien
    Abstract:

    : Human and bovine milk differ substantially in the ratio of whey to casein protein (approximately 60:40 in human milk and approximately 20:80 in bovine milk) and in the proportions of specific proteins. Although current Infant Formulas closely mimic the ratio of total whey to casein inhuman milk, the concentration of a-lactalbumin (the dominant protein in human milk) is relatively low in formula, whereas beta-lactoglobulin, a protein not found in human milk, is the most dominant whey protein in formula. Because of the differences in the protein profiles of human milk and Infant formula, amino acid profiles also differ. To meet all essential amino acid requirements of Infants, formula concentrations of protein must be higher than those in human milk. Recently, whey sources with elevated concentrations of alpha-lactalbumin have become available, which permitted the development of Formulas with increased concentrations of this protein and decreased concentrations of beta-lactoglobulin. alpha-Lactalbumin is rich in tryptophan, which is typically the limiting amino acid in formula, and as a result, Formulas have been developed with lower protein but higher tryptophan concentrations. This type of formula may offer a number of advantages to the neonate, which include producing plasma tryptophan concentrations equal to those found in breastfed Infants and obviating the need for the body to dispose of excess nitrogen loads.

Kobita Barua - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • isoflavones in soy based Infant Formulas
    Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1997
    Co-Authors: Patricia A Murphy, Tongtong Song, Gwen Buseman, Kobita Barua
    Abstract:

    Six of the major soy-based Infant Formulas marketed in the United States were assayed for their isoflavone levels. Samples were taken from the east coast, midwestern, and west coast regions of the United States. Isoflavone levels were variable across brands probably due to different amounts of soy isolate used in product formulation. Total isoflavones ranged from 214 to 285 μg/g of dry formula or ≈25−30 μg/mL of reconstituted formula. Keywords: Phytoestrogens; genistein; glycitein; daidzein