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Robert B Reed - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Macroscopic Anatomy of the reproductive tract of the reproductively quiescent female emu dromaius novaehollandiae
Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 2011Co-Authors: Robert B Reed, L A Cope, James T BlackfordAbstract:Three reproductively quiescent female emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) were embalmed with 10% formalin solution. The reproductive tract was dissected and described. The reproductive tract consists of an ovary and oviduct situated on the left side of the abdominal cavity. The left ovary is dark brown to black in colour with follicles covering the ventral surface. The ovary is located medial to the spleen and closely associated with the ventral surface of the cranial and middle lobes of the left kidney. The oviduct is a relatively straight tube that extends from the level of the cranial extent of the left ilium to the caudal border of the left pubic bone. The oviduct is grossly divided into the infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus and vagina using variations in the mucosal fold pattern.
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Macroscopic Anatomy of the great vessels and structures associated with the heart of the ringed seal pusa hispida
Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 2009Co-Authors: H Smodlaka, Robert W Henry, Robert B ReedAbstract:The ringed seal [Pusa (Phoca) hispida], as well as other seals, exhibits unique anatomical properties when compared to its terrestrial counterparts. In the ringed seal, the most conspicuous marine adaptation is the aortic bulb. This large dilatation of the ascending aorta is comparable to that found in other seal species and marine mammals. The branches of the ascending aorta (brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery) are similar to those of higher primates and man. The peculiarities of the venous system are: three pulmonary veins, a pericardial venous plexus, a caval sphincter, a hepatic sinus with paired caudal vena cavae and a large extradural venous plexus. Generally, three common pulmonary veins (right, left and caudal) empty into the left atrium. The pericardial venous plexus lies deep to the mediastinal pericardial pleura (pleura pericardica) on the auricular (ventral) surface of the heart. The caval sphincter surrounds the caudal vena cava as it passes through the diaphragm. Caudal to the diaphragm, the vena cava is dilated (the hepatic sinus), and near the cranial extremity of the kidneys, it becomes biphid. The azygos vein is formed from the union of the right and left azygos veins at the level of the 5th thoracic vertebra. Cardiovascular physiological studies show some of these anatomical variations, especially of the venous system and the ascending aorta, to be modifications for diving. This investigation documents the large blood vessels associated with the heart and related structures in the ringed seal.
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Macroscopic Anatomy of the Heart of the Ringed Seal (Phoca hispida)
Anatomia histologia embryologia, 2008Co-Authors: H Smodlaka, Robert W Henry, Juergen Schumacher, Robert B ReedAbstract:Anatomical properties of the ringed seal (Phoca hispida) heart and associated blood vessels reveal adaptations related to requirements for diving. Seven adult ringed seals were embalmed and dissected to document the gross anatomical features of the heart. Computed tomography images of the thoracic cavity were taken on one seal prior to dissection. The shape and position of the heart is different from the typical carnivore heart. The most notable difference is its dorsoventral flattened appearance with its right and left sides positioned, respectively, within the thoracic cavity. The long axis of the heart is positioned horizontally, parallel to the sternum. The right ventricle is spacious with thin walls which extend caudally to the apex of the heart such that the apex is comprised of both right and left ventricles. The cusps of the left atrioventricular valve of the ringed seal heart resemble an uninterrupted, circular curtain making it challenging to distinguish the divisions into parietal and septal cusps.
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Macroscopic Anatomy of the ringed seal pusa phoca hispida lower respiratory system
Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 2006Co-Authors: H Smodlaka, Robert W Henry, Robert B ReedAbstract:Summary This investigation serves to document the normal anatomical features of the lower respiratory tract of the ringed seal [Pusa (phoca) hispida]. Evaluation of embalmed specimens and tracheobronchial casts showed that the right lung of this seal consists of four lobes while the left has only three lobes. The ventral margins of the lungs do not reach the sternum causing them to form the boundary of the broad recessus costomediastinalis. Lung lobation corresponds with bronchial tree division. Pulmonary venous drainage includes right and left common veins draining ipsilateral cranial and middle lung lobes, and one common caudal vein draining both caudal lobes and the accessory lobe. The right and left pulmonary arteries divide into cranial and caudal branches at the level of the principal bronchus. The ringed seal has three tracheobronchial lymph nodes. The trachea has an average of 87 cartilages that exhibit a pattern of random anastomoses between adjacent rings. The trachea exhibits to a small degree the dorsoventrally flattened pattern that is described in other pinnipeds. The tracheal diameter is smaller than that of the canine.
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Macroscopic Anatomy of the ringed seal pusa phoca hispida lower respiratory system
Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 2006Co-Authors: H Smodlaka, Robert W Henry, Robert B ReedAbstract:The microscopic Anatomy of the ringed seal lung exhibits unique features and many features similar to those described in other seal species. Unique features include: Trachealis muscle predominately oriented longitudinally; Large veins within the tracheal wall supported by elastic fibers; Goblet cells and pseudostratified epithelium lining the duct system of bronchial glands of the segmental bronchi; Lamina propria of the segmental bronchus heavily invested with elastic fibers clustered into dense longitudinal bundles; and Capillaries and venules covered with squamous epithelium protruding into bronchiolar lumina. Common features include: Cartilage support of the bronchial tree extending distally into respiratory bronchioles; Smooth muscle enhancements in the distal airways producing sphincter like formations; and Lungs extensively supported with interstitial tissue, which divide lungs into lobules.
Marcus Clauss - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Intraspecific Macroscopic digestive Anatomy of ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), including a comparison of frozen and formalin-stored specimens
Primates, 2020Co-Authors: Marcus Clauss, Jelscha Trümpler, Nicole L. Ackermans, Andrew C. Kitchener, Georg Hantke, Julia Stagegaard, Tomo Takano, Yuta Shintaku, Ikki MatsudaAbstract:Digestive tract measurements are often considered species specific, but little information exists on the degree to which they change during ontogeny within a species. Additionally, access to anatomical material from nondomestic species is often limited, with fixed tissues possibly representing the only available source, though the degree to which this material is representative in terms of dimensions and weight is debatable. In the present study, the Macroscopic Anatomy of the digestive tract (length of intestinal sections, and tissue weights of stomach and intestines) of 58 Lemur catta [ranging in age from 1 month (neonates) to 25 years], which had been stored frozen ( n = 27) or fixed in formalin ( n = 31), was quantified. Particular attention was paid to the caecum and the possible presence of an appendix. The intraspecific allometric scaling of body mass (BM)^0.46[0.40;0.51] for total intestine length and BM^0.48[0.41;0.54] for small intestine length was higher than the expected geometric scaling of BM^0.33, and similar to that reported in the literature for interspecific scaling. This difference in scaling is usually explained by the hypothesis that, to maintain optimal absorption, the diameter of the intestinal tube cannot increase geometrically. Therefore, geometric volume gain of increasing body mass is accommodated for by more-than-geometric length scaling. According to the literature, not all L. catta have an appendix. No appendix was found in the specimens in the present study. The proportions of length measurements did not change markedly during ontogeny, indicating that the proportions of the foetus are representative of those of the adult animal. By contrast, width and tissue-mass scaling of the caecum indicated disproportionate growth of this organ during ontogeny that was not reflected in its length. Compared to overall intraspecific variation, the method of storage (frozen vs. formalin) had no relevant impact on length or weight measurements.
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gross measurements of the digestive tract and visceral organs of addax antelope addax nasomaculatus following a concentrate or forage feeding regime
Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 2017Co-Authors: S A Tahas, S Hammer, Martin O Jurado, A Arif, Jean-michel Hatt, Sven Reese, Marcus ClaussAbstract:Differences in Macroscopic measurements of the gastrointestinal tract have been hypothesized to correlate with the browser–grazer continuum in the natural diet of ruminants. However, to what extent these characteristics represent species-specific traits, or respond to the actually ingested diet, remains to be investigated. Twelve surplus addax antelope (Addax nasomaculatus) were divided into two groups and fed, for 3 months, either their usual diet, consisting of a concentrate feed with a limited amount of hay, or a diet of unlimited hay only. After culling, Macroscopic measurements were compared between groups. The Macroscopic Anatomy of the addax showed many characteristics considered typical for grazing or ‘cattle-type’ ruminants. While both diet groups had mesenteric, pericardial and perirenal adipose tissue, these depots were subjectively more pronounced in concentrate-fed animals. Hay-fed animals had significantly heavier filled forestomach compartments, with corresponding significantly longer linear measurements. Masseter muscles and the surface of first-order omasal leaves were significantly more prominent in hay-fed animals, reflecting possible adaptations to overcome resistance of grass forage and to reabsorb fluid from increased rumination, but differences were not as distinct as reported between ‘cattle-type’ and ‘moose-type’ ruminants. Some measurements such as reticular crests and empty foregut mass remained stable between groups, indicating possibly genetically pre-defined characteristics less prone to change in adult life. The results emphasize the adaptability of ruminant digestive tract Anatomy in adult animals even after a short period of time, but also suggest limits to this adaptability that reveals a species-specific Anatomy regardless of the diet actually consumed.
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Quantitative Macroscopic Anatomy of the Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) Digestive Tract
Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 2015Co-Authors: Cathrine Sauer, Mads F. Bertelsen, Martin Riis Weisbjerg, Peter Lund, Marcus ClaussAbstract:Summary Quantitative data on digestive Anatomy of the world's largest ruminant, the giraffe, are scarce. Data were collected from a total of 25 wild-caught and 13 zoo-housed giraffes. Anatomical measures were quantified by dimension, area or weight and analysed by allometric regression. The majority of measures scaled positively and isometrically to body mass. Giraffes had lower tissue weight of all stomach compartments and longer large intestinal length than cattle. When compared to other ruminants, the giraffe digestive tract showed many of the convergent morphological adaptations attributed to browsing ruminants, for example lower reticular crests, thinner ruminal pillars and smaller surface area of the omasal laminae. Salivary gland weight of the giraffe, however, resembled that of grazing ruminants. This matches a previous finding of similarly small salivary glands in the other extant giraffid, the okapi (Okapia johnstoni), suggesting that not all convergent characteristics need be expressed in all species and that morphological variation between species is a combination of phylogenetic and adaptational signals.
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the Macroscopic intestinal Anatomy of a lowland tapir tapirus terrestris
European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2015Co-Authors: Katharina B Hagen, Jean-michel Hatt, Dennis W H Muller, Gudrun Wibbelt, Andreas Ochs, Marcus ClaussAbstract:Tapirs are the only group among the perissodactyls for which no recent description of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) exists. Historical depictions of the GIT of tapirs suggest a similarity to the GIT of equids, but do not resolve the question whether the isthmus at the caeco-colical junction, and at the transition from the proximal colon to the colon transversum—both evident in horses—occur in tapirs as well. Here, we describe the Macroscopic Anatomy of the GIT of a captive, adult lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris). While similar to equids in terms of the overall design and, in particular, the two mentioned isthmuses, the proximal colon of the tapir appeared less pronounced than in other perissodactyls, resulting in a GIT in which the caecum appeared as the most voluminous fermentation chamber. This finding is supported by the particular location of the ileo-caecal junction, which does not visibly separate the caecum from the colon, or the caecum head from the caecum body, but enters the caecum body in its upper third.
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convergence in the Macroscopic Anatomy of the reticulum in wild ruminant species of different feeding types and a new resulting hypothesis on reticular function
Journal of Zoology, 2010Co-Authors: Marcus Clauss, R R Hofmann, W J Streich, Joerns Fickel, Jurgen HummelAbstract:The reticulum is the second part of the ruminant forestomach, located between the rumen and the omasum and characterized by honeycomb-like internal mucosa. With its fluid contents, it plays a decisive role in particle separation. Differences among species have been linked to their feeding style. We investigated whether reticulum size (absolute and in relation to rumen size) and size of the crests that form the mucosal honeycomb pattern differ among over 60 ruminant species of various body sizes and feeding type, controlling for phylogeny. Linear dimensions generally scaled allometrically, that is to body mass0.33. With or without controlling for phylogeny, species that ingest a higher proportion of grass in their natural diet had both significantly larger (higher) rumens and higher reticular mucosa crests, but neither reticulum height nor reticulum width varied with feeding type. The height of the reticular mucosa crests represents a dietary adaptation in ruminants. We suggest that the reticular honeycomb structures do not separate particles by acting as traps (neither for small nor for large particles), but that the structures reduce the lumen of the reticulum during contractions – at varying degrees of completeness in the different feeding types. In browsing species with rumen contents that may be less fluid and more viscous than those of the reticulum, incomplete closure of the lumen may allow the reticulum to retain the fluid necessary for particle separation. In grazing species, whose rumen contents are more stratified with a larger distinct fluid pool, a more complete closure of the reticular lumen due to higher crests may be beneficial as the reticulum can quickly re-fill with fluid rumen contents that contain pre-sorted particles.
H Smodlaka - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Macroscopic Anatomy of the great vessels and structures associated with the heart of the ringed seal pusa hispida
Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 2009Co-Authors: H Smodlaka, Robert W Henry, Robert B ReedAbstract:The ringed seal [Pusa (Phoca) hispida], as well as other seals, exhibits unique anatomical properties when compared to its terrestrial counterparts. In the ringed seal, the most conspicuous marine adaptation is the aortic bulb. This large dilatation of the ascending aorta is comparable to that found in other seal species and marine mammals. The branches of the ascending aorta (brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery) are similar to those of higher primates and man. The peculiarities of the venous system are: three pulmonary veins, a pericardial venous plexus, a caval sphincter, a hepatic sinus with paired caudal vena cavae and a large extradural venous plexus. Generally, three common pulmonary veins (right, left and caudal) empty into the left atrium. The pericardial venous plexus lies deep to the mediastinal pericardial pleura (pleura pericardica) on the auricular (ventral) surface of the heart. The caval sphincter surrounds the caudal vena cava as it passes through the diaphragm. Caudal to the diaphragm, the vena cava is dilated (the hepatic sinus), and near the cranial extremity of the kidneys, it becomes biphid. The azygos vein is formed from the union of the right and left azygos veins at the level of the 5th thoracic vertebra. Cardiovascular physiological studies show some of these anatomical variations, especially of the venous system and the ascending aorta, to be modifications for diving. This investigation documents the large blood vessels associated with the heart and related structures in the ringed seal.
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Macroscopic Anatomy of the Heart of the Ringed Seal (Phoca hispida)
Anatomia histologia embryologia, 2008Co-Authors: H Smodlaka, Robert W Henry, Juergen Schumacher, Robert B ReedAbstract:Anatomical properties of the ringed seal (Phoca hispida) heart and associated blood vessels reveal adaptations related to requirements for diving. Seven adult ringed seals were embalmed and dissected to document the gross anatomical features of the heart. Computed tomography images of the thoracic cavity were taken on one seal prior to dissection. The shape and position of the heart is different from the typical carnivore heart. The most notable difference is its dorsoventral flattened appearance with its right and left sides positioned, respectively, within the thoracic cavity. The long axis of the heart is positioned horizontally, parallel to the sternum. The right ventricle is spacious with thin walls which extend caudally to the apex of the heart such that the apex is comprised of both right and left ventricles. The cusps of the left atrioventricular valve of the ringed seal heart resemble an uninterrupted, circular curtain making it challenging to distinguish the divisions into parietal and septal cusps.
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Macroscopic Anatomy of the ringed seal pusa phoca hispida lower respiratory system
Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 2006Co-Authors: H Smodlaka, Robert W Henry, Robert B ReedAbstract:Summary This investigation serves to document the normal anatomical features of the lower respiratory tract of the ringed seal [Pusa (phoca) hispida]. Evaluation of embalmed specimens and tracheobronchial casts showed that the right lung of this seal consists of four lobes while the left has only three lobes. The ventral margins of the lungs do not reach the sternum causing them to form the boundary of the broad recessus costomediastinalis. Lung lobation corresponds with bronchial tree division. Pulmonary venous drainage includes right and left common veins draining ipsilateral cranial and middle lung lobes, and one common caudal vein draining both caudal lobes and the accessory lobe. The right and left pulmonary arteries divide into cranial and caudal branches at the level of the principal bronchus. The ringed seal has three tracheobronchial lymph nodes. The trachea has an average of 87 cartilages that exhibit a pattern of random anastomoses between adjacent rings. The trachea exhibits to a small degree the dorsoventrally flattened pattern that is described in other pinnipeds. The tracheal diameter is smaller than that of the canine.
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Macroscopic Anatomy of the ringed seal pusa phoca hispida lower respiratory system
Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 2006Co-Authors: H Smodlaka, Robert W Henry, Robert B ReedAbstract:The microscopic Anatomy of the ringed seal lung exhibits unique features and many features similar to those described in other seal species. Unique features include: Trachealis muscle predominately oriented longitudinally; Large veins within the tracheal wall supported by elastic fibers; Goblet cells and pseudostratified epithelium lining the duct system of bronchial glands of the segmental bronchi; Lamina propria of the segmental bronchus heavily invested with elastic fibers clustered into dense longitudinal bundles; and Capillaries and venules covered with squamous epithelium protruding into bronchiolar lumina. Common features include: Cartilage support of the bronchial tree extending distally into respiratory bronchioles; Smooth muscle enhancements in the distal airways producing sphincter like formations; and Lungs extensively supported with interstitial tissue, which divide lungs into lobules.
Robert W Henry - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Macroscopic Anatomy of the great vessels and structures associated with the heart of the ringed seal pusa hispida
Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 2009Co-Authors: H Smodlaka, Robert W Henry, Robert B ReedAbstract:The ringed seal [Pusa (Phoca) hispida], as well as other seals, exhibits unique anatomical properties when compared to its terrestrial counterparts. In the ringed seal, the most conspicuous marine adaptation is the aortic bulb. This large dilatation of the ascending aorta is comparable to that found in other seal species and marine mammals. The branches of the ascending aorta (brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery) are similar to those of higher primates and man. The peculiarities of the venous system are: three pulmonary veins, a pericardial venous plexus, a caval sphincter, a hepatic sinus with paired caudal vena cavae and a large extradural venous plexus. Generally, three common pulmonary veins (right, left and caudal) empty into the left atrium. The pericardial venous plexus lies deep to the mediastinal pericardial pleura (pleura pericardica) on the auricular (ventral) surface of the heart. The caval sphincter surrounds the caudal vena cava as it passes through the diaphragm. Caudal to the diaphragm, the vena cava is dilated (the hepatic sinus), and near the cranial extremity of the kidneys, it becomes biphid. The azygos vein is formed from the union of the right and left azygos veins at the level of the 5th thoracic vertebra. Cardiovascular physiological studies show some of these anatomical variations, especially of the venous system and the ascending aorta, to be modifications for diving. This investigation documents the large blood vessels associated with the heart and related structures in the ringed seal.
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Macroscopic Anatomy of the Heart of the Ringed Seal (Phoca hispida)
Anatomia histologia embryologia, 2008Co-Authors: H Smodlaka, Robert W Henry, Juergen Schumacher, Robert B ReedAbstract:Anatomical properties of the ringed seal (Phoca hispida) heart and associated blood vessels reveal adaptations related to requirements for diving. Seven adult ringed seals were embalmed and dissected to document the gross anatomical features of the heart. Computed tomography images of the thoracic cavity were taken on one seal prior to dissection. The shape and position of the heart is different from the typical carnivore heart. The most notable difference is its dorsoventral flattened appearance with its right and left sides positioned, respectively, within the thoracic cavity. The long axis of the heart is positioned horizontally, parallel to the sternum. The right ventricle is spacious with thin walls which extend caudally to the apex of the heart such that the apex is comprised of both right and left ventricles. The cusps of the left atrioventricular valve of the ringed seal heart resemble an uninterrupted, circular curtain making it challenging to distinguish the divisions into parietal and septal cusps.
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Macroscopic Anatomy of the ringed seal pusa phoca hispida lower respiratory system
Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 2006Co-Authors: H Smodlaka, Robert W Henry, Robert B ReedAbstract:Summary This investigation serves to document the normal anatomical features of the lower respiratory tract of the ringed seal [Pusa (phoca) hispida]. Evaluation of embalmed specimens and tracheobronchial casts showed that the right lung of this seal consists of four lobes while the left has only three lobes. The ventral margins of the lungs do not reach the sternum causing them to form the boundary of the broad recessus costomediastinalis. Lung lobation corresponds with bronchial tree division. Pulmonary venous drainage includes right and left common veins draining ipsilateral cranial and middle lung lobes, and one common caudal vein draining both caudal lobes and the accessory lobe. The right and left pulmonary arteries divide into cranial and caudal branches at the level of the principal bronchus. The ringed seal has three tracheobronchial lymph nodes. The trachea has an average of 87 cartilages that exhibit a pattern of random anastomoses between adjacent rings. The trachea exhibits to a small degree the dorsoventrally flattened pattern that is described in other pinnipeds. The tracheal diameter is smaller than that of the canine.
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Macroscopic Anatomy of the ringed seal pusa phoca hispida lower respiratory system
Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 2006Co-Authors: H Smodlaka, Robert W Henry, Robert B ReedAbstract:The microscopic Anatomy of the ringed seal lung exhibits unique features and many features similar to those described in other seal species. Unique features include: Trachealis muscle predominately oriented longitudinally; Large veins within the tracheal wall supported by elastic fibers; Goblet cells and pseudostratified epithelium lining the duct system of bronchial glands of the segmental bronchi; Lamina propria of the segmental bronchus heavily invested with elastic fibers clustered into dense longitudinal bundles; and Capillaries and venules covered with squamous epithelium protruding into bronchiolar lumina. Common features include: Cartilage support of the bronchial tree extending distally into respiratory bronchioles; Smooth muscle enhancements in the distal airways producing sphincter like formations; and Lungs extensively supported with interstitial tissue, which divide lungs into lobules.
Hideki Endo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Physiological Cross-Sectional Area of the Masticatory Muscles in the Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)
Mammal Study, 2013Co-Authors: Kaoru Furuuchi, Daisuke Koyabu, Kent Mori, Hideki EndoAbstract:Numerous studies have investigated how the skeletal morphology is related to feeding behavior (Christiansen and Adolfssen 2005; Wroe et al. 2005; Christiansen and Wroe 2007; Ellis et al. 2009; Koyabu and Endo 2009; Koyabu et al. 2009; Koyabu and Endo 2010), although remarkably few studies have focused on the architecture of masticatory muscles from which bite forces are produced. In this regard, the quantification of physiological cross-sectional areas (PCSA) of muscle is critical for estimation of bite forces. PCSA is generally proportional to and regulates maximum force-generating capacity (Santana et al. 2010). To date, PCSA of masticatory muscles are reported for bats (Burke et al. 1974; Santana et al. 2010), primates (Weijs and Hillen 1985; Anton 1999; Anapol et al. 2008), sloths (Naples 1985), rodents (Weijs and Dantuma 1975; Weijs 1980; Druzinsky 2010), rabbits (Weijs and Dantuma 1980), and pigs (Herring 1980, 1985). Since quantification of muscle PCSA is critical to estimate bite forces in animals, and since yet little is understood about the relationship between the variation of masticatory muscle PCSA and diversity in feeding behavior among mammals, further accumulation of knowledge on masticatory muscle PCSA is highly needed. Here, we report the first quantification of masticatory muscle PCSA in the giraffe. Among ruminants, giraffes have been reported that they can be clearly classified as browsers (Leuthold and Leuthold 1972; Dutoit 1990; Codron et al. 2007). Therefore, investigation on this species should provide useful information on the dichotomy of masticatory biomechanics between grazers and browsers. Their browsing behaviors are supported by some traits such as longer tongue, narrower muzzle, and narrower incisor row. Pellew (1984) have reported that Acacia shoots were most selected by Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi to obtain high protein in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Acacia flowers are also reported to be an important food resource for G. camelopardalis in a Southern African savanna (Dutoit 1990). To date, there have been very few studies on giraffe masticatory Anatomy. Sasaki et al. (2001) has previously described the detailed Macroscopic Anatomy of the masseter muscles in the giraffe. However, the PCSA of masticatory muscles were not quantified, and other masticatory muscles were not incorporated in their study. Thus, in the present study, we Macroscopically dissected three carcasses of giraffes and examined the muscle weight and PCSA of masticatory muscles, the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles, masseter muscle, temporal muscle, for the purpose of better understanding of their feeding strategy.
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carpal bone movements in gripping action of the giant panda ailuropoda melanoleuca
Journal of Anatomy, 2001Co-Authors: Hideki Endo, Motoki Sasaki, Yoshiki Yamaya, Hiroshi Koie, Yoshihiro Hayashi, Junpei KimuraAbstract:The movement of the carpal bones in gripping was clarified in the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) by means of Macroscopic Anatomy, computed tomography (CT) and related 3-dimensional (3-D) volume rendering techniques. In the gripping action, 3-D CT images demonstrated that the radial and 4th carpal bones largely rotate or flex to the radial and ulnar sides respectively. This indicates that these carpal bones on both sides enable the panda to flex the palm from the forearm and to grasp objects by the manipulation mechanism that includes the radial sesamoid. In the Macroscopic observations, we found that the smooth articulation surfaces are enlarged between the radial carpal and the radius on the radial side, and between the 4th and ulnar carpals on the ulnar side. The panda skilfully grasps using a double pincer-like apparatus with the huge radial sesamoid and accessory carpal.
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Macroscopic Anatomy of the auditory tube diverticulum guttural pouch in the thoroughbred equine a silicon mold approach
Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica, 2000Co-Authors: Dugarjaviin Manglai, Motoki Sasaki, Hideki Endo, Rvuichi Wada, Masamichi Kurohmaru, Toyohiko Yoshihara, Masaaki Oikawa, Yoshihiro HayashiAbstract:The characteristics of the equine auditory tube diverticulum (guttural pouches) were studied in detail by the naked eye and silicon mold method. First, we examined the anatomical relationship between the guttural pouches and their associated bones and muscles. Secondly, a silicon mold was fabricated to clarify the three-dimensional aspect of the guttural pouches, paying a special attention to the distribution of major arteries and nerves surrounding it. Thirdly, the volume of the silicon mold was measured by immersing it in water. The guttural pouches are a pair of pouches located dorso-posteriorly to the posterior pharynx. The pouches had a close contact rostrally with the Os sphenoidale, ventrally with the pharynx and the esophagus, and caudally with the Articulatio atlantoaxialis. The left and right guttural pouches had almost the same capacity in each horse. The A. carotis interna, cranial ganglia of cervical nerves and cervical Truncus sympathicus, as well as the N. vagus, N. glossopharyngeus, N. hypoglossus, and Radices spinales of the N. accessorius, were present in the mucosal crease extending from the roof of the guttural pouches towards the middle of the caudal wall. The N. facialis appeared from the Foramen stylomastoideum ran dorsocaudally along the lateral recess. The N. mandibularis appeared from the Foramen lacerum went over the muscular process of an ear bone, ran along the roof of the lateral recess and finally continued with the rostral side of the guttural pouches. Lymph nodes, scattered on the mucosal surface, appeared as tiny indentations with approximately millet seed size on the silicon surface. The capacity of guttural pouches in adult horses (472 +/- 12.4 cm3) was three-fold larger than that in foals (145 +/- 9.4 cm3).
