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Gerrit Sarens - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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reflections on the Internal Auditing profession what might have gone wrong
Managerial Auditing Journal, 2012Co-Authors: Rainer Lenz, Gerrit SarensAbstract:Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate and discuss potential reasons why the Internal Auditing (IA) profession has been marginalized in the governance debate on solutions after the financial crisis that started in 2007, also noting recent studies questioning the value of IA's work. The key aim of this paper is to make readers aware of ambiguities concerning the ultimate customer of IA and its core business, and to stimulate critical reflection thereon. Design/methodology/approach - The conceptual discussion of this paper is based on an objective review of relevant literature, both practitioner and academic. Findings - Positioning IA as agent to the board/audit committee and, at the same time, as partner to management is challenging in practice. The IA function should clarify the customer dimension in its organizational context. Furthermore, this paper argues for a consolidation of Internal audit around its core function of providing assurance when seeking to establish IA as a profession. Practical implications - Practitioners will benefit as this paper demands fundamental questions to be addressed in the organizational context, about the ultimate customer and the core business of the IA service rendered. The Institute of Internal Auditors will benefit from this paper and subsequent discussions in academia and practice, supporting its pursuit to gain universal recognition for IA as a profession. Originality/value - This paper may open a new research area in IA that addresses a more critical way of evaluating IA practices.
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an investigation of the association between cultural dimensions and variations in perceived use of and compliance with Internal Auditing standards in 19 countries
The International Journal of Accounting, 2011Co-Authors: Mohammad J Abdolmohammadi, Gerrit SarensAbstract:Using a large sample of chief audit executives and Internal audit managers from 19 countries, we investigate potential associations between cultural dimensions and variations in perceived use/compliance with the Internal Auditing standards. We find uncertainty avoidance to be inversely related to both use and compliance. We also find assertiveness and human orientation to be positively related to compliance but not to use of Standards. Among control variables, we find positive associations for the length of Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) membership, professional certification in Internal Auditing, and hours of continuing professional education (CPE) training on both perceived use and compliance. Finally, we find “Cost of compliance” and “Compliance not expected in my country” to be inversely related to perceived use/compliance. Implications of these findings are discussed.
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factors associated with convergence of Internal Auditing practices
Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies, 2011Co-Authors: Gerrit Sarens, Mohammad J AbdolmohammadiAbstract:Purpose – The aim of this paper is to investigate a number of factors that are theoretically associated with convergence toward best practices in Internal Auditing.Design/methodology/approach – The paper defines best practices as Internal audit tools and techniques that are used by at least 67 percent of the Internal audit functions (IAFs) in the USA. A sample of 26 countries and data from 1,708 IAFs were used in this study.Findings – The paper finds evidence of a high degree of de facto convergence of Internal Auditing practices toward US best practices. It also finds that IAFs in emerging countries converge more rapidly to best practices than IAFs in developed countries. Finally, the use of the Institute of Internal Auditors' (IIA) Standards and an external quality assessment in the past three years are found to be positively and significantly associated with convergence toward US best practices.Research limitations/implications – The most important limitation of the data used in the study is that they ...
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are Internal Auditing practices related to the age of the Internal audit function exploratory evidence and directions for future research
Managerial Auditing Journal, 2011Co-Authors: Gerrit Sarens, Marco Allegrini, Giuseppe Donza, Rob MelvilleAbstract:Purpose - This study seeks to analyze and explore whether the organizational profile, the size of the Internal audit function (IAF) and Internal audit (IA) practices are related to the age of the IAF. Design/methodology/approach - This study is based on data collected from the Common Body of Knowledge study conducted by the Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation in 2006. In total, 9,366 practitioners completed the questionnaire, representing 92 countries. Findings - This study has identified three clusters of IAF based on their age. The findings show that: the organizational profile is significantly different between these three clusters; the current size of the IAF is related to the age of the IAF; those IAFs that were set up in the early days of the IIA (established in 1941) are more likely to use the IIA Standards and have more Internal auditors with Internal Auditing qualifications; a quality assurance and improvement program is more common within older IAFs; and older IAFs have a more diversified IA agenda and more frequently perform advanced IA activities. Research limitations/implications - This paper does not allow conclusions to be reached on causality: the results in this paper are based only on univariate association tests. Given that age of the IAF is not a proxy for its maturity, a multidimensional measure of the maturity of an IAF could be developed. Practical implications - The results reported in this paper can be useful for practitioners who wish to benchmark their IAF and for the IIA to continue implementing their mission “progress through sharing”. Originality/value - This is the first large-scale study focusing on the age of the IAF. The results of this study have resulted in interesting directions for future research.
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cultural dimension and professionalism and uniformity of Internal Auditing practice
2009Co-Authors: Gerrit Sarens, Mohammad J AbdolmohammadiAbstract:This study extends the literature on the impact of culture on the accounting and Auditing professions by investigating the relationship between cultural dimensions and (1) professionalism of the Internal Auditing community in 45 countries; and (2) uniformity of Internal Auditing practice in 32 countries. More specially, the hypotheses suggested by Gray (1988) are adapted and tested using more recent cultural dimension data. We find evidence that a professional Internal audit community is more common in countries characterized by a low level of uncertainty avoidance, collectivism and assertiveness. The results also indicate that a high degree of uniformity of Internal Auditing practice is more common in countries characterized by a lower level of power distance and collectivism. Comparing the results by legal regime, we find culture to have more influence on professionalism in civil law countries than common law countries. Finally, we find economic development to be inversely associated with uniformity in Internal Auditing practices.
Jeffrey Ridley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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sustainability assurance and Internal Auditing in emerging markets
Corporate Governance, 2011Co-Authors: Jeffrey Ridley, Kenneth Edgar Dsilva, Marta SzombathelyiAbstract:Purpose – Despite the increasing recognition that organizations should report on relevant sustainability matters, the importance and value to stakeholders of these reports being independently assured are not well appreciated. The objective of the paper is to underline that such assurance can be (and is) provided by the Internal audit function and, in doing so, that function makes a significant contribution to effective corporate governance.Design/methodology/approach – Theoretical in nature, the paper makes reference to a few “real‐world” illustrations. It is review in character and in a relatively systematic manner reviews key Internal Auditing professional standards‐guidance in conjunction with prior theoretical and empirical research.Findings – The paper reinforces the argument that reporting of sustainability policies, practices and measures, without independent assurance, is of reduced value to stakeholders. The paper provides evidence to show how, despite the potential to do so, Internal Auditing ha...
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cutting edge Internal Auditing
2008Co-Authors: Jeffrey RidleyAbstract:List of Figures And Training Slides. List of Cutting Edge Case Studies Which Appear On The CD ROM. About the Author. Preface. Foreword. Acknowledgements. 1. Introduction. 2. Cutting Edge Internal Auditing Looks Into the Future. 3. Cutting Edge Internal Auditing Is World-Class. 4. Cutting Edge Internal Auditing Wears Many Hats. 5. Cutting Edge Internal Auditing Knows How to Govern. 6. Cutting Edge Internal Auditing Fights Crime. 7. Cutting Edge Internal Auditing Assist The Board. 8. Cutting Edge Internal Auditing Is Committed to Quality. 9. Cutting Edge Internal Auditing Continuously Benchmarks. 10. Cutting Edge Internal Auditing Continuously Improves. 11. Cutting Edge Internal Auditing Is creative. 12. Cutting Edge Internal Auditing Asks The Right Questions. 13. Cutting Edge Internal Auditing Contributes to Good Reputations. 14. Cutting Edge Internal Auditing Promotes Itself. 15. Cutting Edge Internal Auditing Mangers Knowledge Well. 16. The Future of Internal Auditing Is Yours. Appendix A. Leading Edge Internal Auditing - Principia 1998. Appendix B. Cutting Edge Internal Auditing Principia 2008. Appendix C. Answers to Self-Assessment Questions. Bibliography. Chronology of Author's Articles and Research. Index.
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Internal Auditing s international contribution to governance
International Journal of Business Governance and Ethics, 2007Co-Authors: Kenneth Edgar Dsilva, Jeffrey RidleyAbstract:Internal Auditing has been adding value in organisations across all sectors for many years. This paper is based on research by the authors into this value in the UK, widened to include the contribution by Internal Auditing's professional development worldwide. This development is based mainly on international Internal Auditing standards, now receiving recognition by governments, regulators, external auditors and other authorities across the world. Not least by the worldwide requirements of the US Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2003, and board responsibility for the effectiveness of Internal control. The paper discusses how the assurance, compliance and consultant roles of Internal Auditing are being recognised today at board level in many organisations as valuable contributors to good governance practices.
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leading edge Internal Auditing
1998Co-Authors: Jeffrey Ridley, Andrew D ChambersAbstract:Focusing on up-to-date control definitions, and investigating a variety of management practices, this work aims to guide the reader to enable them to set up and run their own Internal audit departments.
Mohammad J Abdolmohammadi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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an investigation of the association between cultural dimensions and variations in perceived use of and compliance with Internal Auditing standards in 19 countries
The International Journal of Accounting, 2011Co-Authors: Mohammad J Abdolmohammadi, Gerrit SarensAbstract:Using a large sample of chief audit executives and Internal audit managers from 19 countries, we investigate potential associations between cultural dimensions and variations in perceived use/compliance with the Internal Auditing standards. We find uncertainty avoidance to be inversely related to both use and compliance. We also find assertiveness and human orientation to be positively related to compliance but not to use of Standards. Among control variables, we find positive associations for the length of Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) membership, professional certification in Internal Auditing, and hours of continuing professional education (CPE) training on both perceived use and compliance. Finally, we find “Cost of compliance” and “Compliance not expected in my country” to be inversely related to perceived use/compliance. Implications of these findings are discussed.
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factors associated with convergence of Internal Auditing practices
Journal of Accounting in Emerging Economies, 2011Co-Authors: Gerrit Sarens, Mohammad J AbdolmohammadiAbstract:Purpose – The aim of this paper is to investigate a number of factors that are theoretically associated with convergence toward best practices in Internal Auditing.Design/methodology/approach – The paper defines best practices as Internal audit tools and techniques that are used by at least 67 percent of the Internal audit functions (IAFs) in the USA. A sample of 26 countries and data from 1,708 IAFs were used in this study.Findings – The paper finds evidence of a high degree of de facto convergence of Internal Auditing practices toward US best practices. It also finds that IAFs in emerging countries converge more rapidly to best practices than IAFs in developed countries. Finally, the use of the Institute of Internal Auditors' (IIA) Standards and an external quality assessment in the past three years are found to be positively and significantly associated with convergence toward US best practices.Research limitations/implications – The most important limitation of the data used in the study is that they ...
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cultural dimension and professionalism and uniformity of Internal Auditing practice
2009Co-Authors: Gerrit Sarens, Mohammad J AbdolmohammadiAbstract:This study extends the literature on the impact of culture on the accounting and Auditing professions by investigating the relationship between cultural dimensions and (1) professionalism of the Internal Auditing community in 45 countries; and (2) uniformity of Internal Auditing practice in 32 countries. More specially, the hypotheses suggested by Gray (1988) are adapted and tested using more recent cultural dimension data. We find evidence that a professional Internal audit community is more common in countries characterized by a low level of uncertainty avoidance, collectivism and assertiveness. The results also indicate that a high degree of uniformity of Internal Auditing practice is more common in countries characterized by a lower level of power distance and collectivism. Comparing the results by legal regime, we find culture to have more influence on professionalism in civil law countries than common law countries. Finally, we find economic development to be inversely associated with uniformity in Internal Auditing practices.
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usage of Internal Auditing standards by companies in the united states and select european countries
Managerial Auditing Journal, 2009Co-Authors: Priscilla Burnaby, Susan Hass, Mohammad J Abdolmohammadi, Gerrit Sarens, Marco AllegriniAbstract:Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate differences in the degree of usage and compliance with the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) International Standards for the Professional Practices of Internal Auditing (Standards) by organizations' Internal audit activities (IAA) located in the USA and a sample of European countries which have affiliates with the IIA. This paper shows the differences among Belgium, Italy, The Netherlands, the UK and Ireland, and the USA with respect to the level of use of the Standards and compliance with the Standards by respondents' IAAs. Design/methodology/approach - Survey results from questionnaires sent to IIA members in September 2006 about various topics relating to Internal Auditing are summarized in the Common Body of Knowledge 2006 database. These results are compared among Belgium, Italy, The Netherlands, the UK and Ireland, and the USA. Findings - This paper shows the differences among Belgium, Italy, The Netherlands, the UK and Ireland, and the USA with respect to the level of use of the Standards and compliance with the Standards by respondents' IAAs. There are significant levels of variation in responses by country. For Standards 1300, Quality Assurance and Improvement Program, and 2600, Resolution of Management's Acceptance of Risks, respondents indicate high levels of non-compliance. Originality/value - This study compares the status of the use of the IIA Standards in five countries to determine if there is any difference in application in different parts of the world.
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the americas literature review on Internal Auditing
Managerial Auditing Journal, 2006Co-Authors: Susan Hass, Mohammad J Abdolmohammadi, Priscilla BurnabyAbstract:Purpose – By conducting the 2006 global Common Body of Knowledge (CBOK) study, The Institute of Internal Auditors (The IIA) attempts to better understand the expanding scope of Internal Auditing practice throughout the world. The purpose of this review of recent Internal Auditing literature in The Americas is to document how the Internal audit function is changing in response to the shifts in global business practices.Design/methodology/approach – The literature in The Americas is reviewed with a focus on developments that have implications for the expanded scope of Internal Auditing and the changing skill sets of Internal auditors. This focus has implications for CBOK 2006.Findings – The literature indicates a paradigm shift in the activities performed by Internal auditors. The increasing complexity of business transactions, a more dynamic regulatory environment in the USA, and significant advances in information technology have resulted in opportunities and challenges for Internal auditors. Although in ...
Susan Hass - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Internal Auditing in the americas
Managerial Auditing Journal, 2011Co-Authors: Priscilla Burnaby, Susan HassAbstract:Purpose - Increased globalization and cross border trade suggest the importance of consistency in Internal controls and the Internal Auditing activities within organizations when doing business with a region's neighbors. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether there are differences in the demographics of Internal auditors in the neighboring regions of the USA, Canada, and many Latin American countries, their organizations' compliance with the Institute of Internal Auditors' (IIA) International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing (Standards), and the skills and competencies that are most important to perform the profession of Internal Auditing. Design/methodology/approach - Data were selected from the IIA's 2006 Common Body of Knowledge database created by the Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation. Findings - Although there is less compliance and greater satisfaction with the Standards in participating Latin American countries, the findings indicate remarkable consistency in the USA, Canada, and Latin American countries in their application and compliance with the Standards and the kinds of skills and competencies respondents indicate are important for the practice of Internal Auditing. Global competition, increased communication and global stakeholder expectations have resulted in increased utilization of Internal Auditing in the Americas. Practical implications - Reliability of organizational systems, output and performance must be continually evaluated to ensure effectiveness, efficiency and compliance with entity policies and procedures. One role of the Internal auditor is to evaluate this performance using globally accepted Standards, frameworks and procedures. Adding value by making suggestions for system improvements and to provide assurance on the adequacy of system controls to stakeholders at all levels and geographical locations should insure the future of the Internal Auditing profession. Originality/value - There has been nothing written about the comparison of the Internal Auditing profession's usage of the IIA Standards in the USA, Canada, and Latin America. As many organizations are doing business across these borders, reliance on the information provided by their suppliers and customers is important to executives. Systems that are monitored by Internal auditors who follow the IIA's Standards should provide more assurance about the reliability of that information. This paper compares the usage of the IIA's Standards by Internal auditors in the USA, Canada, and participating Latin American countries.
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usage of Internal Auditing standards and Internal Auditing activities in south africa and all respondents
Managerial Auditing Journal, 2009Co-Authors: Marinda Marais, Priscilla Burnaby, Susan Hass, E Sadler, Houdini FourieAbstract:Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to compare the responses of South African respondents with all Common Body of Knowledge (CBOK) 2006 respondents in the areas of compliance with the Institute of Internal Auditors' (IIA) International Standards for the Professional Practice of Internal Auditing (Standards) and several areas of the Internal audit activity's (IAA) operations. Design/methodology/approach - This paper summarises and discusses the survey results from questionnaires sent to the IIA members as of September 2006. For selected topics, the CBOK 2006 database is compared for South African respondents and non-South African respondents. Findings - The paper finds that South Africans have a higher level of compliance with the Standards than those respondents residing in other parts of the world. Since the Internal Auditing profession is so young in South Africa, compliance with the Standards gives structure and support to the new IAAs and Internal auditors. Originality/value - This is the first study comparing the status of the South African Internal Auditing profession with the global state of Internal Auditing, activities performed by Internal auditors and the perception of the IAAs in their organizations.
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a summary of the global common body of knowledge 2006 cbok study in Internal Auditing
Managerial Auditing Journal, 2009Co-Authors: Priscilla Burnaby, Susan HassAbstract:Purpose - The 2006 global Common Body of Knowledge (CBOK) study is part of an ongoing research program designed to document how Internal Auditing is practiced. The purpose of this paper is to summarize responses to three global surveys of Internal auditors. Design/methodology/approach - Based on literature reviews and a pre-scope questionnaire, the researchers develop three questionnaires that are answered by Internal auditors world wide. Topics in the questionnaires, which are translated from English into 16 languages, include the attributes of an effective Internal audit activity (IAA); compliance with The Institute of Internal Auditor (IIA) Standards; Internal auditor skills, competencies, and knowledge; Internal audit tools and techniques; and emerging roles of the IAA. Findings - The profession of Internal Auditing is a rich resource for organizations as the IAA monitors the adequacy and effectiveness of management's Internal control framework and contributes to the integrity of corporate governance; risk assessment; and financial, operating, and IT systems. Practical implications - The participation of IIA members from 91 countries and 9,366 usable responses provides information about the evolving role of Internal Auditing as a value-added activity that helps an organization manage its risks and take advantage of opportunities. The CBOK 2006 database can be used to improve the understanding of the current state of Internal Auditing practices; anticipate the use of new skills, tools, and technologies; and promote the enhancement of standardization and performance of Internal Auditing world wide. Originality/value - This paper summarizes information in the most comprehensive database ever to capture a current view of the global state of the Internal audit profession.
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usage of Internal Auditing standards by companies in the united states and select european countries
Managerial Auditing Journal, 2009Co-Authors: Priscilla Burnaby, Susan Hass, Mohammad J Abdolmohammadi, Gerrit Sarens, Marco AllegriniAbstract:Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate differences in the degree of usage and compliance with the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) International Standards for the Professional Practices of Internal Auditing (Standards) by organizations' Internal audit activities (IAA) located in the USA and a sample of European countries which have affiliates with the IIA. This paper shows the differences among Belgium, Italy, The Netherlands, the UK and Ireland, and the USA with respect to the level of use of the Standards and compliance with the Standards by respondents' IAAs. Design/methodology/approach - Survey results from questionnaires sent to IIA members in September 2006 about various topics relating to Internal Auditing are summarized in the Common Body of Knowledge 2006 database. These results are compared among Belgium, Italy, The Netherlands, the UK and Ireland, and the USA. Findings - This paper shows the differences among Belgium, Italy, The Netherlands, the UK and Ireland, and the USA with respect to the level of use of the Standards and compliance with the Standards by respondents' IAAs. There are significant levels of variation in responses by country. For Standards 1300, Quality Assurance and Improvement Program, and 2600, Resolution of Management's Acceptance of Risks, respondents indicate high levels of non-compliance. Originality/value - This study compares the status of the use of the IIA Standards in five countries to determine if there is any difference in application in different parts of the world.
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the americas literature review on Internal Auditing
Managerial Auditing Journal, 2006Co-Authors: Susan Hass, Mohammad J Abdolmohammadi, Priscilla BurnabyAbstract:Purpose – By conducting the 2006 global Common Body of Knowledge (CBOK) study, The Institute of Internal Auditors (The IIA) attempts to better understand the expanding scope of Internal Auditing practice throughout the world. The purpose of this review of recent Internal Auditing literature in The Americas is to document how the Internal audit function is changing in response to the shifts in global business practices.Design/methodology/approach – The literature in The Americas is reviewed with a focus on developments that have implications for the expanded scope of Internal Auditing and the changing skill sets of Internal auditors. This focus has implications for CBOK 2006.Findings – The literature indicates a paradigm shift in the activities performed by Internal auditors. The increasing complexity of business transactions, a more dynamic regulatory environment in the USA, and significant advances in information technology have resulted in opportunities and challenges for Internal auditors. Although in ...
Dessalegn Getie Mihret - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the role of Internal Auditing in corporate governance a foucauldian analysis
Accounting Auditing & Accountability Journal, 2017Co-Authors: Dessalegn Getie Mihret, Bligh GrantAbstract:Purpose - This study attempts to articulate the conceptual foundations of the role of Internal Auditing in corporate governance by drawing on Michel Foucault’s concept of governmentality. Design/methodology/approach - The paper is a literature-based analysis of the role of Internal Auditing from a Foucauldian perspective. Findings - It is argued that Foucault’s notion of governmentality provides conceptual tools for researching Internal Auditing as a disciplinary mechanism in the corporate governance setting of contemporary organizations. The paper develops an initial conceptual formulation of Internal Auditing as (a) ex post assurance about the execution of economic activities within management’s preconceived frameworks and (b) ex ante advisory services to enhance the rationality of economic activities and accompanying controls. Research limitations/implications - The paper is expected to initiate debate on the choice of theory and method in Internal Auditing research. The propositions and research agenda discussed can be used to address research questions of an interpretive nature that could enrich our current understanding of Internal Auditing. Originality/value - This paper extends the Foucauldian analysis of accounting to incorporate Internal Auditing. It offers original propositions as a research agenda and discusses ontological and epistemic considerations associated with adopting the Foucauldian framework for Internal Auditing research.
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how can we explain Internal Auditing the inadequacy of agency theory and a labor process alternative
Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 2014Co-Authors: Dessalegn Getie MihretAbstract:This paper draws on labor process theory (LPT) to explain how capitalism creates conditions that give rise to a demand for Internal Auditing. Internal Auditing developed from the metamorphosis of capitalism during the twentieth century, when capital gradually succeeded in institutionalizing structural control of labor processes to address the problem of control in inherently antagonistic capital-labor relationships. In this control context employees, management, and the board of directors are responsible for achieving the required rate of return on capital. With the premise that the literature has not adequately theorized the role of Internal Auditing in this context, this paper proposes an initial theorization of the role of Internal Auditing as a mechanism employed by management and the board of directors to control the labor process in the generation and realization of surplus value. Internal audit's assurance services to execute business activities according to management's conceptions, and its advisory services to enhance efficiency and effectiveness, are interpreted within the firm's overarching goal of maximizing the rate of return on capital employed. Future research agenda and methodological considerations are discussed.
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the role of Internal Auditing in risk management
2013Co-Authors: Dessalegn Getie Mihret, Ashfaq Ahmad KhanAbstract:This paper is based on a theoretical analysis of the role of Internal Auditing in the accountability framework of contemporary corporate governance. We conceptualize the risk management rationale of Internal Auditing by drawing on the concept of accountability. We locate the emergence of Internal Auditing within the metamorphosis of capitalism. It is argued that this development produced the institutionalization of structural control of the firm to address the control problem in the inherently conflicting relationships that characterize accountability relations of capitalist enterprises. The exercise of control in this context entails ensuring accountability of employees, management, and the board of directors to shareholders to increase profit. The extant literature does not provide an integrated conceptual framework that explains the role of Internal Auditing with a holistic view of this accountability landscape. This paper explains how the accountability relations of advanced capitalism create conditions that produce the demand for Internal Auditing as a risk management technology deployed to advance the managerial values of efficiency and effectiveness of the firm through assurance and advisory services.