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Forrest H Nielsen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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dietary fatty acid composition alters Magnesium metabolism distribution and marginal deficiency response in rats
Magnesium Research, 2009Co-Authors: Forrest H NielsenAbstract:Based on dietary intake recommendations, Magnesium deficiency commonly occurs throughout the world. However, widespread pathological conditions induced by dietary Magnesium deficiency have not been identified. This discrepancy may be caused by other dietary factors ameliorating or exacerbating the response to a marginal Magnesium deficiency and/or the length of the deficiency. Thus, a study was performed to determine whether the n-6/n-3 fatty acid composition of the diet affects the response to marginal Magnesium deprivation, and whether the effect was dependent upon the length of deprivation. Weanling female rats were fed diets containing 250 mg/kg Magnesium in a factorial arrangement with dietary variables of supplemental Magnesium at 0 or 250 mg/kg (total of 250 or 500 mg/kg) and fat sources of 75 g/kg corn oil or 65 g/kg fish (menhaden) oil plus 10 g/kg linoleic acid. After 8 and 12 weeks on their respective diets, each rat was placed in a metabolic cage for a 16-hour collection of urine. After 13 weeks, the rats were anesthetized with ether for the collection of plasma and organs. Marginal Magnesium deficiency was confirmed by decreased urinary excretion and femur, tibia and vertebrae concentrations of Magnesium. Dietary oil influenced the effect of marginal Magnesium deficiency on Magnesium metabolism, distribution and oxidative stress indicators. Fish oil, but not corn oil, significantly decreased urinary Magnesium excretion and increased kidney Magnesium concentration. Femur Magnesium was significantly decreased by marginal Magnesium deficiency in rats fed fish oil but not in rats fed corn oil, and liver Magnesium concentration was decreased by fish oil. Marginal Magnesium deficiency increased plasma extracellular superoxide dismutase and cysteine (component of glutathione) in rats fed corn oil but not in rats fed fish oil. Urinary prostaglandin E₂ excretion was significantly decreased by marginal Magnesium deficiency at 8 weeks, but not at 12 weeks; an increase between weeks 8 and 12 in marginally Magnesium-deficient rats fed fish oil caused this change in significance. The findings show that the dietary fatty acid composition affects the response of rats to marginal Magnesium deprivation. The findings also indicate that dietary or physiological factors affecting oxidative stress could affect the response to marginal Magnesium deficiency, and that a response to a dietary change that takes time to develop, such as an increase in dietary n-3 fatty acids, may result in signs of marginal deficiency being different over time.
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moderate Magnesium deprivation results in calcium retention and altered potassium and phosphorus excretion by postmenopausal women
Magnesium Research, 2007Co-Authors: Forrest H Nielsen, Luann K Johnson, David B Milne, S K Gallagher, Bonita S HoversonAbstract:Enzyme and or hormone actions have not been shown to be consistently changed by consuming a low-Magnesium diet similar to one that may occur in the general population. Thus, a human metabolic study was performed to determine whether deficient intakes of Magnesium similar to those that occur naturally have pathophysiological effects through altering calcium retention and the metabolism of other minerals (sodium, potassium, phosphorus) involved in cellular ionic balance. Fifteen postmenopausal Caucasian women were recruited by advertisement throughout the United States. Eleven women (ages 49 to 71 years) completed the study as designed. The women resided in a metabolic research unit and consumed a basal Western-type diet that resulted in a mean intake of 4.40 mmol (107 mg) Magnesium/d. The women were fed the basal diet supplemented with 9.05 mmol (220 mg) Magnesium/d for 18 d (equilibration) before being assigned to one of two groups in an experiment with a double blind, crossover design. One group was fed the basal diet and supplemented with a lactose placebo while the other group continued consuming the basal diet supplemented with 9.05 mmol Magnesium/d for 72 d, then each group switched to the other's diet, which they consumed for 72 d. Magnesium was supplemented as Magnesium gluconate. Magnesium deprivation resulted in a non-positive Magnesium balance (-0.21 mmol or -5 mg/d) that was highly positive during Magnesium supplementation (+2.22 mmol or +54 mg/d). Magnesium deprivation decreased red blood cell membrane Magnesium (2.5 versus 2.7 nmol or 0.061 versus 0.065 microg/mg protein; p < or = 0.05). Magnesium deprivation increased calcium balance (+0.82 mmol or +35 mg/d versus -0.02 or -1 mg/d; p < or = 0.009); decreased the fecal excretion of phosphorus (28.9% versus 32.3% of intake; p < or =0.0001); increased the urinary excretion of phosphorus (73.4% versus 71.0%; p < 0.003); and decreased the urinary excretion of potassium (40.4 mmol or 1.58 g/d versus 41.9 mmol or 1.64 g/d; p < 0.04). Non-positive Magnesium balance and decreased red blood cell membrane Magnesium concentration apparently are indicators of Magnesium deprivation. Moderate Magnesium deprivation achieved through diet alone results in increased calcium retention. Magnesium deprivation also alters phosphorus and potassium excretion. The changes indicate that an intake of 4.40 mmol (107 mg) Magnesium/d is inadequate for postmenopausal women because of changes in cellular ionic balance that may lead to pathophysiological conditions.
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the alteration of Magnesium calcium and phosphorus metabolism by dietary Magnesium deprivation in postmenopausal women is not affected by dietary boron deprivation
Magnesium Research, 2004Co-Authors: Forrest H NielsenAbstract:A study with human volunteers was conducted to test the hypothesis that naturally occurring inadequate intakes of Magnesium induce negative Magnesium balance and undesirable changes in calcium metabolism variables, and that these changes are influenced by dietary boron. Diets composed of ordinary Western foods providing approximately 118 and 318 mg Mg/d and approximately 0.25 and 3.25 mg B/d were fed in a double-blind Latin square design to 13 healthy, post menopausal Caucasian women (aged 50-78 years) living in a metabolic unit. Magnesium balance, which was positive when dietary Magnesium was 318 mg/d, became negative when dietary Magnesium was 118 mg/d. Magnesium deprivation decreased urinary calcium excretion, and significantly increased calcium balance when balance data analyzed came from all collections during the 42-day periods. Urinary phosphorus excretion was increased, but fecal phosphorus excretion was decreased, thus phosphorus balance was not significantly affected by Magnesium deprivation. Magnesium deprivation did not affect manganese or zinc balance. The balance data indicated that 700 mg of calcium, 1.0 mg of manganese, and 10 mg of zinc were adequate for post menopausal women. Magnesium deprivation increased serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and decreased serum total cholesterol concentrations. Boron deprivation increased but Magnesium deprivation decreased urinary potassium excretion. Boron supplementation decreased serum 17beta-estradiol and progesterone when dietary Magnesium was low. The dietary treatments did not affect serum calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, osteocalcin or alkaline phosphatase concentrations. One woman placed on consecutive Magnesium-low dietary periods exhibited heart ventricular ectopy after consuming the Magnesium-low diet for 72 days; the ectopy disappeared upon consuming the Magnesium-adequate diet. The findings indicated that consuming an ordinary diet deficient in Magnesium, resulting in negative Magnesium balance, can affect calcium, potassium, and cholesterol metabolism. Dietary boron did not have an obvious effect on the response to Magnesium deprivation.
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some Magnesium status indicators and oxidative metabolism responses to low dietary Magnesium are affected by dietary copper in postmenopausal women
Nutrition, 2003Co-Authors: Forrest H Nielsen, David B MilneAbstract:Abstract Objective A study with human volunteers was conducted to ascertain whether a low intake of copper (Cu) would exacerbate the response to a deficient intake of Magnesium (Mg). Methods Nineteen postmenopausal women, age 47 to 78 y, completed a metabolic unit study as designed. For 162 d, nine women were fed a diet containing 1.0 mg of Cu/2000 kcal and 10 women were fed 3.0 mg of Cu/2000 kcal. Diets contained 99 or 399 mg of Mg/2000 kcal for 81 d in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. Differences were considered significant when statistical analysis yielded P ≤ 0.05. Results Magnesium balance was highly positive when the dietary Magnesium was high but non-positive when dietary Magnesium was low. Copper balance was more positive when dietary copper was high than when it was low. Plasma ionized Magnesium was decreased by Magnesium deprivation. Several variables measured indicated that low dietary copper affected the response to Magnesium deprivation or vice-versa. Red blood cell Magnesium was lower when dietary copper was low than when it was high. When dietary Magnesium was low, serum copper was lower in the women fed marginal copper than in those fed luxuriant copper. When dietary Magnesium was high, low dietary copper did not affect serum copper. Magnesium deprivation decreased red blood cell superoxide dismutase when dietary copper was luxuriant; when dietary copper was low, Magnesium deprivation did not have much of an effect. Apolipoprotein A1 was lowest when dietary Magnesium and copper were low. The order in which the Magnesium restriction occurred affected the response of a number of variables to this treatment including concentrations of serum Magnesium and total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Conclusions The findings indicated that, in short-term Magnesium depletion experiments, the response to depletion can be influenced by other dietary factors including copper intake and a high Magnesium intake before depletion, and that 100 mg of Mg/d is inadequate for postmenopausal women.
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dietary Magnesium depletion affects metabolic responses during submaximal exercise in postmenopausal women
Journal of Nutrition, 2002Co-Authors: Henry C Lukaski, Forrest H NielsenAbstract:Magnesium is an essential mineral that is required for optimal biological function including energy metabolism. Although national nutritional surveys indicate that usual Magnesium intakes do not meet recommendations, particularly among older women, diet-induced Magnesium depletion is considered rare among humans without concurrent illness. We examined the effects of dietary Magnesium restriction on biochemical measures of Magnesium nutriture and physiologic responses during submaximal exercise in 10 postmenopausal women, 45-71 y old, not receiving hormone replacement therapy. The women consumed diets containing conventional foods with varying Magnesium content totaling 112 mg/8.4 MJ (2000 kcal) supplemented with 200 mg Magnesium daily for 35d (control), then 112 mg/8.4 MJ for 93d (depletion) followed by 112 mg/8.4 MJ supplemented with 200 mg Magnesium/d for 49d (repletion) in a depletion-repletion experiment. RBC Magnesium concentration (P < 0.05), Magnesium retention (P < 0.05) and skeletal muscle Magnesium concentration (P < 0.05) decreased when dietary Magnesium was restricted. Peak oxygen uptake, total and cumulative net oxygen uptake determined by using indirect calorimetry and peak heart rate increased (P < 0.05) during standardized submaximal work with restricted compared with adequate dietary Magnesium. These findings indicate that dietary Magnesium depletion can be induced in otherwise healthy women; it results in increased energy needs and adversely affects cardiovascular function during submaximal work. This may also explain previous observations of increased energy cost during standardized exercise in physically active men and women considered to have reduced Magnesium nutriture.
Fu-chou Cheng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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down regulated expression of Magnesium transporter genes following a high Magnesium diet attenuates sciatic nerve crush injury
Neurosurgery, 2019Co-Authors: Yingju Chen, Fu-chou Cheng, Chunjung Chen, Meeiling Sheu, Jason P Sheehan, Hungchuan PanAbstract:Background Magnesium supplementation has potential for use in nerve regeneration. The expression of some Magnesium transporter genes is reflective of the intracellular Magnesium levels. Objective To assess the expression of various Magnesium transporter genes as they relate to neurological alterations in a sciatic nerve injury model. Methods Sciatic nerve injury was induced in rats, which were then fed either basal or high Magnesium diets. Magnesium concentrations and 5 Magnesium transporter genes (SLC41A1, MAGT1, CNNM2, TRPM6, and TRPM7) were measured in the tissue samples. Results The high Magnesium diet attenuated cytoskeletal loss in a dose-dependent manner in isolated nerve explants. The high Magnesium diet augmented nerve regeneration and led to the restoration of nerve structure, increased S-100, and neurofilaments. This increased regeneration was consistent with the improvement of neurobehavioral and electrophysiological assessment. The denervated muscle morphology was restored with the high Magnesium diet, and that was also highly correlated with the increased expression of desmin and acetylcholine receptors in denervated muscle. The plasma Magnesium levels were significantly elevated after the animals consumed a high Magnesium diet and were reciprocally related to the down-regulation of CNNM2, MagT1, and SCL41A1 in the blood monocytes, nerves, and muscle tissues of the nerve crush injury model. Conclusion The increased plasma Magnesium levels after consuming a high Magnesium diet were highly correlated with the down-regulation of Magnesium transporter genes in monocytes, nerves, and muscle tissues after sciatic nerve crush injury. The study findings suggest that there are beneficial effects of administering Magnesium after a nerve injury.
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expression of Magnesium transporter genes in head and neck cancer patients underwent neoadjuvant cisplatin based chemotherapy
European Archives of Oto-rhino-laryngology, 2015Co-Authors: Yujung Lin, Fu-chou Cheng, Lisheng Chien, Jinching Lin, Rongsan Jiang, Shihan LiuAbstract:We aimed to investigate expression of Magnesium transporter genes in patients with head and neck cancer who underwent cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy and their association with serum Magnesium level. Head and neck cancer patients scheduled to undergo neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy were eligible for enrollment. Blood samples were obtained at three time points: prior to, during, and after completion of chemotherapy. Expression levels of Magnesium transporter genes were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. A total of 23 patients were included in the final analysis. The average serum Magnesium levels dropped 6.98 and 5.20% during and after completion of chemotherapy. There were neither significant associations between serum Magnesium level and demographic variables nor tumor-related variables. SLC41A1 expression level was positively correlated with serum Magnesium whereas TRPM6 expression level was negatively correlated with serum Magnesium. Serum Magnesium level decreased during cisplatin-based chemotherapy in head and neck cancer patients. Further studies are warranted to investigate optimal Magnesium measurement and substitution protocol.
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correlation of Magnesium intake with metabolic parameters depression and physical activity in elderly type 2 diabetes patients a cross sectional study
Nutrition Journal, 2012Co-Authors: Jui-hua Huang, Fu-chou Cheng, John Ning-yuean Lee, Leih-ching TsaiAbstract:Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major global public health problem in the worldwide and is increasing in aging populations. Magnesium intake may be one of the most important factors for diabetes prevention and management. Low Magnesium intake may exacerbate metabolic abnormalities. In this study, the relationships of Magnesium intake with metabolic parameters, depression and physical activity in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes were investigated. This cross-sectional study involved 210 type 2 diabetes patients aged 65 years and above. Participants were interviewed to obtain information on lifestyle and 24-hour dietary recall. Assessment of depression was based on DSM-IV criteria. Clinical variables measured included anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and biochemical determinations of blood and urine samples. Linear regression was applied to determine the relationships of Magnesium intake with nutritional variables and metabolic parameters. Among all patients, 88.6% had Magnesium intake which was less than the dietary reference intake, and 37.1% had hypomagnesaemia. Metabolic syndromes and depression were associated with lower Magnesium intake (p < 0.05). A positive relationship was found between Magnesium intake and HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.005). Magnesium intake was inversely correlated with triglyceride, waist circumference, body fat percent and body mass index (p < 0.005). After controlling confounding factor, HDL-cholesterol was significantly higher with increasing quartile of Magnesium intake (p for trend = 0005). Waist circumference, body fat percentage, and body mass index were significantly lower with increase quartile of Magnesium intake (p for trend < 0.001). The odds of depression, central obesity, high body fat percentage, and high body mass index were significantly lower with increasing quartile of Magnesium intake (p for trend < 0.05). In addition, Magnesium intake was related to high physical activity level and demonstrated lower serum Magnesium levels. Serum Magnesium was not significantly associated with metabolic parameters. The majority of elderly type 2 diabetes who have low Magnesium intake may compound this deficiency with metabolic abnormalities and depression. Future studies should determine the effects of increased Magnesium intake or Magnesium supplementation on metabolic control and depression in elderly people with type 2 diabetes.
Célia Colli - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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there is chronic latent Magnesium deficiency in apparently healthy university students
Nutricion Hospitalaria, 2014Co-Authors: Cristiane Hermes Sales, Debora Do A Nascimento, Anna Cecilia Queiroz De Medeiros, Kenio Costa De Lima, Lucia Fatima Campos Pedrosa, Célia ColliAbstract:Introduction: Magnesium is an essential micronutrient for human body, and its deficiency has been associated with risk of non-communicable diseases. Objective: Assessment of Magnesium status, and evaluation of the frequency of Magnesium deficiency in a group of healthy adults. Methods: Plasma and erythrocyte Magnesium levels, and Magnesium intake were determined in 115 students (55 women and 60 men), from a public university in Brazil. Results: The medians of Magnesium concentration in plasma (0.76 mmol/L), erythrocyte (1.97 mmol/L), and of dietary daily intake (8.84 mmol/d) were low. Forty two percent of participants had plasma or erythrocyte Magnesium below the limit of 0.75 and 1.65 mmol/L, respectively. A high percentage showed high probability of inadequate Magnesium intake. Conclusions: There was a high frequency of subclinical Magnesium deficiency in the adults assessed, that could be related to low dietary Magnesium intake.
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Influence of Magnesium status and Magnesium intake on the blood glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Clinical Nutrition, 2011Co-Authors: Cristiane Hermes Sales, Lucia De Fátima Campos Pedrosa, Josivan Gomes De Lima, Telma Maria Araújo Moura Lemos, Célia ColliAbstract:Background & aims This study was undertaken to assess Magnesium intake and Magnesium status in patients with type 2 diabetes, and to identify the parameters that best predict alterations in fasting glucose and plasma Magnesium. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 51; 53.6 ± 10.5 y) selected within the inclusion factors, at the University Hospital Onofre Lopes. Magnesium intake was assessed by three 24-h recalls. Urine, plasma and erythrocytes Magnesium, fasting and 2-h postprandial glucose, HbA1, microalbuminuria, proteinuria, and serum and urine creatinine were measured. Results Mean Magnesium intake (9.37 ± 1.76 mmol/d), urine Magnesium (2.80 ± 1.51 mmol/d), plasma Magnesium (0.71 ± 0.08 mmol/L) and erythrocyte Magnesium (1.92 ± 0.23 mmol/L) levels were low. Seventy-seven percent of participants presented one or more Magnesium status parameters below the cut-off points of 3.00 mmol/L for urine, 0.75 mmol/L for plasma and 1.65 mmol/L for erythrocytes. Subjects presented poor blood glucose control with fasting glucose of 8.1 ± 3.7 mmol/L, 2-h postprandial glucose of 11.1 ± 5.1 mmol/L, and HbA1 of 11.4 ± 3.0%. The parameters that influenced fasting glucose were urine, plasma and dietary Magnesium, while plasma Magnesium was influenced by creatinine clearance. Conclusions Magnesium status was influenced by kidney depuration and was altered in patients with type 2 diabetes, and Magnesium showed to play an important role in blood glucose control.
David B Milne - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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moderate Magnesium deprivation results in calcium retention and altered potassium and phosphorus excretion by postmenopausal women
Magnesium Research, 2007Co-Authors: Forrest H Nielsen, Luann K Johnson, David B Milne, S K Gallagher, Bonita S HoversonAbstract:Enzyme and or hormone actions have not been shown to be consistently changed by consuming a low-Magnesium diet similar to one that may occur in the general population. Thus, a human metabolic study was performed to determine whether deficient intakes of Magnesium similar to those that occur naturally have pathophysiological effects through altering calcium retention and the metabolism of other minerals (sodium, potassium, phosphorus) involved in cellular ionic balance. Fifteen postmenopausal Caucasian women were recruited by advertisement throughout the United States. Eleven women (ages 49 to 71 years) completed the study as designed. The women resided in a metabolic research unit and consumed a basal Western-type diet that resulted in a mean intake of 4.40 mmol (107 mg) Magnesium/d. The women were fed the basal diet supplemented with 9.05 mmol (220 mg) Magnesium/d for 18 d (equilibration) before being assigned to one of two groups in an experiment with a double blind, crossover design. One group was fed the basal diet and supplemented with a lactose placebo while the other group continued consuming the basal diet supplemented with 9.05 mmol Magnesium/d for 72 d, then each group switched to the other's diet, which they consumed for 72 d. Magnesium was supplemented as Magnesium gluconate. Magnesium deprivation resulted in a non-positive Magnesium balance (-0.21 mmol or -5 mg/d) that was highly positive during Magnesium supplementation (+2.22 mmol or +54 mg/d). Magnesium deprivation decreased red blood cell membrane Magnesium (2.5 versus 2.7 nmol or 0.061 versus 0.065 microg/mg protein; p < or = 0.05). Magnesium deprivation increased calcium balance (+0.82 mmol or +35 mg/d versus -0.02 or -1 mg/d; p < or = 0.009); decreased the fecal excretion of phosphorus (28.9% versus 32.3% of intake; p < or =0.0001); increased the urinary excretion of phosphorus (73.4% versus 71.0%; p < 0.003); and decreased the urinary excretion of potassium (40.4 mmol or 1.58 g/d versus 41.9 mmol or 1.64 g/d; p < 0.04). Non-positive Magnesium balance and decreased red blood cell membrane Magnesium concentration apparently are indicators of Magnesium deprivation. Moderate Magnesium deprivation achieved through diet alone results in increased calcium retention. Magnesium deprivation also alters phosphorus and potassium excretion. The changes indicate that an intake of 4.40 mmol (107 mg) Magnesium/d is inadequate for postmenopausal women because of changes in cellular ionic balance that may lead to pathophysiological conditions.
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some Magnesium status indicators and oxidative metabolism responses to low dietary Magnesium are affected by dietary copper in postmenopausal women
Nutrition, 2003Co-Authors: Forrest H Nielsen, David B MilneAbstract:Abstract Objective A study with human volunteers was conducted to ascertain whether a low intake of copper (Cu) would exacerbate the response to a deficient intake of Magnesium (Mg). Methods Nineteen postmenopausal women, age 47 to 78 y, completed a metabolic unit study as designed. For 162 d, nine women were fed a diet containing 1.0 mg of Cu/2000 kcal and 10 women were fed 3.0 mg of Cu/2000 kcal. Diets contained 99 or 399 mg of Mg/2000 kcal for 81 d in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. Differences were considered significant when statistical analysis yielded P ≤ 0.05. Results Magnesium balance was highly positive when the dietary Magnesium was high but non-positive when dietary Magnesium was low. Copper balance was more positive when dietary copper was high than when it was low. Plasma ionized Magnesium was decreased by Magnesium deprivation. Several variables measured indicated that low dietary copper affected the response to Magnesium deprivation or vice-versa. Red blood cell Magnesium was lower when dietary copper was low than when it was high. When dietary Magnesium was low, serum copper was lower in the women fed marginal copper than in those fed luxuriant copper. When dietary Magnesium was high, low dietary copper did not affect serum copper. Magnesium deprivation decreased red blood cell superoxide dismutase when dietary copper was luxuriant; when dietary copper was low, Magnesium deprivation did not have much of an effect. Apolipoprotein A1 was lowest when dietary Magnesium and copper were low. The order in which the Magnesium restriction occurred affected the response of a number of variables to this treatment including concentrations of serum Magnesium and total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Conclusions The findings indicated that, in short-term Magnesium depletion experiments, the response to depletion can be influenced by other dietary factors including copper intake and a high Magnesium intake before depletion, and that 100 mg of Mg/d is inadequate for postmenopausal women.
Leih-ching Tsai - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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correlation of Magnesium intake with metabolic parameters depression and physical activity in elderly type 2 diabetes patients a cross sectional study
Nutrition Journal, 2012Co-Authors: Jui-hua Huang, Fu-chou Cheng, John Ning-yuean Lee, Leih-ching TsaiAbstract:Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major global public health problem in the worldwide and is increasing in aging populations. Magnesium intake may be one of the most important factors for diabetes prevention and management. Low Magnesium intake may exacerbate metabolic abnormalities. In this study, the relationships of Magnesium intake with metabolic parameters, depression and physical activity in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes were investigated. This cross-sectional study involved 210 type 2 diabetes patients aged 65 years and above. Participants were interviewed to obtain information on lifestyle and 24-hour dietary recall. Assessment of depression was based on DSM-IV criteria. Clinical variables measured included anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and biochemical determinations of blood and urine samples. Linear regression was applied to determine the relationships of Magnesium intake with nutritional variables and metabolic parameters. Among all patients, 88.6% had Magnesium intake which was less than the dietary reference intake, and 37.1% had hypomagnesaemia. Metabolic syndromes and depression were associated with lower Magnesium intake (p < 0.05). A positive relationship was found between Magnesium intake and HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.005). Magnesium intake was inversely correlated with triglyceride, waist circumference, body fat percent and body mass index (p < 0.005). After controlling confounding factor, HDL-cholesterol was significantly higher with increasing quartile of Magnesium intake (p for trend = 0005). Waist circumference, body fat percentage, and body mass index were significantly lower with increase quartile of Magnesium intake (p for trend < 0.001). The odds of depression, central obesity, high body fat percentage, and high body mass index were significantly lower with increasing quartile of Magnesium intake (p for trend < 0.05). In addition, Magnesium intake was related to high physical activity level and demonstrated lower serum Magnesium levels. Serum Magnesium was not significantly associated with metabolic parameters. The majority of elderly type 2 diabetes who have low Magnesium intake may compound this deficiency with metabolic abnormalities and depression. Future studies should determine the effects of increased Magnesium intake or Magnesium supplementation on metabolic control and depression in elderly people with type 2 diabetes.
