The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Julin N Maloof - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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light induced indeterminacy alters shade avoiding tomato Leaf Morphology
Plant Physiology, 2015Co-Authors: Daniel H. Chitwood, Ravi Kumar, Aashish Ranjan, Yasunori Ichihashi, Julie M Pelletier, Brad Townsley, Ciera C Martinez, Kristina Zumstein, John J Harada, Julin N MaloofAbstract:Plants sense the foliar shade of competitors and alter their developmental programs through the shade-avoidance response. Internode and petiole elongation, and changes in overall Leaf area and Leaf mass per area, are the stereotypical architectural responses to foliar shade in the shoot. However, changes in Leaf shape and complexity in response to shade remain incompletely, and qualitatively, described. Using a meta-analysis of more than 18,000 previously published Leaflet outlines, we demonstrate that shade avoidance alters Leaf shape in domesticated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and wild relatives. The effects of shade avoidance on Leaf shape are subtle with respect to individual traits but are combinatorially strong. We then seek to describe the developmental origins of shade-induced changes in Leaf shape by swapping plants between light treatments. Leaf size is light responsive late into development, but patterning events, such as stomatal index, are irrevocably specified earlier. Observing that shade induces increases in shoot apical meristem size, we then describe gene expression changes in early Leaf primordia and the meristem using laser microdissection. We find that in Leaf primordia, shade avoidance is not mediated through canonical pathways described in mature organs but rather through the expression of KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX and other indeterminacy genes, altering known developmental pathways responsible for patterning Leaf shape. We also demonstrate that shade-induced changes in Leaf primordium gene expression largely do not overlap with those found in successively initiated Leaf primordia, providing evidence against classic hypotheses that shaded Leaf Morphology results from the prolonged production of juvenile Leaf types.
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light induced indeterminacy alters shade avoiding tomato Leaf Morphology
bioRxiv, 2015Co-Authors: Daniel H. Chitwood, Ravi Kumar, Aashish Ranjan, Yasunori Ichihashi, Julie M Pelletier, Brad Townsley, Ciera C Martinez, Kristina Zumstein, John J Harada, Julin N MaloofAbstract:Plants sense foliar shade of competitors and alter their developmental programs through the shade avoidance response. Internode and petiole elongation, and changes in overall Leaf area and Leaf mass per area, are the stereotypical architectural responses to foliar shade in the shoot. However, changes in Leaf shape and complexity in response to shade remain incompletely, and qualitatively, described. Using a meta-analysis of >18,000 previously published Leaflet outlines, we demonstrate that shade avoidance alters Leaf shape in domesticated tomato and wild relatives. The effects of shade avoidance on Leaf shape are subtle with respect to individual traits, but are combinatorially strong. We then seek to describe the developmental origins of shade-induced changes in Leaf shape by swapping plants between light treatments. Leaf size is light-responsive late into development, but patterning events, such as stomatal index, are irrevocably specified earlier. Observing that shade induces increases in shoot apical meristem size, we then describe gene expression changes in early Leaf primordia and the meristem using laser microdissection. We find that in Leaf primordia shade avoidance is not mediated through canonical pathways described in mature organs, but rather the expression of KNOX and other indeterminacy genes, altering known developmental pathways responsible for patterning Leaf shape. We also demonstrate that shade-induced changes in Leaf primordium gene expression largely do not overlap with those found in successively initiated Leaf primordia, providing evidence against classic hypotheses that shaded Leaf Morphology results from prolonged production of juvenile Leaf types.
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A quantitative genetic basis for Leaf Morphology in a set of precisely defined tomato introgression lines
The Plant cell, 2013Co-Authors: Daniel H. Chitwood, Ravi Kumar, Lauren R Headland, Aashish Ranjan, Michael F Covington, Yasunori Ichihashi, Daniel Fulop, José Jiménez Gómez, Jie Peng, Julin N MaloofAbstract:Introgression lines (ILs), in which genetic material from wild tomato species is introgressed into a domesticated background, have been used extensively in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) improvement. Here, we genotype an IL population derived from the wild desert tomato Solanum pennellii at ultrahigh density, providing the exact gene content harbored by each line. To take advantage of this information, we determine IL phenotypes for a suite of vegetative traits, ranging from Leaf complexity, shape, and size to cellular traits, such as stomatal density and epidermal cell phenotypes. Elliptical Fourier descriptors on Leaflet outlines provide a global analysis of highly heritable, intricate aspects of Leaf Morphology. We also demonstrate constraints between Leaflet size and Leaf complexity, pavement cell size, and stomatal density and show independent segregation of traits previously assumed to be genetically coregulated. Meta-analysis of previously measured traits in the ILs shows an unexpected relationship between Leaf Morphology and fruit sugar levels, which RNA-Seq data suggest may be attributable to genetically coregulated changes in fruit Morphology or the impact of Leaf shape on photosynthesis. Together, our results both improve upon the utility of an important genetic resource and attest to a complex, genetic basis for differences in Leaf Morphology between natural populations.
Daniel H. Chitwood - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Quantitative Trait Locus Analysis of Leaf Morphology Indicates Conserved Shape Loci in Grapevine.
Frontiers in plant science, 2019Co-Authors: Elizabeth M. Demmings, Brigette R Williams, Cheng-ruei Lee, Paola Barba, Shanshan Yang, Chin-feng Hwang, Bruce I. Reisch, Daniel H. Chitwood, Jason P. LondoAbstract:Leaf shape in plants plays important roles in water use, canopy structure, and physiological tolerances to abiotic stresses; all important traits for the future development and sustainability of grapevine cultivation. Historically, researchers have used ampelography, the study of Leaf shape in grapevines, to differentiate Vitis species and cultivars based on finite Leaf attributes. However, ampelographic measurements have limitations and new methods for quantifying shape are now available. We paired an analysis of finite trait attributes with a 17-point landmark survey and generalized Procrustes analysis (GPA) to reconstruct grapevine leaves digitally from five interspecific hybrid mapping families. Using the reconstructed leaves, we performed three types of quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses to determine the genetic architecture that defines Leaf shape. In the first analysis, we compared several important ampelographic measurements as finite trait QTL. In the second and third analyses, we identified significant shape variation via principal components analysis (PCA) and using a multivariate least squares interval mapping (MLSIM) approach. In total, we identified 271 significant QTL across the three measures of Leaf shape and identified specific QTL hotspots in the grape genome which appear to drive major aspects of grapevine Leaf shape.
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climate and developmental plasticity interannual variability in grapevine Leaf Morphology
bioRxiv, 2015Co-Authors: Daniel H. Chitwood, Julie Kang, Susan M Rundell, Quaneisha L Woodford, Jose R Lopez, Danny Greenblatt, Jason P. LondoAbstract:The shape of leaves are dynamic, changing over evolutionary time between species, within a single plant producing different shaped leaves at successive nodes, during the development of a single Leaf as it allometrically expands, and in response to the environment. Notably, strong correlations between the dissection and size of leaves with temperature and precipitation exist in both the paleorecord and extant populations. Yet, a morphometric model integrating evolutionary, developmental, and environmental effects on Leaf shape is lacking. Here, we continue a morphometric analysis of >5,500 leaves representing 270 grapevines of multiple Vitis species between two growing seasons. Leaves are paired one-to-one, vine-to-vine accounting for developmental context, between growing seasons. Linear Discriminant Analysis reveals shape features that specifically define growing season, regardless of species or developmental context. The shape feature, a more pronounced distal sinus, is associated with the colder, drier growing season, consistent with patterns observed in the paleorecord. We discuss the implications of such plasticity in a long-lived woody perennial, such as grapevine, with respect to the evolution and functionality of plant Morphology and changes in climate.
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light induced indeterminacy alters shade avoiding tomato Leaf Morphology
Plant Physiology, 2015Co-Authors: Daniel H. Chitwood, Ravi Kumar, Aashish Ranjan, Yasunori Ichihashi, Julie M Pelletier, Brad Townsley, Ciera C Martinez, Kristina Zumstein, John J Harada, Julin N MaloofAbstract:Plants sense the foliar shade of competitors and alter their developmental programs through the shade-avoidance response. Internode and petiole elongation, and changes in overall Leaf area and Leaf mass per area, are the stereotypical architectural responses to foliar shade in the shoot. However, changes in Leaf shape and complexity in response to shade remain incompletely, and qualitatively, described. Using a meta-analysis of more than 18,000 previously published Leaflet outlines, we demonstrate that shade avoidance alters Leaf shape in domesticated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and wild relatives. The effects of shade avoidance on Leaf shape are subtle with respect to individual traits but are combinatorially strong. We then seek to describe the developmental origins of shade-induced changes in Leaf shape by swapping plants between light treatments. Leaf size is light responsive late into development, but patterning events, such as stomatal index, are irrevocably specified earlier. Observing that shade induces increases in shoot apical meristem size, we then describe gene expression changes in early Leaf primordia and the meristem using laser microdissection. We find that in Leaf primordia, shade avoidance is not mediated through canonical pathways described in mature organs but rather through the expression of KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX and other indeterminacy genes, altering known developmental pathways responsible for patterning Leaf shape. We also demonstrate that shade-induced changes in Leaf primordium gene expression largely do not overlap with those found in successively initiated Leaf primordia, providing evidence against classic hypotheses that shaded Leaf Morphology results from the prolonged production of juvenile Leaf types.
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light induced indeterminacy alters shade avoiding tomato Leaf Morphology
bioRxiv, 2015Co-Authors: Daniel H. Chitwood, Ravi Kumar, Aashish Ranjan, Yasunori Ichihashi, Julie M Pelletier, Brad Townsley, Ciera C Martinez, Kristina Zumstein, John J Harada, Julin N MaloofAbstract:Plants sense foliar shade of competitors and alter their developmental programs through the shade avoidance response. Internode and petiole elongation, and changes in overall Leaf area and Leaf mass per area, are the stereotypical architectural responses to foliar shade in the shoot. However, changes in Leaf shape and complexity in response to shade remain incompletely, and qualitatively, described. Using a meta-analysis of >18,000 previously published Leaflet outlines, we demonstrate that shade avoidance alters Leaf shape in domesticated tomato and wild relatives. The effects of shade avoidance on Leaf shape are subtle with respect to individual traits, but are combinatorially strong. We then seek to describe the developmental origins of shade-induced changes in Leaf shape by swapping plants between light treatments. Leaf size is light-responsive late into development, but patterning events, such as stomatal index, are irrevocably specified earlier. Observing that shade induces increases in shoot apical meristem size, we then describe gene expression changes in early Leaf primordia and the meristem using laser microdissection. We find that in Leaf primordia shade avoidance is not mediated through canonical pathways described in mature organs, but rather the expression of KNOX and other indeterminacy genes, altering known developmental pathways responsible for patterning Leaf shape. We also demonstrate that shade-induced changes in Leaf primordium gene expression largely do not overlap with those found in successively initiated Leaf primordia, providing evidence against classic hypotheses that shaded Leaf Morphology results from prolonged production of juvenile Leaf types.
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A quantitative genetic basis for Leaf Morphology in a set of precisely defined tomato introgression lines
The Plant cell, 2013Co-Authors: Daniel H. Chitwood, Ravi Kumar, Lauren R Headland, Aashish Ranjan, Michael F Covington, Yasunori Ichihashi, Daniel Fulop, José Jiménez Gómez, Jie Peng, Julin N MaloofAbstract:Introgression lines (ILs), in which genetic material from wild tomato species is introgressed into a domesticated background, have been used extensively in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) improvement. Here, we genotype an IL population derived from the wild desert tomato Solanum pennellii at ultrahigh density, providing the exact gene content harbored by each line. To take advantage of this information, we determine IL phenotypes for a suite of vegetative traits, ranging from Leaf complexity, shape, and size to cellular traits, such as stomatal density and epidermal cell phenotypes. Elliptical Fourier descriptors on Leaflet outlines provide a global analysis of highly heritable, intricate aspects of Leaf Morphology. We also demonstrate constraints between Leaflet size and Leaf complexity, pavement cell size, and stomatal density and show independent segregation of traits previously assumed to be genetically coregulated. Meta-analysis of previously measured traits in the ILs shows an unexpected relationship between Leaf Morphology and fruit sugar levels, which RNA-Seq data suggest may be attributable to genetically coregulated changes in fruit Morphology or the impact of Leaf shape on photosynthesis. Together, our results both improve upon the utility of an important genetic resource and attest to a complex, genetic basis for differences in Leaf Morphology between natural populations.
Qichang Yang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Leaf Morphology photosynthetic performance chlorophyll fluorescence stomatal development of lettuce lactuca sativa l exposed to different ratios of red light to blue light
Frontiers in Plant Science, 2016Co-Authors: Jun Wang, Yuxin Tong, Qichang YangAbstract:Red and blue light are both vital factors for plant growth and development. We examined how different ratios of red light to blue light (R/B) provided by light-emitting diodes affected photosynthetic performance by investigating parameters related to photosynthesis, including Leaf Morphology, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll fluorescence, stomatal development, light response curve, and nitrogen content. In this study, lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L.) were exposed to 200 μmol•m-2•s-1 irradiance for a 16 h•d-1 photoperiod under the following six treatments: monochromatic red light (R), monochromatic blue light (B) and the mixture of R and B with different R/B ratios of 12, 8, 4, and 1. Leaf photosynthetic capacity (Amax) and photosynthetic rate (Pn) increased with decreasing R/B ratio until 1, associated with increased stomatal conductance, along with significant increase in stomatal density and slight decrease in stomatal size. Pn and Amax under B treatment had 7.6% and 11.8% reduction in comparison with those under R/B=1 treatment, respectively. The effective quantum yield of PSII and the efficiency of excitation captured by open PSII center were also significantly lower under B treatment than those under the other treatments. Shoot dry weight increased with increasing R/B ratio with the greatest value under R/B=12 treatment. The increase of shoot dry weight was mainly caused by increasing Leaf area and Leaf number, but no significant difference was observed between R and R/B=12 treatments. Based on the above results, we conclude that quantitative B could promote photosynthetic performance or growth by stimulating morphological and physiological responses, yet there was no positive correlation between Pn and shoot dry weight accumulation.
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Leaf Morphology photosynthetic performance chlorophyll fluorescence stomatal development of lettuce lactuca sativa l exposed to different ratios of red light to blue light
Frontiers in Plant Science, 2016Co-Authors: Jun Wang, Yuxin Tong, Qichang YangAbstract:Red and blue light are both vital factors for plant growth and development. We examined how different ratios of red light to blue light (R/B) provided by light-emitting diodes affected photosynthetic performance by investigating parameters related to photosynthesis, including Leaf Morphology, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll fluorescence, stomatal development, light response curve, and nitrogen content. In this study, lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L.) were exposed to 200 μmol⋅m(-2)⋅s(-1) irradiance for a 16 h⋅d(-1) photoperiod under the following six treatments: monochromatic red light (R), monochromatic blue light (B) and the mixture of R and B with different R/B ratios of 12, 8, 4, and 1. Leaf photosynthetic capacity (A max) and photosynthetic rate (P n) increased with decreasing R/B ratio until 1, associated with increased stomatal conductance, along with significant increase in stomatal density and slight decrease in stomatal size. P n and A max under B treatment had 7.6 and 11.8% reduction in comparison with those under R/B = 1 treatment, respectively. The effective quantum yield of PSII and the efficiency of excitation captured by open PSII center were also significantly lower under B treatment than those under the other treatments. However, shoot dry weight increased with increasing R/B ratio with the greatest value under R/B = 12 treatment. The increase of shoot dry weight was mainly caused by increasing Leaf area and Leaf number, but no significant difference was observed between R and R/B = 12 treatments. Based on the above results, we conclude that quantitative B could promote photosynthetic performance or growth by stimulating morphological and physiological responses, yet there was no positive correlation between P n and shoot dry weight accumulation.
Jun Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Leaf Morphology photosynthetic performance chlorophyll fluorescence stomatal development of lettuce lactuca sativa l exposed to different ratios of red light to blue light
Frontiers in Plant Science, 2016Co-Authors: Jun Wang, Yuxin Tong, Qichang YangAbstract:Red and blue light are both vital factors for plant growth and development. We examined how different ratios of red light to blue light (R/B) provided by light-emitting diodes affected photosynthetic performance by investigating parameters related to photosynthesis, including Leaf Morphology, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll fluorescence, stomatal development, light response curve, and nitrogen content. In this study, lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L.) were exposed to 200 μmol•m-2•s-1 irradiance for a 16 h•d-1 photoperiod under the following six treatments: monochromatic red light (R), monochromatic blue light (B) and the mixture of R and B with different R/B ratios of 12, 8, 4, and 1. Leaf photosynthetic capacity (Amax) and photosynthetic rate (Pn) increased with decreasing R/B ratio until 1, associated with increased stomatal conductance, along with significant increase in stomatal density and slight decrease in stomatal size. Pn and Amax under B treatment had 7.6% and 11.8% reduction in comparison with those under R/B=1 treatment, respectively. The effective quantum yield of PSII and the efficiency of excitation captured by open PSII center were also significantly lower under B treatment than those under the other treatments. Shoot dry weight increased with increasing R/B ratio with the greatest value under R/B=12 treatment. The increase of shoot dry weight was mainly caused by increasing Leaf area and Leaf number, but no significant difference was observed between R and R/B=12 treatments. Based on the above results, we conclude that quantitative B could promote photosynthetic performance or growth by stimulating morphological and physiological responses, yet there was no positive correlation between Pn and shoot dry weight accumulation.
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Leaf Morphology photosynthetic performance chlorophyll fluorescence stomatal development of lettuce lactuca sativa l exposed to different ratios of red light to blue light
Frontiers in Plant Science, 2016Co-Authors: Jun Wang, Yuxin Tong, Qichang YangAbstract:Red and blue light are both vital factors for plant growth and development. We examined how different ratios of red light to blue light (R/B) provided by light-emitting diodes affected photosynthetic performance by investigating parameters related to photosynthesis, including Leaf Morphology, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll fluorescence, stomatal development, light response curve, and nitrogen content. In this study, lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L.) were exposed to 200 μmol⋅m(-2)⋅s(-1) irradiance for a 16 h⋅d(-1) photoperiod under the following six treatments: monochromatic red light (R), monochromatic blue light (B) and the mixture of R and B with different R/B ratios of 12, 8, 4, and 1. Leaf photosynthetic capacity (A max) and photosynthetic rate (P n) increased with decreasing R/B ratio until 1, associated with increased stomatal conductance, along with significant increase in stomatal density and slight decrease in stomatal size. P n and A max under B treatment had 7.6 and 11.8% reduction in comparison with those under R/B = 1 treatment, respectively. The effective quantum yield of PSII and the efficiency of excitation captured by open PSII center were also significantly lower under B treatment than those under the other treatments. However, shoot dry weight increased with increasing R/B ratio with the greatest value under R/B = 12 treatment. The increase of shoot dry weight was mainly caused by increasing Leaf area and Leaf number, but no significant difference was observed between R and R/B = 12 treatments. Based on the above results, we conclude that quantitative B could promote photosynthetic performance or growth by stimulating morphological and physiological responses, yet there was no positive correlation between P n and shoot dry weight accumulation.
Ravi Kumar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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light induced indeterminacy alters shade avoiding tomato Leaf Morphology
Plant Physiology, 2015Co-Authors: Daniel H. Chitwood, Ravi Kumar, Aashish Ranjan, Yasunori Ichihashi, Julie M Pelletier, Brad Townsley, Ciera C Martinez, Kristina Zumstein, John J Harada, Julin N MaloofAbstract:Plants sense the foliar shade of competitors and alter their developmental programs through the shade-avoidance response. Internode and petiole elongation, and changes in overall Leaf area and Leaf mass per area, are the stereotypical architectural responses to foliar shade in the shoot. However, changes in Leaf shape and complexity in response to shade remain incompletely, and qualitatively, described. Using a meta-analysis of more than 18,000 previously published Leaflet outlines, we demonstrate that shade avoidance alters Leaf shape in domesticated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and wild relatives. The effects of shade avoidance on Leaf shape are subtle with respect to individual traits but are combinatorially strong. We then seek to describe the developmental origins of shade-induced changes in Leaf shape by swapping plants between light treatments. Leaf size is light responsive late into development, but patterning events, such as stomatal index, are irrevocably specified earlier. Observing that shade induces increases in shoot apical meristem size, we then describe gene expression changes in early Leaf primordia and the meristem using laser microdissection. We find that in Leaf primordia, shade avoidance is not mediated through canonical pathways described in mature organs but rather through the expression of KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX and other indeterminacy genes, altering known developmental pathways responsible for patterning Leaf shape. We also demonstrate that shade-induced changes in Leaf primordium gene expression largely do not overlap with those found in successively initiated Leaf primordia, providing evidence against classic hypotheses that shaded Leaf Morphology results from the prolonged production of juvenile Leaf types.
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light induced indeterminacy alters shade avoiding tomato Leaf Morphology
bioRxiv, 2015Co-Authors: Daniel H. Chitwood, Ravi Kumar, Aashish Ranjan, Yasunori Ichihashi, Julie M Pelletier, Brad Townsley, Ciera C Martinez, Kristina Zumstein, John J Harada, Julin N MaloofAbstract:Plants sense foliar shade of competitors and alter their developmental programs through the shade avoidance response. Internode and petiole elongation, and changes in overall Leaf area and Leaf mass per area, are the stereotypical architectural responses to foliar shade in the shoot. However, changes in Leaf shape and complexity in response to shade remain incompletely, and qualitatively, described. Using a meta-analysis of >18,000 previously published Leaflet outlines, we demonstrate that shade avoidance alters Leaf shape in domesticated tomato and wild relatives. The effects of shade avoidance on Leaf shape are subtle with respect to individual traits, but are combinatorially strong. We then seek to describe the developmental origins of shade-induced changes in Leaf shape by swapping plants between light treatments. Leaf size is light-responsive late into development, but patterning events, such as stomatal index, are irrevocably specified earlier. Observing that shade induces increases in shoot apical meristem size, we then describe gene expression changes in early Leaf primordia and the meristem using laser microdissection. We find that in Leaf primordia shade avoidance is not mediated through canonical pathways described in mature organs, but rather the expression of KNOX and other indeterminacy genes, altering known developmental pathways responsible for patterning Leaf shape. We also demonstrate that shade-induced changes in Leaf primordium gene expression largely do not overlap with those found in successively initiated Leaf primordia, providing evidence against classic hypotheses that shaded Leaf Morphology results from prolonged production of juvenile Leaf types.
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A quantitative genetic basis for Leaf Morphology in a set of precisely defined tomato introgression lines
The Plant cell, 2013Co-Authors: Daniel H. Chitwood, Ravi Kumar, Lauren R Headland, Aashish Ranjan, Michael F Covington, Yasunori Ichihashi, Daniel Fulop, José Jiménez Gómez, Jie Peng, Julin N MaloofAbstract:Introgression lines (ILs), in which genetic material from wild tomato species is introgressed into a domesticated background, have been used extensively in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) improvement. Here, we genotype an IL population derived from the wild desert tomato Solanum pennellii at ultrahigh density, providing the exact gene content harbored by each line. To take advantage of this information, we determine IL phenotypes for a suite of vegetative traits, ranging from Leaf complexity, shape, and size to cellular traits, such as stomatal density and epidermal cell phenotypes. Elliptical Fourier descriptors on Leaflet outlines provide a global analysis of highly heritable, intricate aspects of Leaf Morphology. We also demonstrate constraints between Leaflet size and Leaf complexity, pavement cell size, and stomatal density and show independent segregation of traits previously assumed to be genetically coregulated. Meta-analysis of previously measured traits in the ILs shows an unexpected relationship between Leaf Morphology and fruit sugar levels, which RNA-Seq data suggest may be attributable to genetically coregulated changes in fruit Morphology or the impact of Leaf shape on photosynthesis. Together, our results both improve upon the utility of an important genetic resource and attest to a complex, genetic basis for differences in Leaf Morphology between natural populations.