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Béatrice Longuenesse - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Kant on a priori concepts: The metaphysical deduction of the categories
The Cambridge Companion to Kant and Modern Philosophy, 2006Co-Authors: Béatrice LonguenesseAbstract:In Chapter One of the Transcendental Analytic in the Critique of Pure Reason , Kant establishes a table of the categories, or pure concepts of the understanding, according to the “Leading Thread” of a table of the logical forms of judgment. He proclaims that this achievement takes after and improves upon Aristotle's own endeavor in offering a list of categories, which Aristotle took to define the most general kinds of being. Kant claims that his table is superior to Aristotle's list in that it is grounded on a systematic principle. This principle is also what will eventually ground, in the Transcendental Deduction, the a priori justification of the objective validity of the categories: a justification of the claim that all objects (as long as they are objects of a possible experience) do fall under those categories. Kant's self-proclaimed achievement is the second main step in his effort to answer the question: “How are synthetic a priori judgments possible?” The first step was the argument offered in the Transcendental Aesthetic, to the effect that space and time are a priori forms of intuition. As such, Kant argued, they make possible judgments (propositions) whose claim to truth is justified a priori by the universal features of our intuitions. Such propositions are thus both synthetic and a priori .
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Kant’s Leading Thread in the analytic of the beautiful
2005Co-Authors: Béatrice LonguenesseAbstract:Kant conducts his Analytic of the Beautiful, in the Critique of the Power of Judgment , according to the “Leading Thread” that also guided the table of the categories in the first Critique : the four titles of the logical functions of judgment. This Leading Thread, which has not met with much favor on the part of Kant's readers where the first Critique is concerned, is even less popular in the case of the third Critique . I will argue that this ill repute is unmerited. In fact, Kant's use of the Leading Thread of the logical functions of judgment to analyse judgments of taste merits close attention. In particular, it brings to light a striking feature of judgments of taste as analyzed by Kant. We would expect the main headings in the table of logical functions (quantity, quality, relation, modality) to guide the analysis of aesthetic judgments as judgments about an object (“this rose is beautiful,” “this painting is beautiful”). Now they certainly do serve this purpose. But in addition, it turns out that they also serve to analyze another judgment, one that remains implicitly contained within the predicate (“beautiful”) of the judgments of taste. This second judgment, imbedded, as it were, in the first (or in the predicate of the first), and which only the critique of taste brings to discursive clarity, is a judgment no longer about the object, but about the judging subjects, namely the subjects that pass the judgment: “this rose is beautiful, ” “this painting is beautiful, ” and so on.
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kant s Leading Thread in the analytic of the beautiful
2005Co-Authors: Béatrice LonguenesseAbstract:Kant conducts his Analytic of the Beautiful, in the Critique of the Power of Judgment , according to the “Leading Thread” that also guided the table of the categories in the first Critique : the four titles of the logical functions of judgment. This Leading Thread, which has not met with much favor on the part of Kant's readers where the first Critique is concerned, is even less popular in the case of the third Critique . I will argue that this ill repute is unmerited. In fact, Kant's use of the Leading Thread of the logical functions of judgment to analyse judgments of taste merits close attention. In particular, it brings to light a striking feature of judgments of taste as analyzed by Kant. We would expect the main headings in the table of logical functions (quantity, quality, relation, modality) to guide the analysis of aesthetic judgments as judgments about an object (“this rose is beautiful,” “this painting is beautiful”). Now they certainly do serve this purpose. But in addition, it turns out that they also serve to analyze another judgment, one that remains implicitly contained within the predicate (“beautiful”) of the judgments of taste. This second judgment, imbedded, as it were, in the first (or in the predicate of the first), and which only the critique of taste brings to discursive clarity, is a judgment no longer about the object, but about the judging subjects, namely the subjects that pass the judgment: “this rose is beautiful, ” “this painting is beautiful, ” and so on.
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Kant on the human standpoint
2005Co-Authors: Béatrice LonguenesseAbstract:Introduction Part I. Discussions: 1. Kant's categories and capacity to judge 2. Synthetics, logical forms, and the objects of our ordinary experience 3. Synthetics and givenness Part II. The Human Standpoint in Kant's Transcendental Analytic: 4. Kant on a priori concepts: the metaphysical deduction of the categories 5. Kant's deconstruction of the principle of sufficient reason 6. Kant on causality: what was he trying to prove? 7. Kant's standpoint on the whole: disjunctive judgement, community, and the Third Analogy of Experience Part III. The Human Standpoint in the Critical System: 8. The transcendental ideal, and the unity of the critical system 9. Moral judgement as a judgement of reason 10. Kant's Leading Thread in the analytic of the beautiful.
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Kantian A Priori Concepts and Their Future
Revue de métaphysique et de morale, 2004Co-Authors: Béatrice LonguenesseAbstract:Kant argues that a complete and systematic table of categories can be established according to the « Leading Thread » of the logical functions of judgment. In the first part of this paper I lay out Kant’s argument. In the second part I examine some objections formulated against Kant’s « Leading Thread ». I conclude that the contemporary appropriation of Kant’s doctrine of the a priori concepts of the understanding is split between two issues : that of the conceptual (or non-conceptual) content of perception, and that of the conceptual framework presupposed by a given scientific image of the world.
Frederik Verstreken - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Influence of Screw Design, Sex, and Approach in Scaphoid Fracture Fixation
Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research®, 2012Co-Authors: Geert Meermans, Frederik VerstrekenAbstract:Background Screw fixation of scaphoid fractures has gained popularity. A long central screw has been shown to be biomechanically advantageous. Questions/purposes We compared the ability of different screw designs to obtain this goal and determined the influence of sex and approach on screw length. Methods We performed all measurements on three-dimensional reconstructions of 20 CT scans of normal scaphoids (10 men and 10 women) with the use of software. The three-dimensional computer models were analyzed, the central axis was defined, and the screws were placed along this axis. We compared 15 different available screw designs and volar and dorsal screw placement. Results The length of the scaphoid along its central axis was longer in men (mean, 27.14 mm; standard error of the mean, 0.97 mm) than in women (mean, 23.86 mm; standard error of the mean, 0.37 mm). The screw length that can be used was longer in the volar approach (mean, 23.72 mm; standard error of the mean, 0.19 mm) than in the dorsal approach (mean, 23.31 mm; standard error of the mean, 0.19 mm) regardless of the screw design. Screws with a trailing Thread diameter greater than 3.9 mm and Leading Thread diameter greater than 3.0 mm were shorter. Conclusions Scaphoids in women are smaller than in men. Theoretically, fixation of scaphoid fractures through a volar approach will allow the surgeon to use longer screws. The screw design has a significant influence on the screw length that can be used in scaphoid fracture fixation. We recommend using a differential pitch screw with a Thread diameter of 3.9 mm or less.
Rajeev Balasubramonian - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Power-Efficient Approaches to
2007Co-Authors: Niti Madan, Rajeev BalasubramonianAbstract:Noise and radiation-induced soft errors (transient faults) in computer systems have increased significantly over the last few years and are expected to increase even more as we move toward smaller transistor sizes and lower supply voltages. Fault detection and recovery can be achieved through redundancy. The emergence of chip multiprocessors (CMPs) makes it possible to execute redundant Threads on a chip and provide relatively low-cost reliability. State-of-the-art implementations execute two copies of the same program as two Threads (redundant multiThreading), either on the same or on separate processor cores in a CMP, and periodically check results. Although this solution has favorable performance and reliability properties, every redundant instruction flows through a high-frequency complex out-of-order pipeline, thereby incurring a high power consumption penalty. This paper proposes mechanisms that attempt to provide reliability at a modest power and complexity cost. When executing a redundant Thread, the trailing Thread benefits from the information produced by the Leading Thread. We take advantage of this property and comprehensively study different strategies to reduce the power overhead of the trailing core in a CMP. These strategies include dynamic frequency scaling, in-order execution, and parallelization of the trailing Thread. Index Terms—Reliability, power, transient faults, soft errors, redundant multiThreading (RMT), heterogeneous chip multiprocessors, dynamic frequency scaling.
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Power Efficient Approaches to Redundant MultiThreading
IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 2007Co-Authors: Niti Madan, Rajeev BalasubramonianAbstract:Noise and radiation-induced soft errors (transient faults) in computer systems have increased significantly over the last few years and are expected to increase even more as we move toward smaller transistor sizes and lower supply voltages. Fault detection and recovery can be achieved through redundancy. The emergence of chip multiprocessors (CMPs) makes it possible to execute redundant Threads on a chip and provide relatively low-cost reliability. State-of-the-art implementations execute two copies of the same program as two Threads (redundant multiThreading), either on the same or on separate processor cores in a CMP, and periodically check results. Although this solution has favorable performance and reliability properties, every redundant instruction flows through a high-frequency complex out-of-order pipeline, thereby incurring a high power consumption penalty. This paper proposes mechanisms that attempt to provide reliability at a modest power and complexity cost. When executing a redundant Thread, the trailing Thread benefits from the information produced by the Leading Thread. We take advantage of this property and comprehensively study different strategies to reduce the power overhead of the trailing core in a CMP. These strategies include dynamic frequency scaling, in-order execution, and parallelization of the trailing Thread.
Fabio Di Certo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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On knowledge, Technology On knowledge, Technology On knowledge, Technology On knowledge, Technology and Society Society Society Society
2014Co-Authors: Fabio Di CertoAbstract:words) ~~~~ (R)evolution What we are living may be considered as a new revolution. Perhaps, analysing it deeply we can recognise in its background the pattern of an evolutionary process started long time ago: one that departing from the agricultural society, through the industrial revolution and the later information age has, however, exhibited a Leading Thread: a progressive journey towards the intangible. Then, we may consider that ‘since the ancient times all societies have been, each in its own way, knowledge societies’ (UNESCO, 2005), our today may be regarded as just another version of the same story. We may also convene that ‘knowledge is our most powerful engine of production’ (Marshall, 1890) and agree that, therefore not from now, it has been recognised as a valuable resource. Yet, in times of high uncertainty and global competition, knowledge is perhaps the most resilient asset we have.
Geert Meermans - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Influence of Screw Design, Sex, and Approach in Scaphoid Fracture Fixation
Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research®, 2012Co-Authors: Geert Meermans, Frederik VerstrekenAbstract:Background Screw fixation of scaphoid fractures has gained popularity. A long central screw has been shown to be biomechanically advantageous. Questions/purposes We compared the ability of different screw designs to obtain this goal and determined the influence of sex and approach on screw length. Methods We performed all measurements on three-dimensional reconstructions of 20 CT scans of normal scaphoids (10 men and 10 women) with the use of software. The three-dimensional computer models were analyzed, the central axis was defined, and the screws were placed along this axis. We compared 15 different available screw designs and volar and dorsal screw placement. Results The length of the scaphoid along its central axis was longer in men (mean, 27.14 mm; standard error of the mean, 0.97 mm) than in women (mean, 23.86 mm; standard error of the mean, 0.37 mm). The screw length that can be used was longer in the volar approach (mean, 23.72 mm; standard error of the mean, 0.19 mm) than in the dorsal approach (mean, 23.31 mm; standard error of the mean, 0.19 mm) regardless of the screw design. Screws with a trailing Thread diameter greater than 3.9 mm and Leading Thread diameter greater than 3.0 mm were shorter. Conclusions Scaphoids in women are smaller than in men. Theoretically, fixation of scaphoid fractures through a volar approach will allow the surgeon to use longer screws. The screw design has a significant influence on the screw length that can be used in scaphoid fracture fixation. We recommend using a differential pitch screw with a Thread diameter of 3.9 mm or less.