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Alberto Fereres - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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feeding behavior and virus transmission ability of Insect Vectors exposed to systemic Insecticides
Plants (Basel Switzerland), 2020Co-Authors: Elisa Garzo, Aranzazu Moreno, Maria Plaza, Alberto FereresAbstract:The majority of plant viruses depend on Hemipteran Vectors for their survival and spread. Effective management of these Insect Vectors is crucial to minimize the spread of vector-borne diseases, and to reduce crop damage. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of various systemic Insecticides on the feeding behavior of Bemisia tabaci and Myzus persicae, as well as their ability to interfere with the transmission of circulative viruses. The obtained results indicated that some systemic Insecticides have antifeeding properties that disrupt virus transmission by their Insect Vectors. We found that some of the tested Insecticides significantly reduced phloem contact and sap ingestion by aphids and whiteflies, activities that are closely linked to the transmission of phloem-limited viruses. These systemic Insecticides may play an important role in reducing the primary and secondary spread of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and turnip yellows virus (TuYV), transmitted by B. tabaci and M. persicae, respectively.
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water deficit enhances the transmission of plant viruses by Insect Vectors
PLOS ONE, 2017Co-Authors: Manuella Van Munster, Alberto Fereres, Michel Yvon, Denis Vile, Beatriz Dader, Stephane BlancAbstract:Drought is a major threat to crop production worldwide and is accentuated by global warming. Plant responses to this abiotic stress involve physiological changes overlapping, at least partially, the defense pathways elicited both by viruses and their herbivore Vectors. Recently, a number of theoretical and empirical studies anticipated the influence of climate changes on vector-borne viruses of plants and animals, mainly addressing the effects on the virus itself or on the vector population dynamics, and inferring possible consequences on virus transmission. Here, we directly assess the effect of a severe water deficit on the efficiency of aphid-transmission of the Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) or the Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). For both viruses, our results demonstrate that the rate of vector-transmission is significantly increased from water-deprived source plants: CaMV transmission reproducibly increased by 34% and that of TuMV by 100%. In both cases, the enhanced transmission rate could not be explained by a higher virus accumulation, suggesting a more complex drought-induced process that remains to be elucidated. The evidence that infected plants subjected to drought are much better virus sources for Insect Vectors may have extensive consequences for viral epidemiology, and should be investigated in a wide range of plant-virus-vector systems.
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control of Insect Vectors and plant viruses in protected crops by novel pyrethroid treated nets
Pest Management Science, 2015Co-Authors: Beatriz Dader, Aranzazu Moreno, Maria Plaza, S Legarrea, Michele Carmosousa, Fermin Amor, E Vinuela, Alberto FereresAbstract:BACKGROUND Long-lasting Insecticide-treated nets (LLITNs) constitute a novel alternative that combines physical and chemical tactics to prevent Insect access and the spread of Insect-transmitted plant viruses in protected enclosures. This approach is based on a slow-release Insecticide-treated net with large hole sizes that allow improved ventilation of greenhouses. The efficacy of a wide range of LLITNs was tested under laboratory conditions against Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii and Bemisia tabaci. Two nets were selected for field tests under a high Insect infestation pressure in the presence of plants infected with Cucumber mosaic virus and Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus. The efficacy of Aphidius colemani, a parasitoid commonly used for biological control of aphids, was studied in parallel field experiments. RESULTS LLITNs produced high mortality of aphids, although their efficacy decreased over time with sun exposure. Certain nets excluded whiteflies under laboratory conditions; however, they failed in the field. Nets effectively blocked the invasion of aphids and reduced the incidence of viruses in the field. The parasitoid A. colemani was compatible with LLITNs. CONCLUSION LLITNs of appropriate mesh size can become a very valuable tool in combination with biocontrol agents for additional protection against Insect Vectors of plant viruses under IPM programmes. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
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Insect Vectors as drivers of plant virus emergence
Current Opinion in Virology, 2015Co-Authors: Alberto FereresAbstract:5 pgs. - This review comes from a themed issue on Emerging viruses: interspecies transmission Edited by Antoine Gessain and Fernando Garcia-Arenal
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short communication a survey of potential Insect Vectors of the plant pathogenic bacterium xylella fastidiosa in three regions of spain
Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 2014Co-Authors: João Roberto Spotti Lopes, Blanca B Landa, Alberto FereresAbstract:The emergence of a rapid-spreading olive disease associated with Xylella fastidiosa in southern Italy represents a high risk to susceptible crops in other countries of the Mediterranean basin, if Insect Vectors occur in the region. The goal of this study was to identify xylem-feeding Auchenorrhyncha that could potentially act as Vectors of X. fastidiosa in three regions of Spain (Andalucia, Murcia and Madrid). Samplings with sweep net and stem tap were carried out in October/2004 on grapevines and adjacent crops (olives, nectarine, citrus, Prunus spp.), ornamental trees and herbaceous weeds. Yellow sticky cards were placed in ten vineyards located across 100 km in Andalucia and in three vineyards distant 10-15 km apart in Murcia. Specimens of frequently-trapped species were tested by nested- or multiplex-PCR for the presence of X. fastidiosa. The Typhlocybinae leafhopper, Austroasca (Jacobiasca) lybica (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) was the most abundant species in vineyards and citrus orchards. Planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) and psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) were prevalent on olives. Cicadellinae leafhoppers (known as sharpshooters), which are major Vectors of X. fastidiosa in the Americas, were not found in the samples. The only potential Vectors were spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea) collected on Populus sp., herbaceous and on conifer trees (Pinus halepense); the spittlebug Neophileanus sp. was common on conifer trees adjacent to a vineyard in Jumilla. None of the Insect samples tested positive for X. fastidiosa by PCR assays. However, spittlebugs already associated with susceptible crops in Spain may allow fast spread of X. fastidiosa in case this pathogen is introduced.
Aranzazu Moreno - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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feeding behavior and virus transmission ability of Insect Vectors exposed to systemic Insecticides
Plants (Basel Switzerland), 2020Co-Authors: Elisa Garzo, Aranzazu Moreno, Maria Plaza, Alberto FereresAbstract:The majority of plant viruses depend on Hemipteran Vectors for their survival and spread. Effective management of these Insect Vectors is crucial to minimize the spread of vector-borne diseases, and to reduce crop damage. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of various systemic Insecticides on the feeding behavior of Bemisia tabaci and Myzus persicae, as well as their ability to interfere with the transmission of circulative viruses. The obtained results indicated that some systemic Insecticides have antifeeding properties that disrupt virus transmission by their Insect Vectors. We found that some of the tested Insecticides significantly reduced phloem contact and sap ingestion by aphids and whiteflies, activities that are closely linked to the transmission of phloem-limited viruses. These systemic Insecticides may play an important role in reducing the primary and secondary spread of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and turnip yellows virus (TuYV), transmitted by B. tabaci and M. persicae, respectively.
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distribution and relative abundance of Insect Vectors of xylella fastidiosa in olive groves of the iberian peninsula
Insects, 2018Co-Authors: Marina Morente, Maria Plaza, Daniele Cornara, Jose Manuel Duran, Carmen Capiscol, Raquel Trillo, Manuel Ruiz, Susana Sanjuan, Jose Alberto Pereira, Aranzazu MorenoAbstract:The phytosanitary emergency caused by the spread of Xylella fastidiosa in the Mediterranean has raised demands for a better understanding of the ecology of its presumed and candidate Insect Vectors. Here, we present the results of a two-year survey carried out in olive groves across southern, eastern and Central Spain and northeastern Portugal. Several sampling methods were tested and compared to select the most appropriate to estimate population levels of potential Vectors of X. fastidiosa. The spittlebugs Philaenus spumarius and Neophilaenus campestris (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae) were the main species associated with olive groves. Both species were widely present on herbaceous ground vegetation within the olive groves; P. spumarius mainly associated with Asteraceae and N. campestris with Poaceae. Due to the patchy distribution of spittlebugs within the olive groves, sweep nets were the most effective and least time-consuming sampling method for the estimation of population size both in the ground cover and tree canopies. Trends in population density showed that spittlebugs can be abundant on ground vegetation but very rare on olive canopies. Spittlebugs disperse in late spring to non-cultivated hosts that act as natural reservoirs. In late fall, adults return to the olive groves for oviposition. However, olive trees may act as transient hosts for spittlebugs and high population densities of these Insect Vectors should be avoided in areas where X. fastidiosa is present.
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control of Insect Vectors and plant viruses in protected crops by novel pyrethroid treated nets
Pest Management Science, 2015Co-Authors: Beatriz Dader, Aranzazu Moreno, Maria Plaza, S Legarrea, Michele Carmosousa, Fermin Amor, E Vinuela, Alberto FereresAbstract:BACKGROUND Long-lasting Insecticide-treated nets (LLITNs) constitute a novel alternative that combines physical and chemical tactics to prevent Insect access and the spread of Insect-transmitted plant viruses in protected enclosures. This approach is based on a slow-release Insecticide-treated net with large hole sizes that allow improved ventilation of greenhouses. The efficacy of a wide range of LLITNs was tested under laboratory conditions against Myzus persicae, Aphis gossypii and Bemisia tabaci. Two nets were selected for field tests under a high Insect infestation pressure in the presence of plants infected with Cucumber mosaic virus and Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus. The efficacy of Aphidius colemani, a parasitoid commonly used for biological control of aphids, was studied in parallel field experiments. RESULTS LLITNs produced high mortality of aphids, although their efficacy decreased over time with sun exposure. Certain nets excluded whiteflies under laboratory conditions; however, they failed in the field. Nets effectively blocked the invasion of aphids and reduced the incidence of viruses in the field. The parasitoid A. colemani was compatible with LLITNs. CONCLUSION LLITNs of appropriate mesh size can become a very valuable tool in combination with biocontrol agents for additional protection against Insect Vectors of plant viruses under IPM programmes. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
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Impact of Ultraviolet-Blocking Plastic Films on Insect Vectors of Virus Diseases Infesting Crisp Lettuce
2006Co-Authors: Beatriz M. Díaz Desani, R. Biurrun, Miguel Nebreda, Aranzazu Moreno, Alberto FereresAbstract:Ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing plastic films are being used as a photoselective barrier to control Insect Vectors and associated virus diseases in different horticultural crops. A 2-year experiment was carried out in northeastern Spain (Navarra) to evaluate the im- pact of a UV-blocking film (AD-IR AV) on the population density of Insect pests and the spread of Insect-transmitted virus diseases associated with head lettuce (Lactuca sativa (L.)). Results showed that the UV-absorbing plastic film did not loose its ability to filter UV radiation after three lettuce crop cycles (14 months). The UV-absorbing plastic film was effective in reducing the abundance and in delaying the colonization of lettuce by aphids (Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) and Acyrthosiphum lactucae (Passerini)). A significant increase in the percentage of marketable plants was achieved under UV-absorbing films due to a reduction in the number of plants infested by aphids and by Insect-transmitted virus diseases (mainly potyviruses). Also the UV-absorbing plastic films were effective in reducing the population density of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) and the spread of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) as well as the population density of the lepidopteran pest, Autographa gamma (L.), a common pest of lettuce in Spain. However, no effective control of the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) was achieved. The results showed that UV-absorbing plastic films are a very promising tool to protect greenhouse lettuce from the main pests and Insect-transmitted virus diseases occurring in northeastern Spain. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa (L.)) grown under protected environments is very susceptible to heavy infestations of Insect pests and conse- quently to the spread of Insect-transmitted virus diseases. This threat has adverse ecological consequences because of the large amount of pesticides that are currently being used to protect lettuce from Insect pests. Also, pesticide residues are a major concern to consumers be- cause lettuce is consumed as a fresh vegetable without any kind of processing. Among Insect control methods, physical barriers continue to play a significant support- ing role today and are likely to have a significant role in the integrated pest management (IPM) programs of the future (Boiteau, 2002). The use of UV-blocking cladding materials can play a part in IPM programs for crop protection in greenhouses (Antignus and Ben-Yakir, 2004) because they are compatible with the use of
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Impact of Ultraviolet-blocking Plastic Films on Insect Vectors of Virus Diseases Infesting Crisp Lettuce
Hortscience, 2006Co-Authors: B. M. Díaz, R. Biurrun, Miguel Nebreda, Aranzazu Moreno, Alberto FereresAbstract:Ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing plastic films are being used as a photoselective barrier to control Insect Vectors and associated virus diseases in different horticultural crops. A 2-year experiment was carried out in northeastern Spain (Navarra) to evaluate the impact of a UV-blocking film (AD-IR AV) on the population density of Insect pests and the spread of Insect-transmitted virus diseases associated with head lettuce [Lactuca sativa (L.)]. Results showed that the UV-absorbing plastic film did not loose its ability to filter UV radiation after three lettuce crop cycles (14 months). The UV-absorbing plastic film was effective in reducing the abundance and in delaying the colonization of lettuce by aphids [Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) and Acyrthosiphum lacutcae (Passerini)]. Asignificant increase in the percentage of marketable plants was achieved under UV-absorbing films due to a reduction in the number of plants infested by aphids and by Insect-transmitted virus diseases (mainly potyviruses). Also the UV-absorbing plastic films were effective in reducing the population density of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) and the spread of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) as well as the population density of the lepidopteran pest, Autographa gamma (L.), a common pest of lettuce in Spain. However, no effective control of the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) was achieved. The results showed that UV-absorbing plastic films are a very promising tool to protect greenhouse lettuce from the main pests and Insect-transmitted virus diseases occurring in northeastern Spain.
Qian Chen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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cell biology during infection of plant viruses in Insect Vectors and plant hosts
Molecular Plant-microbe Interactions, 2020Co-Authors: Qian ChenAbstract:: Plant viruses typically cause severe pathogenicity in plants, even resulting in the death of plants. Many pathogenic plant viruses are transmitted in a persistent manner via Insect Vectors. Interestingly, unlike in the plant hosts, persistent viruses are either nonpathogenic or show limited pathogenicity in their Insect Vectors, while taking advantage of the cellular machinery of Insect Vectors for completing their life cycles. This review discusses why persistent plant viruses are nonpathogenic or have limited pathogenicity to their Insect Vectors while being pathogenic to plants hosts. Current advances in cell biology of virus-Insect vector interactions are summarized, including virus-induced inclusion bodies, changes of Insect cellular ultrastructure, and immune response of Insects to the viruses, especially autophagy and apoptosis. The corresponding findings of virus-plant interactions are compared. An integrated view of the balance strategy achieved by the interaction between viral attack and the immune response of Insect is presented. Finally, we outline progress gaps between virus-Insect and virus-plant interactions, thus highlighting the contributions of cultured cells to the cell biology of virus-Insect interactions. Furthermore, future prospects of studying the cell biology of virus-vector interactions are presented.
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Gelsolin of Insect Vectors negatively regulates actin-based tubule motility of plant reoviruses
Phytopathology Research, 2019Co-Authors: Qian Chen, Li-min Zheng, Panpan ZhongAbstract:Most plant reoviruses encode a type of nonstructural protein that assembles tubular structures to package virions for viral spread in planthopper or leafhopper Vectors. These tubules are propelled by actin filaments and facilitate viruses to overcome transmission barriers in Insect Vectors. This is known as actin-based tubule motility (ABTM), in which Insect proteins, especially actin-associated proteins participate. To better understand the Insect components that play a role in the ABTM, the proteins interacting with tubule protein Pns11 of the Rice gall dwarf virus (RGDV) in the leafhopper vector were investigated. We found that gelsolin, an actin-modulating protein, interacted with Pns11 in the yeast-two-hybrid system and Sf9 cells. The interaction and co-localization of gelsolin and Pns11 were also verified in cultured cells and Insect bodies of the leafhopper vector. Further, the expression of gelsolin was up-regulated by the RGDV infection both in cultured cells and Insects. The knockdown of the gelsolin gene triggered by RNA interference increased viral accumulation, thus increasing the viruliferous rates of the leafhopper vector. This negative association of gelsolin with Pns11 and virus infection revealed that gelsolin negatively affected the ability of the virus to spread by interacting with Pns11 tubules, finally acting to negatively regulate RGDV infection. The results of this study indicate that ABTM is negatively regulated by Insects in the coevolution of the Insect vector and virus.
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Fibrillar structures induced by a plant reovirus target mitochondria to activate typical apoptotic response and promote viral infection in Insect Vectors.
PLOS Pathogens, 2019Co-Authors: Qian Chen, Li-min Zheng, Haitao Wang, Hongyan Chen, Wei WuAbstract:Numerous plant viruses that cause significant agricultural problems are persistently transmitted by Insect Vectors. We wanted to see if apoptosis was involved in viral infection process in the vector. We found that a plant reovirus (rice gall dwarf virus, RGDV) induced typical apoptotic response during viral replication in the leafhopper vector and cultured vector cells, as demonstrated by mitochondrial degeneration and membrane potential decrease. Fibrillar structures formed by nonstructural protein Pns11 of RGDV targeted the outer membrane of mitochondria, likely by interaction with an apoptosis-related mitochondrial protein in virus-infected leafhopper cells or nonvector Insect cells. Such association of virus-induced fibrillar structures with mitochondria clearly led to mitochondrial degeneration and membrane potential decrease, suggesting that RGDV Pns11 was the inducer of apoptotic response in Insect Vectors. A caspase inhibitor treatment and knockdown of caspase gene expression using RNA interference each reduced apoptosis and viral accumulation, while the knockdown of gene expression for the inhibitor of apoptosis protein improved apoptosis and viral accumulation. Thus, RGDV exploited caspase-dependent apoptotic response to promote viral infection in Insect Vectors. For the first time, we directly confirmed that a nonstructural protein encoded by a persistent plant virus can induce the typical apoptotic response to benefit viral transmission by Insect Vectors.
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Autophagy pathway induced by a plant virus facilitates viral spread and transmission by its Insect vector.
PLOS Pathogens, 2017Co-Authors: Yong Chen, Qian Chen, Hongyan Chen, Manman Li, Wei WuAbstract:Many viral pathogens are persistently transmitted by Insect Vectors and cause agricultural or health problems. Generally, an Insect vector can use autophagy as an intrinsic antiviral defense mechanism against viral infection. Whether viruses can evolve to exploit autophagy to promote their transmission by Insect Vectors is still unknown. Here, we show that the autophagic process is triggered by the persistent replication of a plant reovirus, rice gall dwarf virus (RGDV) in cultured leafhopper vector cells and in intact Insects, as demonstrated by the appearance of obvious virus-containing double-membrane autophagosomes, conversion of ATG8-I to ATG8-II and increased level of autophagic flux. Such virus-containing autophagosomes seem able to mediate nonlytic viral release from cultured cells or facilitate viral spread in the leafhopper intestine. Applying the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine or silencing the expression of Atg5 significantly decrease viral spread in vitro and in vivo, whereas applying the autophagy inducer rapamycin or silencing the expression of Torc1 facilitate such viral spread. Furthermore, we find that activation of autophagy facilitates efficient viral transmission, whereas inhibiting autophagy blocks viral transmission by its Insect vector. Together, these results indicate a plant virus can induce the formation of autophagosomes for carrying virions, thus facilitating viral spread and transmission by its Insect vector. We believe that such a role for virus-induced autophagy is common for vector-borne persistent viruses during their transmission by Insect Vectors.
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Filamentous Structures Induced by a Phytoreovirus Mediate Viral Release from Salivary Glands in Its Insect Vector.
Journal of Virology, 2017Co-Authors: Zhenfeng Liao, Wei Wu, Hongyan Chen, Jiajia Li, Qian ChenAbstract:: Numerous viral pathogens are persistently transmitted by Insect Vectors and cause agricultural or health problems. These viruses circulate in the vector body, enter the salivary gland, and then are released into the apical plasmalemma-lined cavities, where saliva is stored. The cavity plasmalemma of vector salivary glands thus represents the last membrane barrier for viral transmission. Here, we report a novel mechanism used by a persistent virus to overcome this essential barrier. We observed that the infection by rice gall dwarf virus (RGDV), a species of the genus Phytoreovirus in the family Reoviridae, induced the formation of virus-associated filaments constructed by viral nonstructural protein Pns11 within the salivary glands of its leafhopper vector, Recilia dorsalis Such filaments attached to actin-based apical plasmalemma and induced an exocytosis-like process for viral release into vector salivary gland cavities, through a direct interaction of Pns11 of RGDV and actin of R. dorsalis Failure of virus-induced filaments assembly by RNA interference with synthesized double-stranded RNA targeting the Pns11 gene inhibited the dissemination of RGDV into salivary cavities, preventing viral transmission by R. dorsalis For the first time, we show that a virus can exploit virus-induced inclusion as a vehicle to pass through the apical plasmalemma into vector salivary gland cavities, thus overcoming the last membrane barrier for viral transmission by Insect Vectors.IMPORTANCE Understanding how persistent viruses overcome multiple tissue and membrane barriers within the Insect Vectors until final transmission is the key for viral disease control. The apical plasmalemma of the cavities where saliva is stored in the salivary glands is the last barrier for viral transmission by Insect Vectors; however, the mechanism is still poorly understood. Here we show that a virus has evolved to exploit virus-induced filaments to perform an exocytosis-like process that enables viral passage through the apical plasmalemma into salivary cavities. This mechanism could be extensively exploited by other persistent viruses to overcome salivary gland release barriers in Insect Vectors, opening new perspectives for viral control.
Stephane Blanc - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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water deficit enhances the transmission of plant viruses by Insect Vectors
PLOS ONE, 2017Co-Authors: Manuella Van Munster, Alberto Fereres, Michel Yvon, Denis Vile, Beatriz Dader, Stephane BlancAbstract:Drought is a major threat to crop production worldwide and is accentuated by global warming. Plant responses to this abiotic stress involve physiological changes overlapping, at least partially, the defense pathways elicited both by viruses and their herbivore Vectors. Recently, a number of theoretical and empirical studies anticipated the influence of climate changes on vector-borne viruses of plants and animals, mainly addressing the effects on the virus itself or on the vector population dynamics, and inferring possible consequences on virus transmission. Here, we directly assess the effect of a severe water deficit on the efficiency of aphid-transmission of the Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) or the Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). For both viruses, our results demonstrate that the rate of vector-transmission is significantly increased from water-deprived source plants: CaMV transmission reproducibly increased by 34% and that of TuMV by 100%. In both cases, the enhanced transmission rate could not be explained by a higher virus accumulation, suggesting a more complex drought-induced process that remains to be elucidated. The evidence that infected plants subjected to drought are much better virus sources for Insect Vectors may have extensive consequences for viral epidemiology, and should be investigated in a wide range of plant-virus-vector systems.
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localizing viruses in their Insect Vectors
Annual Review of Phytopathology, 2014Co-Authors: Stephane Blanc, Martin Drucker, Marilyne UzestAbstract:The mechanisms and impacts of the transmission of plant viruses by Insect Vectors have been studied for more than a century. The virus route within the Insect vector is amply documented in many cases, but the identity, the biochemical properties, and the structure of the actual molecules (or molecule domains) ensuring compatibility between them remain obscure. Increased efforts are required both to identify receptors of plant viruses at various sites in the vector body and to design competing compounds capable of hindering transmission. Recent trends in the field are opening questions on the diversity and sophistication of viral adaptations that optimize transmission, from the manipulation of plants and Vectors ultimately increasing the chances of acquisition and inoculation, to specific “sensing” of the vector by the virus while still in the host plant and the subsequent transition to a transmission-enhanced state.
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plant feeding by Insect Vectors can affect life cycle population genetics and evolution of plant viruses
Functional Ecology, 2013Co-Authors: Yannis Michalakis, Serafin Gutierrez, Manuella Van Munster, Stephane BlancAbstract:Summary Transmission from host to host is a crucial step in the life cycle of pathogens, particularly of viruses, ensuring spread and maintenance in host populations. The immobile nature of plants and the strong pectin and cellulose barrier surrounding cells have constrained most plant virus species to use Vectors (mainly Insects) for exit, transfer and entry from one host to another. A growing body of evidence is showing that plant viruses can influence vector physiology and behaviour to increase their chances of transmission, either directly or through modification of the host plant. In contrast, little is known on the possible reciprocal interaction, where the vector way of life would significantly impact on the viral behaviour and/or phenotype within the infected plants, on its population genetics and its evolution. The complex possible reaches of these three-way interactions on the ecology of each partner have not been exhaustively explored. After briefly summarizing the current knowledge on how viruses can induce changes in Insect vector behaviour, physiology and population dynamics, this review focuses on presenting unforeseen aspects related to (i) the impacts that the feeding habits of different Insect Vectors can have on the evolution of plant viruses and (ii) the possibility that vector-related stresses induce major switches in the ‘behaviour’ of viruses in planta, affecting primarily the efficiency of transmission by Insect Vectors.
Norman A Ratcliffe - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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gut microbiota and parasite transmission by Insect Vectors
Trends in Parasitology, 2005Co-Authors: Patrícia Azambuja, Eloi S. Garcia, Norman A RatcliffeAbstract:In the gut of some Insect Vectors, parasites ingested with the bloodmeal decrease in number before coming into contact with host tissues. Many factors could be responsible for this reduction in parasite number but the potentially important role of the large communities of naturally occurring microorganisms that exist alongside the newly ingested parasites in the vector midgut has been largely overlooked. Some previous reports exist of the inhibition of parasite development by vector gut microbiota and of the killing of Trypanosoma cruzi and Plasmodium spp. by prodigiosin produced by bacteria. Based on this evidence, we believe that the microbiota present in the midgut of vector Insects could have important roles as determinants of parasite survival and development in Insect vector hosts and, therefore, contribute to the modulation of vector competence for many important diseases.
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Gut microbiota and parasite transmission by Insect Vectors
Trends in Parasitology, 2005Co-Authors: Patrícia Azambuja, Eloi S. Garcia, Norman A RatcliffeAbstract:In the gut of some Insect Vectors, parasites ingested with the bloodmeal decrease in number before coming into contact with host tissues. Many factors could be responsible for this reduction in parasite number but the potentially important role of the large communities of naturally occurring microorganisms that exist alongside the newly ingested parasites in the vector midgut has been largely overlooked. Some previous reports exist of the inhibition of parasite development by vector gut microbiota and of the killing of Trypanosoma cruzi and Plasmodium spp. by prodigiosin produced by bacteria. Based on this evidence, we believe that the microbiota present in the midgut of vector Insects could have important roles as determinants of parasite survival and development in Insect vector hosts and, therefore, contribute to the modulation of vector competence for many important diseases. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
