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Daniel Druckman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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turning points in multilateral trade Negotiations on intellectual property
2011Co-Authors: Larry Crump, Daniel DruckmanAbstract:Detailed chronologies of events that transpired during the discussion of intellectual property issues (TRIPS) in the GATT Uruguay Round and prior to and during the WTO Doha Ministerial are used to trace the unfolding Negotiation processes through time. Of particular interest are departures from earlier trends in the chronologies: A departure is defined as a clear and self-evident change from earlier events or patterns in the form of an impactful decision taken by one or more parties. By coding the causes (precipitants) and effects (consequences) of the departures, we perform a turning points analysis: These three-part sequences reveal the triggers and impacts of departures during the extended TRIPS Negotiation process. The analyses will allow a comparison of the patterns that unfolded during the two phases of TRIPS Negotiations. This comparison will highlight the breakthroughs that occurred during the Uruguay Round and the crises that emerged later, prior to and during the Doha Ministerial. Improving the effectiveness of multilateral trade Negotiations depends in part on understanding how critical turning points emerge. This article also has implications more generally for the way that comparative analyses of International Negotiation are performed and for the effectiveness of negotiating in the multilateral context.
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Computer-Assisted International Negotiation: A Tool for Research and Practice
Group Decision and Negotiation, 2002Co-Authors: Daniel Druckman, Bennett Ramberg, Richard HarrisAbstract:This article describes a web-based computer-assisted tool for diagnosing progress in International Negotiation. Following a discussion of the need for such a tool, we provide the research sources for its development, present the model on which it is based, describe how it works, and present the results of attempts to validate its diagnoses with case materials. Focusing on flexibility in Negotiation, the program consists of questions divided into five categories: issues, parties, delegations, situation, and process. The questions track to variables shown in published studies to influence flexibility. Answers to the questions are processed according to algorithms that include weights derived from the results of a statistical meta-analysis of bargaining studies. An example of the question-answer format and computations leading to the diagnoses are provided. A help function that provides advice for resolving impasses is also described. Strong correspondences between diagnoses generated by the program and actual outcomes obtained in a number of cases attest to the validity of the approach. The article concludes with ideas for further development stimulated by the web-based version of the program.
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turning points in International Negotiation a comparative analysis
Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2001Co-Authors: Daniel DruckmanAbstract:A turning-points analysis of 34 cases of International Negotiation is performed in three parts: precipitants (external, substantive, or procedural), process departures (abrupt or nonabrupt), and immediate and later consequences (escalatory or de-escalatory). The cases are divided into three types according to issue area: security, political (including environmental), and trade or economic Negotiations. The results are summarized in terms of paths to outcomes: security Negotiations are characterized primarily by external precipitants leading to abrupt departures in process that typically turn the talks in the direction of agreements; process departures or turning points in political and trade talks are usually precipitated by either substantive or procedural decisions made by the negotiators that also lead to agreements. Implications of the findings are discussed in terms of the risk-averse and reactive orientations taken by governments in the area of security policy. They are also discussed in the context...
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dimensions of International Negotiation a test of ikle s typology
Group Decision and Negotiation, 1999Co-Authors: Daniel Druckman, Jennifer A Martin, Susan Allen Nan, Dimostenis YagciogluAbstract:Results from statistical analyses of 30 cases of International Negotiations supported Ikle's typology of negotiating objectives. The cases, sampled from the collection of Pew Case Studies in International Affairs, were distinguished in terms of five objectives: innovation, redistribution, extension, normalization, and side effects. In addition, a sixth objective was identified: Negotiations concerning the creation of multilateral regimes. These cases focused on issues that surfaced on the International agenda during the 1980s. Each type had a relatively distinct profile based on such aspects of Negotiation as the number of parties and issues, bargaining strategies, media exposure, stability of the process, and types of outcomes. The methodology contributes to the state-of-the art in comparative analysis and the results have implications for the development of middle-range theories of Negotiation. They also contribute to practice, by enabling negotiators to evaluate future cases in terms of knowledge about past cases.
V A Kremenyuk - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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International Negotiation analysis approaches issues second edition
2002Co-Authors: V A KremenyukAbstract:The first edition of "International Negotiation" became a best-selling classic in the field of global conflict resolution. This second edition has been substantially revised and updated to meet the challenges of today's complex International community. Developed under the direction of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, this important resource contains contributions from some of the world's leading experts in International Negotiation, representing a wide range of nations and disciplines. They offer a synthesis of contemporary Negotiation theory, perspectives for understanding Negotiation dynamics, and strategies for producing mutually satisfactory and enduring agreements that is particularly relevant in these times.
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International Negotiation analysis approaches issues
Administrative Science Quarterly, 1992Co-Authors: V A KremenyukAbstract:Negotiation researchers and practitioners from over 10 countries offer a state-of-the-art synthesis of contemporary Negotiation theory, perspectives for understanding Negotiation dynamics, and innovative strategies for producing enduring, mutually satisfactory agreements. The book examines the different levels of analysis and methodological approaches by which Negotiations can be assessed. The principal areas in which International Negotiations have been applied -- arms control, trade talks, environment, terrorism, scientific exchange -- are reviewed. Finally, a section is devoted to the application of theory and research to the training of diplomats and policy makers in the practice of Negotiation.
David G Steel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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which countries protect intellectual property the case of software piracy
Economic Inquiry, 2000Co-Authors: Donald B Marron, David G SteelAbstract:DAVID G. STEEL [*] Using data on software piracy, we examine how protection of intellectual property varies across countries. Consistent with other studies, we find that intellectual property receives greater protection in developed economies; high-income countries have lower piracy rates. We also find that protection depends on cultural factors. Countries with an individualist culture have lower piracy rates than do countries with a collectivist culture. Piracy rates are also lower in countries that have strong institutions that enforce contracts and protect property from expropriation. These results suggest that national policies toward intellectual property reflect not only economic concerns but also national culture and institutions. (JEL 034, L86) I. INTRODUCTION Intellectual property rights are a recurring focus of International Negotiation. Developed nations argue that such rights are essential for promoting innovation and economic growth. Many developing nations, on the other hand, argue that intellectual property rights inhibit economic development by restricting use of existing knowledge. A generation of theoretical research has demonstrated that there is truth in both arguments; depending on circumstances, individual countries may reasonably favor different levels of protection for intellectual property. [1] Surprisingly little is known, however, about how such protection is actually determined. Only a handful of previous studies have analyzed cross-national variation in intellectual property rights. [2] These studies relate patent rights, as formalized in the laws of individual countries, to a range of social and economic variables. The main empirical finding is that developed countries provide stronger patent protection. In this article, we extend this line of research by examining cross-national variation in piracy of computer software. The Business Software Alliance and the Software Publishers Association [1998] have estimated piracy rates (the ratio of illegally copied units to total units) for business software in more than 70 countries for 1994-97. These rates vary substantially. In some countries, essentially all new software was pirated. In other countries, less than 40% of software was pirated. What explains these differences? Consistent with previous studies, we find that developed countries provide greater protection for intellectual property than do developing countries. High-income countries tend to have lower piracy rates. This is true both in a simple comparison of piracy rates with per capita income and, to a lesser extent, in regressions that control for other factors. As we discuss below, the causal interpretation of this correlation is not obvious. The correlation is consistent with the hypothesis that intellectual property rights promote economic development. However, it may also reflect reverse causality (e.g., if developing nations offer less protection so that they can use the intellectual property of developed nations) or common causation by other factors. Many commentators have suggested that culture may also explain differences in piracy rates. Western countries, they argue, have individualist cultures that naturally embrace individual ownership of intellectual property, whereas many non-Western countries have collective cultures that emphasize sharing over individual ownership. As a result, these societies have been reluctant to adopt Western conceptions of intellectual property rights. To test whether differences in culture lead to differences in intellectual property rights, we relate piracy rates to an index of individualism and collectivism developed by Hofstede [1980, 1983]. We find strong evidence that culture matters. [3] Countries with a tradition of individualism pirate much less than do countries with a tradition of collectivism. This is true both in simple comparisons of piracy rates with individualism and in regressions that control for other factors. …
Donald B Marron - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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which countries protect intellectual property the case of software piracy
Economic Inquiry, 2000Co-Authors: Donald B Marron, David G SteelAbstract:DAVID G. STEEL [*] Using data on software piracy, we examine how protection of intellectual property varies across countries. Consistent with other studies, we find that intellectual property receives greater protection in developed economies; high-income countries have lower piracy rates. We also find that protection depends on cultural factors. Countries with an individualist culture have lower piracy rates than do countries with a collectivist culture. Piracy rates are also lower in countries that have strong institutions that enforce contracts and protect property from expropriation. These results suggest that national policies toward intellectual property reflect not only economic concerns but also national culture and institutions. (JEL 034, L86) I. INTRODUCTION Intellectual property rights are a recurring focus of International Negotiation. Developed nations argue that such rights are essential for promoting innovation and economic growth. Many developing nations, on the other hand, argue that intellectual property rights inhibit economic development by restricting use of existing knowledge. A generation of theoretical research has demonstrated that there is truth in both arguments; depending on circumstances, individual countries may reasonably favor different levels of protection for intellectual property. [1] Surprisingly little is known, however, about how such protection is actually determined. Only a handful of previous studies have analyzed cross-national variation in intellectual property rights. [2] These studies relate patent rights, as formalized in the laws of individual countries, to a range of social and economic variables. The main empirical finding is that developed countries provide stronger patent protection. In this article, we extend this line of research by examining cross-national variation in piracy of computer software. The Business Software Alliance and the Software Publishers Association [1998] have estimated piracy rates (the ratio of illegally copied units to total units) for business software in more than 70 countries for 1994-97. These rates vary substantially. In some countries, essentially all new software was pirated. In other countries, less than 40% of software was pirated. What explains these differences? Consistent with previous studies, we find that developed countries provide greater protection for intellectual property than do developing countries. High-income countries tend to have lower piracy rates. This is true both in a simple comparison of piracy rates with per capita income and, to a lesser extent, in regressions that control for other factors. As we discuss below, the causal interpretation of this correlation is not obvious. The correlation is consistent with the hypothesis that intellectual property rights promote economic development. However, it may also reflect reverse causality (e.g., if developing nations offer less protection so that they can use the intellectual property of developed nations) or common causation by other factors. Many commentators have suggested that culture may also explain differences in piracy rates. Western countries, they argue, have individualist cultures that naturally embrace individual ownership of intellectual property, whereas many non-Western countries have collective cultures that emphasize sharing over individual ownership. As a result, these societies have been reluctant to adopt Western conceptions of intellectual property rights. To test whether differences in culture lead to differences in intellectual property rights, we relate piracy rates to an index of individualism and collectivism developed by Hofstede [1980, 1983]. We find strong evidence that culture matters. [3] Countries with a tradition of individualism pirate much less than do countries with a tradition of collectivism. This is true both in simple comparisons of piracy rates with individualism and in regressions that control for other factors. …
Larry Crump - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Understanding Climate Change Negotiations: Contributions from International Negotiation and Conflict Management
International Negotiation, 2015Co-Authors: Larry Crump, Christian DownieAbstract:Climate change is the largest and most complicated interdependent issue the world has confronted. Yet there is little Negotiation and conflict management knowledge within the climate change context. To address this gap, this theoretical article reviews the sparse extant literature and provides a brief overview of the science of climate change public policy. This review establishes a foundation for examining Negotiation and conflict management research questions that emanate from current and future climate change Negotiations. Such questions are considered for climate change mitigation Negotiations and climate change adaptation Negotiations. This article demonstrates how the Negotiation and conflict management field can make important contributions to the study of interdependency in a context of climate change.
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turning points in multilateral trade Negotiations on intellectual property
2011Co-Authors: Larry Crump, Daniel DruckmanAbstract:Detailed chronologies of events that transpired during the discussion of intellectual property issues (TRIPS) in the GATT Uruguay Round and prior to and during the WTO Doha Ministerial are used to trace the unfolding Negotiation processes through time. Of particular interest are departures from earlier trends in the chronologies: A departure is defined as a clear and self-evident change from earlier events or patterns in the form of an impactful decision taken by one or more parties. By coding the causes (precipitants) and effects (consequences) of the departures, we perform a turning points analysis: These three-part sequences reveal the triggers and impacts of departures during the extended TRIPS Negotiation process. The analyses will allow a comparison of the patterns that unfolded during the two phases of TRIPS Negotiations. This comparison will highlight the breakthroughs that occurred during the Uruguay Round and the crises that emerged later, prior to and during the Doha Ministerial. Improving the effectiveness of multilateral trade Negotiations depends in part on understanding how critical turning points emerge. This article also has implications more generally for the way that comparative analyses of International Negotiation are performed and for the effectiveness of negotiating in the multilateral context.