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Motoyuki Ashikari - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Gibberellin biosynthesis and signal transduction is essential for Internode elongation in deepwater rice.
Plant Cell & Environment, 2014Co-Authors: Madoka Ayano, Hidemi Kitano, Takahiro Kani, Mikiko Kojima, Hitoshi Sakakibara, Takuya Kitaoka, Takeshi Kuroha, Rosalyn B. Angeles-shim, Keisuke Nagai, Motoyuki AshikariAbstract:Under flooded conditions, the leaves and Internodes of deepwater rice can elongate above the water surface to capture oxygen and prevent drowning. Our previous studies showed that three major quantitative trait loci (QTL) regulate deepwater-dependent Internode elongation in deepwater rice. In this study, we investigated the age-dependent Internode elongation in deepwater rice. We also investigated the relationship between deepwater-dependent Internode elongation and the phytohormone gibberellin (GA) by physiological and genetic approach using a QTL pyramiding line (NIL-1 + 3 + 12). Deepwater rice did not show Internode elongation before the sixth leaf stage under deepwater condition. Additionally, deepwater-dependent Internode elongation occurred on the sixth and seventh Internodes during the sixth leaf stage. These results indicate that deepwater rice could not start Internode elongation until the sixth leaf stage. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the phytohormone contents showed a deepwater-dependent GA1 and GA4 accumulation in deepwater rice. Additionally, a GA inhibitor abolished deepwater-dependent Internode elongation in deepwater rice. On the contrary, GA feeding mimicked Internode elongation under ordinary growth conditions. However, mutations in GA biosynthesis and signal transduction genes blocked deepwater-dependent Internode elongation. These data suggested that GA biosynthesis and signal transduction are essential for deepwater-dependent Internode elongation in deepwater rice.
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QTL analysis of Internode elongation in response to gibberellin in deepwater rice
AoB PLANTS, 2014Co-Authors: Keisuke Nagai, Takuya Kitaoka, Takeshi Kuroha, Rosalyn B. Angeles-shim, Yuma Kondo, Tomonori Noda, Hideshi Yasui, Atsushi Yoshimura, Motoyuki AshikariAbstract:Gibberellin (GA) is a plant hormone that has important roles in numerous plant developmental phases. Rice plants known as deepwater rice respond to flooding by elongating their Internodes to avoid anoxia. Previous studies re- ported that GA is essential for Internode elongation in deepwater rice. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses identified QTLs regulating Internode elongation in response to deepwater conditions. However, the interaction between Internode elongation and regulators of GA sensitivity in deepwater rice is unknown. In this study, we applied GA to recombinant inbred lines of T65 (non-deepwater rice) and Bhadua (deepwater rice), and performed a QTL analysis of Internode elong- ation in response to GA. GA-induced Internode elongation was detected onlyin deepwater rice.Our QTLanalysis revealed two major QTLs on chromosomes 3 and 9 regulating total Internode length, lowest elongated Internode and number of elongated Internodes. Furthermore, the QTL on chromosome 3 acted as an enhancer of other QTLs (e.g. the QTL on chromosome 12). Nearly isogenic lines of deepwater rice carrying the QTL regions from chromosomes 3 and 12 of the deepwater rice C9285 showed Internode elongation in response to GA. Thus, these QTLs may regulate GA responsiveness in deepwater rice. This study furthers our understanding of the mechanism of Internode elongation in rice.
Carlos Pascoal Neto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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structural characterization of the lignin from the nodes and Internodes of arundo donax reed
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2000Co-Authors: Ana M L Seca, Jose A S Cavaleiro, Fernando M J Domingues, Armando J D Silvestre, Dmitry V Evtuguin, Carlos Pascoal NetoAbstract:Milled wood lignin (MWL) and dioxane lignin (DL) from different morphological regions (nodes and Internodes) of Arundo donax reed were subjected to a comprehensive structural characterization by 13C, 1H NMR, FTIR, and UV spectroscopies and functional analysis. The permanganate and nitrobenzene oxidation methods were also applied to the in situ lignins. Both node and Internode lignins are HGS-type lignins, with a significant amount of H units (including p-coumaric acid type structures). The S/G ratio (1.13−1.32), the weight-average molecular weight (20400−24500), the methoxyl group content (0.90−0.98), the phenolic hydroxyl group content (0.23−0.27), and the aliphatic hydroxyl group content (1.00−1.09) are not very different in the lignins from nodes and Internodes. However, some structural differences between node and Internode lignins were observed. The former has much more phenolic acids (p-coumaric and ferulic), 8.8% in node versus 1.2% in Internode and less β-O-4 (0.32 and 0.49 per aromatic unit in no...
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structural characterization of the lignin from the nodes and Internodes of arundo donax reed
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2000Co-Authors: Ana M L Seca, Jose A S Cavaleiro, Fernando M J Domingues, Armando J D Silvestre, Dmitry V Evtuguin, Carlos Pascoal NetoAbstract:Milled wood lignin (MWL) and dioxane lignin (DL) from different morphological regions (nodes and Internodes) of Arundo donax reed were subjected to a comprehensive structural characterization by (13)C, (1)H NMR, FTIR, and UV spectroscopies and functional analysis. The permanganate and nitrobenzene oxidation methods were also applied to the in situ lignins. Both node and Internode lignins are HGS-type lignins, with a significant amount of H units (including p-coumaric acid type structures). The S/G ratio (1.13-1.32), the weight-average molecular weight (20,400-24,500), the methoxyl group content (0.90-0.98), the phenolic hydroxyl group content (0.23-0.27), and the aliphatic hydroxyl group content (1.00-1.09) are not very different in the lignins from nodes and Internodes. However, some structural differences between node and Internode lignins were observed. The former has much more phenolic acids (p-coumaric and ferulic), 8.8% in node versus 1.2% in Internode and less beta-O-4 (0. 32 and 0.49 per aromatic unit in node and Internode, respectively). In situ node lignin is more condensed than Internode lignin.
Hideyuki Takahashi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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factors responsible for deep sowing tolerance in wheat seedlings varietal differences in cell proliferation and the co ordinated synchronization of epidermal cell expansion and cortical cell division for the gibberellin mediated elongation of first i
Annals of Botany, 2011Co-Authors: Fumie Kato, Kazuyoshi Takeda, Masaru Araki, Yutaka Miyazawa, Nobuharu Fujii, Hiroshi Suge, Hideyuki TakahashiAbstract:BACKGROUND AND AIMS A wheat cultivar, Triticum aestivum 'Hong Mang Mai', shows tolerance to deep-sowing conditions by extreme elongation of the first Internode, likely mediated by the gibberellin (GA) response. To understand factors involved in the response of this deep-sowing-tolerant cultivar, cell expansion and division that confer elongation on the first Internodes of wheat seedlings were investigated. METHODS The lengths and numbers of epidermal and cortical cells of the first Internodes in three wheat cultivars were measured. These parameters were compared in wheat seedlings treated with gibberellin A(3) (GA(3)) or an inhibitor of GA biosynthesis, uniconazole. KEY RESULTS The varietal differences in the elongation of the first Internodes were due to differences in cell numbers resulting from the different abilities of cell division, but not cell expansion. In seedlings treated with GA(3), the first Internode of 'Hong Mang Mai' was 2-fold longer than the control. The GA-stimulated elongation of the first Internodes was attributed to 2-fold increases in the number of cortical cells and length of epidermal cells. The different GA-responses observed in these two tissues were also detected in other cultivars, although the response was much lower than that noted in 'Hong Mang Mai'. The seedlings treated with uniconazole exhibited reduced numbers of cortical cells and reduced lengths of epidermal cells, with both of these effects being more pronounced in 'Hong Mang Mai'. CONCLUSIONS The deep-sowing-tolerant cultivar 'Hong Mang Mai' is able to elongate the first Internode to a greater degree due to enhanced cell division and a heightened response to GA. In addition, cell expansion in the epidermis and cell division in the cortex are synchronized for the elongation of the first Internodes. In response to GA, this well-co-ordinated synchronization yields the rapid elongation of the first Internodes in wheat seedlings.
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a variety of wheat tolerant to deep seeding conditions elongation of the first Internode depends on the response to gibberellin and potassium
Plant Cell and Environment, 2001Co-Authors: Lei Chen, Kazuyoshi Takeda, Hiroshi Suge, Takeaki Nishizawa, Atsushi Higashitani, Y Wakui, Hideyuki TakahashiAbstract:The addition of gibberellin A 3 (GA 3 ) to culture media induced a dramatic elongation of the first Internode in Hong Mang Mai, a wheat variety tolerant to deep-seeding conditions. The length of the first Internode in the GA 3 -treated seedlings reached approximately 45 cm, which is twice as long as that of the control, whereas first Internodes of other varieties were 3 to 12 cm long and hardly affected by GA 3 , The level of endogenous gibberellins (GA) in Hong Mang Mai was not greater than that of other wheat varieties. The expression of GAMyb, a transcription factor, was abundant in the first Internode and substantially increased by GA 3 application in Hong Mang Mai, compared with other wheat varieties. These results suggest that the first Internode of Hong Mang Mai is more sensitive to GA in inducing strong elongation. The presence of potassium in the culture media was indispensable for the first Internode elongation. Application of GA 3 enhanced the uptake of potassium in Hong Mang Mai. Higher sensitivity of the first Internode to GA could cause strong elongation by increasing the amount of osmotic solute, which plays an important role in the tolerance mechanism of Hong Mang Mai to deep-seeding conditions.
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inheritance of the first Internode elongation due to deep seeding and ethylene treatment in wheat
Japanese journal of breeding, 1998Co-Authors: Hiroshi Suge, Hideyuki Takahashi, Takeaki Nishizawa, Kazuyoshi TakedaAbstract:It has been shown that deep-seeding and ethylene stimulate the elongation of the first Internodes in wheat seedlings. In the present study, patterns of inheritance in the elongation of wheat first Internodes and coleoptiles responding to deep-seeding and ethylene were examined using three crosses. Length of the coleoptile in F2 segregants showed a simple unimodal distribution resembling a normal distribution both in deep-seeded and ethylene-treated plants. Except in one cross, however, length of the first Internode in F2 segregants showed a unimodal distributions with large transgressive segregation on the shorter length side in deep-seeded plants and the longer side exceeding the length of parents' first Internodes in ethylene-treated plants. These results suggest that ability of plants to respond to ethylene, a regulatory factor for the elongation of the first Internode in wheat, can be changed througb genetic recombination.
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phenotypic plasticity of Internode elongation stimulated by deep seeding and ethylene in wheat seedlings
Plant Cell and Environment, 1997Co-Authors: Hiroshi Suge, Hideyuki Takahashi, Takeaki Nishizawa, Kazuyoshi TakedaAbstract:Deep-seeding and ethylene were found to stimulate extension growth of the first Internode of intact wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings in darkness. Seedlings of Hon Mang Mai emerged from much deeper in the soil than the seedlings of the other varieties used and their first Internodes elongated to a much greater extent in response to ethylene. Carbon dioxide slowed elongation of the first Internode and inhibited ethylene action. Elongation of the first Internode due to deep-seeding and ethylene treatment showed high heritabilities, suggesting a genetic basis underlying those traits.
John E. Mullet - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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High planting density induces the expression of GA3-oxidase in leaves and GA mediated stem elongation in bioenergy sorghum
Scientific Reports, 2021Co-Authors: Brian Mckinley, William L Rooney, John E. MulletAbstract:The stems of bioenergy sorghum hybrids at harvest are > 4 m long, contain > 40 Internodes and account for ~ 80% of harvested biomass. In this study, bioenergy sorghum hybrids were grown at four planting densities (~ 20,000 to 132,000 plants/ha) under field conditions for 60 days to investigate the impact shading has on stem growth and biomass accumulation. Increased planting density induced a > 2-fold increase in sorghum Internode length and a ~ 22% decrease in stem diameter, a typical shade avoidance response. Shade-induced Internode elongation was due to an increase in cell length and number of cells spanning the length of Internodes. SbGA3ox2 (Sobic.003G045900), a gene encoding the last step in GA biosynthesis, was expressed ~ 20-fold higher in leaf collar tissue of developing phytomers in plants grown at high vs. low density. Application of GA3 to bioenergy sorghum increased plant height, stem Internode length, cell length and the number of cells spanning Internodes. Prior research showed that sorghum plants lacking phytochrome B, a key photoreceptor involved in shade signaling, accumulated more GA1 and displayed shade avoidance phenotypes. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that increasing planting density induces expression of GA3-oxidase in leaf collar tissue, increasing synthesis of GA that stimulates Internode elongation.
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the agcviii kinase dw2 modulates cell proliferation endomembrane trafficking and mlg xylan cell wall localization in elongating stem Internodes of sorghum bicolor
Plant Journal, 2020Co-Authors: Joel Oliver, Brian Mckinley, Mingzhu Fan, Starla Zemelisdurfee, Federica Brandizzi, Curtis G Wilkerson, John E. MulletAbstract:Stems of bioenergy sorghum, a drought tolerant C4 grass, contain up to 50 nodes and Internodes of varying length that span 4-5 meters and account for ~84% of harvested biomass. Stem Internode growth impacts plant height and biomass accumulation and is regulated by brassinosteroid signaling, auxin transport, and gibberellin biosynthesis. In addition, an AGCVIII kinase (Dw2) regulates sorghum stem Internode growth, but the underlying mechanism and signaling network are unknown. Here we provide evidence that mutation of Dw2 reduces cell proliferation in Internode intercalary meristems, inhibits endocytosis, and alters the distribution of heteroxylan and mixed linkage glucan in cell walls. Phosphoproteomic analysis showed that Dw2 signaling influences the phosphorylation of proteins involved in lipid signaling (PLDδ), endomembrane trafficking, hormone, light and receptor signaling, and photosynthesis. Together, our results show that Dw2 modulates endomembrane function and cell division during sorghum Internode growth providing insight into the regulation of monocot stem development.
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shade signals alter the expression of circadian clock genes in newly formed bioenergy sorghum Internodes
Plant direct, 2020Co-Authors: Tesfamichael H. Kebrom, Brian Mckinley, John E. MulletAbstract:Stem Internodes of bioenergy sorghum inbred R.07020 are longer at high plant density (shade) than at low plant density (control). Initially, the youngest newly-formed subapical stem Internodes of shade-treated and control plants are comparable in length. However, full-length Internodes of shade-treated plants are three times longer than the Internodes of the control plants. To identify the early molecular events associated with Internode elongation in response to shade, we analyzed the transcriptome of the newly-formed Internodes of shade-treated and control plants sampled between 4 and 6 hr after the start of the light period (14 hr light/10 hr dark). Sorghum genes homologous to the Arabidopsis shade marker genes ATHB2 and PIL1 were not differentially expressed. The results indicate that shade signals promote Internode elongation indirectly because sorghum Internodes are not illuminated and grow while enclosed with leaf sheaths. Sorghum genes homologous to the Arabidopsis morning-phased circadian clock genes LHY, RVE, and LNK were downregulated and evening-phased genes such as TOC1, PRR5, and GI were upregulated in young Internodes in response to shade. We hypothesize that a change in the function or patterns of expression of the circadian clock genes is the earliest molecular event associated with Internode elongation in response to shade in bioenergy sorghum. Increased expression of CycD1, which promotes cell division, and decreased expression of cell wall-loosening and MBF1-like genes, which promote cell expansion, suggest that shade signals promote Internode elongation in bioenergy sorghum in part through increasing cell number by delaying transition from cell division to cell expansion.
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sorghum stem aerenchyma formation is regulated by sbnac_d during Internode development
Plant Direct, 2018Co-Authors: Anna L Casto, Brian Mckinley, William L Rooney, John E. MulletAbstract:Sorghum bicolor is a drought-resilient C4 grass used for production of grain, forage, sugar, and biomass. Sorghum genotypes capable of accumulating high levels of stem sucrose have solid stems that contain low levels of aerenchyma. The D-locus on SBI06 modulates the extent of aerenchyma formation in sorghum stems and leaf midribs. A QTL aligned with this locus was identified and fine-mapped in populations derived from BTx623*IS320c, BTx623*R07007, and BTx623*Standard broomcorn. Analysis of coding polymorphisms in the fine-mapped D-locus showed that genotypes that accumulate low levels of aerenchyma encode a truncated NAC transcription factor (Sobic.006G147400, SbNAC_d1), whereas parental lines that accumulate higher levels of stem aerenchyma encode full-length NAC TFs (SbNAC-D). During vegetative stem development, aerenchyma levels are low in nonelongated stem Internodes, Internode growing zones, and nodes. Aerenchyma levels increase in recently elongated Internodes starting at the top of the Internode near the center of the stem. SbNAC_D was expressed at low levels in nonelongated Internodes and Internode growing zones and at higher levels in regions of stem Internodes that form aerenchyma. SbXCP1, a gene encoding a cysteine protease involved in programmed cell death, was induced in SbNAC_D genotypes in parallel with aerenchyma formation in sorghum stems but not in SbNAC_d1 genotypes. Several sweet sorghum genotypes encode the recessive SbNAC_d1 allele and have low levels of stem aerenchyma. Based on these results, we propose that SbNAC_D is the D-gene identified by Hilton (1916) and that allelic variation in SbNAC_D modulates the extent of aerenchyma formation in sorghum stems.
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Dynamics of gene expression during development and expansion of vegetative stem Internodes of bioenergy sorghum
BMC, 2017Co-Authors: Tesfamichael H. Kebrom, Brian Mckinley, John E. MulletAbstract:Abstract Background Bioenergy sorghum accumulates 75% of shoot biomass in stem Internodes. Grass stem Internodes are formed during vegetative growth and elongate in response to developmental and environmental signals. To identify genes and molecular mechanisms that modulate the extent of Internode growth, we conducted microscopic and transcriptomic analyses of four successive sub-apical vegetative Internodes representing different stages of Internode development of the bioenergy sorghum genotype R.07020. Results Stem Internodes of sorghum genotype R.07020 are formed during the vegetative phase and their length is enhanced by environmental signals such as shade and floral induction in short days. During vegetative growth, the first visible and youngest sub-apical Internode was ~0.7 cm in length, whereas the fourth fully expanded Internode was ~5 cm in length. Microscopic analyses revealed that all Internode tissue types including pith parenchyma and vascular bundles are present in the four successive Internodes. Growth in the first two sub-apical Internodes occurred primarily through an increase in cell number consistent with expression of genes involved in the cell cycle and DNA replication. Growth of the 3rd Internode was associated with an increase in cell length and growth cessation in the 4th Internode was associated with up-regulation of genes involved in secondary cell wall deposition. The expression of genes involved in hormone metabolism and signaling indicates that GA, BR, and CK activity decreased while ethylene, ABA, and JA increased in the 3rd/4th Internodes. While the level of auxin appears to be increasing as indicated by the up-regulation of ARFs, down-regulation of TIR during development indicates that auxin signaling is also modified. The expression patterns of transcription factors are closely associated with their role during the development of the vegetative Internodes. Conclusions Microscopic and transcriptome analyses of four successive sub-apical Internodes characterized the developmental progression of vegetative stem Internodes from initiation through full elongation in the sorghum genotype R.07020. Transcriptome profiling indicates that dynamic variation in the levels and action of GA, CK, IAA, BR, ethylene, ABA, and JA modulate gene expression and growth during Internode growth and development. This study provides detailed microscopic and transcriptomic data useful for identifying genes and molecular pathways regulating Internode elongation in response to various developmental and environmental signals
Cécile Dubois - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Plasticity of sorghum stem biomass accumulation in response to water deficit: A multiscale analysis from Internode tissue to plant level
Frontiers in Plant Science, 2017Co-Authors: Lisa Perrier, Lauriane Rouan, Sylvie Jaffuel, Anne Clément-vidal, Sandrine Roques, Armelle Soutiras, Christelle Baptiste, Denis Bastianelli, Denis Fabre, Cécile DuboisAbstract:Sorghum is increasingly used as a biomass crop worldwide. Its genetic diversity provides a large range of stem biochemical composition suitable for various end-uses as bioenergy or forage. Its drought tolerance enables it to reasonably sustain biomass production under water limited conditions. However, drought effect on the accumulation of sorghum stem biomass remains poorly understood which limits progress in crop improvement and management. This study aimed at identifying the morphological, biochemical and histological traits underlying biomass accumulation in the sorghum stem and its plasticity in response to water deficit. Two hybrids (G1, G4) different in stem biochemical composition (G4, more lignified, less sweet) were evaluated during 2 years in the field in Southern France, under two water treatments differentiated during stem elongation (irrigated; 1 month dry-down until an average soil water deficit of -8.85 bars). Plant phenology was observed weekly. At the end of the water treatment and at final harvest, plant height, stem and leaf dry-weight and the size, biochemical composition and tissue histology of Internodes at 2-4 positions along the stem were measured. Stem biomass accumulation was significantly reduced by drought (in average 42% at the end of the dry-down). This was due to the reduction of the length, but not diameter, of the Internodes expanded during water deficit. These Internodes had more soluble sugar but lower lignin and cellulose contents. This was associated with a decrease of the areal proportion of lignified cell wall in Internode outer zone whereas the areal proportion of this zone was not affected. All Internodes for a given genotype and environment followed a common histochemical dynamics. Hemicellulose content and the areal proportion of inner vs. outer Internode tissues were set up early during Internode growth and were not drought responsive. G4 exhibited a higher drought sensitivity than G1 for plant height only. At final harvest, the stem dry weight was only 18% lower in water deficit (re-watered) compared to well-watered treatment and Internodes growing during re-watering were similar to those on the well-watered plants. These results are being valorized to refine the phenotyping of sorghum diversity panels and breeding populations.
