The Experts below are selected from a list of 135174 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Ian L Pepper - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Land Application of organic residuals municipal biosolids and animal manures
2015Co-Authors: John P Brooks, Ian L PepperAbstract:This chapter discusses the benefits and hazards of Land Application of organic residuals including municipal biosolids and animal manures. Different types of biosolids are described as Class A or Class B, depending on the level of treatment. Different types of animal manures are described, depending on the animal sources of the manure. Following this, Land Application methods for all types of organic residuals are described, as well as the potential microbial hazards associated with both biosolids Land manures. Pathogens of concern are given special emphasis including a discussion of regrowth and reactivation within organic residuals. The chapter concludes with a discussion of quantitative microbial risk assessment of pathogens in organic residuals.
-
chapter 26 Land Application of organic residuals municipal biosolids and animal manures
Environmental Microbiology (Third edition), 2015Co-Authors: John P Brooks, Ian L PepperAbstract:This chapter discusses the benefits and hazards of Land Application of organic residuals including municipal biosolids and animal manures. Different types of biosolids are described as Class A or Class B, depending on the level of treatment. Different types of animal manures are described, depending on the animal sources of the manure. Following this, Land Application methods for all types of organic residuals are described, as well as the potential microbial hazards associated with both biosolids Land manures. Pathogens of concern are given special emphasis including a discussion of regrowth and reactivation within organic residuals. The chapter concludes with a discussion of quantitative microbial risk assessment of pathogens in organic residuals.
-
Land Application of manure and class b biosolids an occupational and public quantitative microbial risk assessment
Journal of Environmental Quality, 2012Co-Authors: John P Brooks, Charles P Gerba, M R Mclaughlin, Ian L PepperAbstract:Land Application is a practical use of municipal Class B biosolids and manure that also promotes soil fertility and productivity. To date, no study exists comparing biosolids to manure microbial risks. This study used quantitative microbial risk assessment to estimate pathogen risks from occupational and public exposures during scenarios involving fomite, soil, crop, and aerosol exposures. Greatest one-time risks were from direct consumption of contaminated soil or exposure to fomites, with one-time risks greater than 10. Recent contamination and high exposures doses increased most risks. and enteric viruses provided the greatest single risks for most scenarios, particularly in the short term. All pathogen risks were decreased with time, 1 d to14 mo between Land Application and exposure; decreases in risk were typically over six orders of magnitude beyond 30 d. Nearly all risks were reduced to below 10 when using a 4-mo harvest delay for crop consumption. Occupational, more direct risks were greater than indirect public risks, which often occur after time and dilution have reduced pathogen loads to tolerable levels. Comparison of risks by pathogen group confirmed greater bacterial risks from manure, whereas viral risks were exclusive to biosolids. A direct comparison of the two residual types showed that biosolids use had greater risk because of the high infectivity of viruses, whereas the presence of environmentally recalcitrant pathogens such as and maintained manure risk. Direct comparisons of shared pathogens resulted in greater manure risks. Overall, it appears that in the short term, risks were high for both types of residuals, but given treatment, attenuation, and dilution, risks can be reduced to near-insignificant levels. That being said, limited data sets, dose exposures, site-specific inactivation rates, pathogen spikes, environmental change, regrowth, and wildlife will increase risk and uncertainty and remain areas poorly understood.
-
long term effects of Land Application of class b biosolids on the soil microbial populations pathogens and activity
Journal of Environmental Quality, 2010Co-Authors: Huruy Zerzghi, John P Brooks, Ian L PepperAbstract:This study evaluated the influence of 20 annual Land Applications of Class B biosolids on the soil microbial community. The potential benefits and hazards of Land Application were evaluated by analysis of surface soil samples collected following the 20th Land Application of biosolids. The study was initiated in 1986 at the University of Arizona Marana Agricultural Center, 21 miles north of Tucson, AZ. The final Application of biosolids was in March 2005, followed by growth of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) from April through November 2005. Surface soil samples (0—30 cm) were collected monthly from March 2005, 2 wk after the final biosolids Application, through December 2005, and analyzed for soil microbial numbers. December samples were analyzed for additional soil microbial properties. Data show that Land Application of Class B biosolids had no significant long-term effect on indigenous soil microbial numbers including bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi compared to unamended control plots. Importantly, no bacterial or viral pathogens were detected in soil samples collected from biosolid amended plots in December (10 mo after the last Land Application) demonstrating that pathogens introduced via Class B biosolids only survived in soil transiently. However, plots that received biosolids had significantly higher microbial activity or potential for microbial transformations, including nitrification, sulfur oxidation, and dehydrogenase activity, than control plots and plots receiving inorganic fertilizers. Overall, the 20 annual Land Applications showed no long-term adverse effects, and therefore, this study documents that Land Application of biosolids at this particular site was sustainable throughout the 20-yr period, with respect to soil microbial properties.
-
Long-term effects of Land Application of class B biosolids on soil chemical properties
Journal of Residuals Science & Technology, 2010Co-Authors: Huruy Zerzghi, Ian L PepperAbstract:Currently about 60% of all biosolids are Land applied in the United States. The long-term influence of Land Application has been questioned due to public concern over potential hazards. The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of Land Application of Class B biosolids on the soil chemical properties by analysis of depth (0–150 cm) soil samples collected 9 months after the 20th annual Land Application. The study showed that Land Application of Class B biosolids had no significant long-term effect on soil pH and CaCO3. However, Land Application significantly increased soil macro-nutrients (C, N and P). Soil nitrate values in plots that received biosolids or inorganic fertilizer amendments were high indicating the potential for groundwater contamination. In addition, total and available soil P concentrations increased to values above that necessary for plant growth but P values attenuated to background levels at a soil depth of 150 cm. Total metal concentrations attenuated rapidly with increasing soil depth, and were generally similar to values found in control soils at a depth of 150 cm. Application of biosolids for nonfood agricultural crop production at this arid southwest site seems to be sustainable with respect to soil chemical entities.
Daniel D Snow - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
fate and transport of antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance genes in soil and runoff following Land Application of swine manure slurry
Environmental Science & Technology, 2013Co-Authors: Stacey R Joy, Daniel D Snow, John E Gilley, Shannon L Bartelthunt, David B MarxAbstract:Due to the use of antimicrobials in livestock production, residual antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) could enter the environment following the Land Application of animal wastes and could further contaminate surface and groundwater. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of various manure Land Application methods on the fate and transport of antimicrobials and ARGs in soil and runoff following Land Application of swine manure slurry. Swine manure slurries were obtained from facilities housing pigs that were fed chlortetracyline, tylosin or bacitracin and were Land applied via broadcast, incorporation, and injection methods. Three rainfall simulation tests were then performed on amended and control plots. Results show that Land Application methods had no statistically significant effect on the aqueous concentrations of antimicrobials in runoff. However, among the three Application methods tested broadcast resulted in the highest total mass loading of antimicrobials in...
-
Transport of Steroid Hormones in the Vadose Zone after Land Application of Beef Cattle Manure
Transactions of the ASABE, 2013Co-Authors: S. J. Van Donk, Daniel D Snow, Sagor Biswas, William L. Kranz, Shannon L. Bartelt-hunt, Terry L. Mader, Charles A. Shapiro, David P. Shelton, David D. Tarkalson, Tian C. ZhangAbstract:A variety of naturally occurring steroid hormones are regularly excreted by livestock, while additional steroid hormones have been used as growth promoters by the livestock industry. Depending on manure age and storage conditions, both groups of compounds are likely to be present during Application to crops. Recent research suggests that some estrogens, androgens and progestagens in surface waters may originate from runoff after Land Application of livestock manure. Groundwater may also be impacted by livestock manure when used as a nutrient source to crops and may be indicated by excess nitrate in water. Few studies have been conducted to investigate the potential of steroid hormones contamination of groundwater. The objective of this study was to monitor leaching of steroid hormones and other compounds associated with livestock manure through the soil profile after Land Application of manure. The study was conducted near North Platte, Nebraska between April 2008 and July 2011 on a silt loam soil. Leachate was collected at the bottom of 2.4 meter deep monolithic percolation lysimeters to sample water leached beneath plots fertilized with manure. Soil samples were also collected from surrounding irrigated field plots. Treatments consisted of two manure handling procedures (stockpiling and composting) and a check receiving no manure Application. Manure stored from a previous year’s cattle feeding pen study was sampled and analyzed for steroid hormone content. Manure was applied to the lysimeters and adjacent plot areas in April 2008 at a rate satisfying the nitrogen requirements of winter wheat planted in the fall of 2007 and 2008 followed by soybeans planted in the spring of 2010 and 2011. Leachate from the lysimeters and soil samples (down to 2.4 meter depth) from surrounding areas were collected periodically during the study. Laboratory analyses of manure, soil, and leachate samples used liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to identify 17 steroid hormones and metabolites. Progesterone, estrone, beta-zearalenol and 4-androstenedione were detected at varying concentrations in both composted (1.6-8.4 nanograms per gram) and stockpiled (3.7-11.4 nanograms per gram) manure. Steroid hormones and related compounds were detected in only 5 percent of the leachate samples. The greatest detected concentration was 20 nanograms per liter of natural progesterone in a leachate sample from a lysimeter treated with stockpiled manure. Steroid hormones or metabolites were detected in 10 percent of the soil samples. Seventy four percent of the detections in the soil samples were in the top half (top 1.2 meter) of the sampled soil depth. 17beta-estradiol was detected the most in the soil samples (4 percent) with a maximum concentration of 4.3 nanograms per gram in a plot treated with composted manure. No synthetic steroids were detected in any of the soil or leachate samples. The low detection of steroid hormones in the soil and leachate samples suggests that, while some hormones may move through the soil, most are readily degraded or adsorbed after manure Application. Additional research is required to more clearly identify the mechanisms that control the environmental fate and transport of steroid hormones through the soil.
-
odorous voc emission following Land Application of swine manure slurry
Atmospheric Environment, 2013Co-Authors: David B. Parker, Bryan L Woodbury, Geordie Galvin, John E Gilley, Kihyun Kim, Shannon L Bartelthunt, Xu Li, Daniel D SnowAbstract:Swine manure is often applied to crop Land as a fertilizer source. Odor emissions from Land-applied swine manure may pose a nuisance to downwind populations if manure is not applied with sufficient fore- thought. A research project was conducted to assess the time decay of odorous volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions following Land Application of swine manure. Three Land Application methods were compared: surface Application, incorporation 24 h after surface Application, and injection. Emission rates were measured in field plots using a small wind tunnel and sorbent tubes. VOCs including eight volatile fatty acids, five aromatics, and two sulfur-containing compounds were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In most cases, a first order exponential decay model adequately described the flux versus time relationship for the 24 h period following Land Application, but the model sometimes overestimated flux in the 6e24 h range. The same model but with the time term squared adequately predicted flux over the entire 24 h period. Three compounds (4-methylphenol, skatole, and 4-ethylphenol) accounted for 93 percent of the summed odor activity value. First order decay constants (k) for these three compounds ranged from 0.157 to 0.996 h �1 . When compared to surface Application, injection of swine manure resulted in 80e95 percent lower flux for the most odorous aromatic compounds. These results show that VOC flux decreases rapidly following Land Application of swine manure, declining below levels of detection and near background levels after 4 to 8 h. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
-
odorous voc emission following Land Application of swine manure slurry
Atmospheric Environment, 2013Co-Authors: David B. Parker, Bryan L Woodbury, Geordie Galvin, John E Gilley, Kihyun Kim, Shannon L Bartelthunt, Xu Li, Daniel D SnowAbstract:Swine manure is often applied to crop Land as a fertilizer source. Odor emissions from Land-applied swine manure may pose a nuisance to downwind populations if manure is not applied with sufficient fore- thought. A research project was conducted to assess the time decay of odorous volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions following Land Application of swine manure. Three Land Application methods were compared: surface Application, incorporation 24 h after surface Application, and injection. Emission rates were measured in field plots using a small wind tunnel and sorbent tubes. VOCs including eight volatile fatty acids, five aromatics, and two sulfur-containing compounds were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In most cases, a first order exponential decay model adequately described the flux versus time relationship for the 24 h period following Land Application, but the model sometimes overestimated flux in the 6e24 h range. The same model but with the time term squared adequately predicted flux over the entire 24 h period. Three compounds (4-methylphenol, skatole, and 4-ethylphenol) accounted for 93 percent of the summed odor activity value. First order decay constants (k) for these three compounds ranged from 0.157 to 0.996 h �1 . When compared to surface Application, injection of swine manure resulted in 80e95 percent lower flux for the most odorous aromatic compounds. These results show that VOC flux decreases rapidly following Land Application of swine manure, declining below levels of detection and near background levels after 4 to 8 h. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
John P Brooks - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Land Application of organic residuals municipal biosolids and animal manures
2015Co-Authors: John P Brooks, Ian L PepperAbstract:This chapter discusses the benefits and hazards of Land Application of organic residuals including municipal biosolids and animal manures. Different types of biosolids are described as Class A or Class B, depending on the level of treatment. Different types of animal manures are described, depending on the animal sources of the manure. Following this, Land Application methods for all types of organic residuals are described, as well as the potential microbial hazards associated with both biosolids Land manures. Pathogens of concern are given special emphasis including a discussion of regrowth and reactivation within organic residuals. The chapter concludes with a discussion of quantitative microbial risk assessment of pathogens in organic residuals.
-
chapter 26 Land Application of organic residuals municipal biosolids and animal manures
Environmental Microbiology (Third edition), 2015Co-Authors: John P Brooks, Ian L PepperAbstract:This chapter discusses the benefits and hazards of Land Application of organic residuals including municipal biosolids and animal manures. Different types of biosolids are described as Class A or Class B, depending on the level of treatment. Different types of animal manures are described, depending on the animal sources of the manure. Following this, Land Application methods for all types of organic residuals are described, as well as the potential microbial hazards associated with both biosolids Land manures. Pathogens of concern are given special emphasis including a discussion of regrowth and reactivation within organic residuals. The chapter concludes with a discussion of quantitative microbial risk assessment of pathogens in organic residuals.
-
Land Application of manure and class b biosolids an occupational and public quantitative microbial risk assessment
Journal of Environmental Quality, 2012Co-Authors: John P Brooks, Charles P Gerba, M R Mclaughlin, Ian L PepperAbstract:Land Application is a practical use of municipal Class B biosolids and manure that also promotes soil fertility and productivity. To date, no study exists comparing biosolids to manure microbial risks. This study used quantitative microbial risk assessment to estimate pathogen risks from occupational and public exposures during scenarios involving fomite, soil, crop, and aerosol exposures. Greatest one-time risks were from direct consumption of contaminated soil or exposure to fomites, with one-time risks greater than 10. Recent contamination and high exposures doses increased most risks. and enteric viruses provided the greatest single risks for most scenarios, particularly in the short term. All pathogen risks were decreased with time, 1 d to14 mo between Land Application and exposure; decreases in risk were typically over six orders of magnitude beyond 30 d. Nearly all risks were reduced to below 10 when using a 4-mo harvest delay for crop consumption. Occupational, more direct risks were greater than indirect public risks, which often occur after time and dilution have reduced pathogen loads to tolerable levels. Comparison of risks by pathogen group confirmed greater bacterial risks from manure, whereas viral risks were exclusive to biosolids. A direct comparison of the two residual types showed that biosolids use had greater risk because of the high infectivity of viruses, whereas the presence of environmentally recalcitrant pathogens such as and maintained manure risk. Direct comparisons of shared pathogens resulted in greater manure risks. Overall, it appears that in the short term, risks were high for both types of residuals, but given treatment, attenuation, and dilution, risks can be reduced to near-insignificant levels. That being said, limited data sets, dose exposures, site-specific inactivation rates, pathogen spikes, environmental change, regrowth, and wildlife will increase risk and uncertainty and remain areas poorly understood.
-
long term effects of Land Application of class b biosolids on the soil microbial populations pathogens and activity
Journal of Environmental Quality, 2010Co-Authors: Huruy Zerzghi, John P Brooks, Ian L PepperAbstract:This study evaluated the influence of 20 annual Land Applications of Class B biosolids on the soil microbial community. The potential benefits and hazards of Land Application were evaluated by analysis of surface soil samples collected following the 20th Land Application of biosolids. The study was initiated in 1986 at the University of Arizona Marana Agricultural Center, 21 miles north of Tucson, AZ. The final Application of biosolids was in March 2005, followed by growth of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) from April through November 2005. Surface soil samples (0—30 cm) were collected monthly from March 2005, 2 wk after the final biosolids Application, through December 2005, and analyzed for soil microbial numbers. December samples were analyzed for additional soil microbial properties. Data show that Land Application of Class B biosolids had no significant long-term effect on indigenous soil microbial numbers including bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi compared to unamended control plots. Importantly, no bacterial or viral pathogens were detected in soil samples collected from biosolid amended plots in December (10 mo after the last Land Application) demonstrating that pathogens introduced via Class B biosolids only survived in soil transiently. However, plots that received biosolids had significantly higher microbial activity or potential for microbial transformations, including nitrification, sulfur oxidation, and dehydrogenase activity, than control plots and plots receiving inorganic fertilizers. Overall, the 20 annual Land Applications showed no long-term adverse effects, and therefore, this study documents that Land Application of biosolids at this particular site was sustainable throughout the 20-yr period, with respect to soil microbial properties.
-
estimated occupational risk from bioaerosols generated during Land Application of class b biosolids
Journal of Environmental Quality, 2008Co-Authors: B D Tanner, John P Brooks, Ian L Pepper, Charles P Gerba, Charles N Haas, K L JosephsonAbstract:Some speculate that bioaerosols from Land Application of biosolids pose occupational risks, but few studies have assessed aerosolization of microorganisms from biosolids or estimated occupational risks of infection. This study investigated levels of microorganisms in air immediately downwind of Land Application operations and estimated occupational risks from aerosolized microorganisms. In all, more than 300 air samples were collected downwind of biosolids Application sites at various locations within the United States. Coliform bacteria, coliphages, and heterotrophic plate count (HPC) bacteria were enumerated from air and biosolids at each site. Concentrations of coliforms relative to Salmonella and concentrations of coliphage relative to enteroviruses in biosolids were used, in conjunction with levels of coliforms and coliphages measured in air during this study, to estimate exposure to Salmonella and enteroviruses in air. The HPC bacteria were ubiquitous in air near Land Application sites whether or not biosolids were being applied, and concentrations were positively correlated to windspeed. Coliform bacteria were detected only when biosolids were being applied to Land or loaded into Land applicators. Coliphages were detected in few air samples, and only when biosolids were being loaded into Land applicators. In general, environmental parameters had little impact on concentrations of microorganisms in air immediately downwind of Land Application. The method of Land Application was most correlated to aerosolization. From this large body of data, the occupational risk of infection from bioaerosols was estimated to be 0.78 to 2.1%/yr. Extraordinary exposure scenarios carried an estimated annual risk of infection of up to 34%, with viruses posing the greatest threat. Risks from aerosolized microorganisms at biosolids Land Application sites appear to be lower than those at wastewater treatment plants, based on previously reported literature.
G L Mullins - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
effects of coalbed methane produced water on sorghum sudangrass growth and soil chemical properties
Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 1998Co-Authors: G L Mullins, B F HajekAbstract:Production of methane gas from coal seams generates well water that is slightly to moderately saline. Since Land Application is a potential method of disposal for this water, a greenhouse study was...
-
impact of long term Land Application of broiler litter on environmentally related soil properties
Journal of Environmental Quality, 1994Co-Authors: W L Kingery, C W Wood, Dennis P Delaney, J C Williams, G L MullinsAbstract:The largest portion of Alabama`s rapidly growing poultry industry is geographically concentrated in the Sand Mountain region of northern Alabama. The result is that large amounts of waste are applied to relatively small areas of agricultural soils. A study was conducted to determine the effects of long-term broiler waste (litter) Application on environmentally related soil conditions in the region. The region has an average annual rainfall of 1325 mm, which is evenly distributed throughout the year, a thermic temperature regime, and soils in the region are of the Ultisol order. In each of four major broiler-producing counties, three pairs of sites consisting of long-term (15-28 yr) littered and nonlittered fields on matching soil series and maintained under perennial tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were sampled. Soil cores were taken to 3 m or lithic contact and depth-incremented samples (0-15, 15-30, and each subsequent 30-cm interval) were analyzed for organic C, total N, NO{sub 3}-N, pH, electrical conductivity, and acid-extractable P, K, Ca, Mg, Co, and Zn. Litter Application increased organic C and total N to depths of 15 and 30 cm, respectively, as compared with nonlittered soils, whereas pH was 0.5 units higher to a depth of 60 cm undermore » littered soils. Significant accumulation of NO{sub 3}N was found in littered soils to or near bedrock. Extractable P concentrations in littered soils were more than six times greater than in nonlittered soils to a depth of 60 cm. Elevated levels of extractable K, Ca, and Mg to depths greater than 60 cm also were found as a result of long-term litter use. Extractable Cu and Zn had accumulated in littered soils to a depth of 45 cm. These findings indicate that long-term Land Application of broiler litter, at present rates, has altered soil chemical conditions and has created a potential for adverse environmental impacts in the Sand Mountain region of Alabama. 43 refs., 6 figs., 3 tabs.« less
David B. Parker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
odorous voc emission following Land Application of swine manure slurry
Atmospheric Environment, 2013Co-Authors: David B. Parker, Bryan L Woodbury, Geordie Galvin, John E Gilley, Kihyun Kim, Shannon L Bartelthunt, Xu Li, Daniel D SnowAbstract:Swine manure is often applied to crop Land as a fertilizer source. Odor emissions from Land-applied swine manure may pose a nuisance to downwind populations if manure is not applied with sufficient fore- thought. A research project was conducted to assess the time decay of odorous volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions following Land Application of swine manure. Three Land Application methods were compared: surface Application, incorporation 24 h after surface Application, and injection. Emission rates were measured in field plots using a small wind tunnel and sorbent tubes. VOCs including eight volatile fatty acids, five aromatics, and two sulfur-containing compounds were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In most cases, a first order exponential decay model adequately described the flux versus time relationship for the 24 h period following Land Application, but the model sometimes overestimated flux in the 6e24 h range. The same model but with the time term squared adequately predicted flux over the entire 24 h period. Three compounds (4-methylphenol, skatole, and 4-ethylphenol) accounted for 93 percent of the summed odor activity value. First order decay constants (k) for these three compounds ranged from 0.157 to 0.996 h �1 . When compared to surface Application, injection of swine manure resulted in 80e95 percent lower flux for the most odorous aromatic compounds. These results show that VOC flux decreases rapidly following Land Application of swine manure, declining below levels of detection and near background levels after 4 to 8 h. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
-
odorous voc emission following Land Application of swine manure slurry
Atmospheric Environment, 2013Co-Authors: David B. Parker, Bryan L Woodbury, Geordie Galvin, John E Gilley, Kihyun Kim, Shannon L Bartelthunt, Xu Li, Daniel D SnowAbstract:Swine manure is often applied to crop Land as a fertilizer source. Odor emissions from Land-applied swine manure may pose a nuisance to downwind populations if manure is not applied with sufficient fore- thought. A research project was conducted to assess the time decay of odorous volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions following Land Application of swine manure. Three Land Application methods were compared: surface Application, incorporation 24 h after surface Application, and injection. Emission rates were measured in field plots using a small wind tunnel and sorbent tubes. VOCs including eight volatile fatty acids, five aromatics, and two sulfur-containing compounds were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In most cases, a first order exponential decay model adequately described the flux versus time relationship for the 24 h period following Land Application, but the model sometimes overestimated flux in the 6e24 h range. The same model but with the time term squared adequately predicted flux over the entire 24 h period. Three compounds (4-methylphenol, skatole, and 4-ethylphenol) accounted for 93 percent of the summed odor activity value. First order decay constants (k) for these three compounds ranged from 0.157 to 0.996 h �1 . When compared to surface Application, injection of swine manure resulted in 80e95 percent lower flux for the most odorous aromatic compounds. These results show that VOC flux decreases rapidly following Land Application of swine manure, declining below levels of detection and near background levels after 4 to 8 h. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
