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Faming Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of body movement on the thermophysiological responses of an adaptive Manikin and human subjects
Measurement, 2018Co-Authors: Faming WangAbstract:Abstract Adaptive (or thermoregulatory model controlled) Manikins are useful in quantifying thermal exchanges of the human-clothing-environment system and in simulating human thermophysiological behaviours. Current existing adaptive Manikins didn’t take account into the body movement/posture during simulations and this may greatly affect the precision of simulation results. Hence, in this study, the impact of body movement on human physiological responses was investigated using a ‘Newton’ type adaptive thermal Manikin and human subjects in a warm environment (i.e., Ta = 30.0 ± 0.5 °C, RH = 60 ± 5%, va = 0.17 ± 0.05 m/s). Results demonstrated that the body movement significantly affected the thermal exchange between the clothed Manikin and its surrounding environment. Significantly greater mean skin and core temperatures were noted on the standing Manikin than those on the walking Manikin. In contrast, simulation results obtained from the walking Manikin were much closer to human trial data than those obtained from the standing adaptive Manikin. Particularly, no significant difference was found in the mean core temperature between the walking adaptive Manikin and human subjects. Therefore, the standing adaptive Manikin significantly overestimated thermal stress for the two studied conditions. It was thus suggested the body movement should be considered when mimicking human activities on adaptive Manikins.
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measurements of clothing evaporative resistance using a sweating thermal Manikin an overview
Industrial Health, 2017Co-Authors: Faming WangAbstract:: Evaporative resistance has been widely used to describe the evaporative heat transfer property of clothing. It is also a critical variable in heat stress models for predicting human physiological responses in various environmental conditions. At present, sweating thermal Manikins provide a fast and cost-effective way to determine clothing evaporative resistance. Unfortunately, the measurement repeatability and reproducibility of evaporative resistance are rather low due to the complicated moisture transfer processes through clothing. This review article presents a systematical overview on major influential factors affecting the measurement precision of clothing evaporative resistance measurements. It also illustrates the state-of-the-art knowledge on the development of test protocol to measure clothing evaporative resistance by means of a sweating Manikin. Some feasible and robust test procedures for measurement of clothing evaporative resistance using a sweating Manikin are described. Recommendations on how to improve the measurement accuracy of clothing evaporative resistance are addressed and expected future trends on development of advanced sweating thermal Manikins are finally presented.
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measurements of clothing evaporative resistance using a sweating thermal Manikin an overview
Industrial Health, 2017Co-Authors: Faming WangAbstract:: Evaporative resistance has been widely used to describe the evaporative heat transfer property of clothing. It is also a critical variable in heat stress models for predicting human physiological responses in various environmental conditions. At present, sweating thermal Manikins provide a fast and cost-effective way to determine clothing evaporative resistance. Unfortunately, the measurement repeatability and reproducibility of evaporative resistance are rather low due to the complicated moisture transfer processes through clothing. This review article presents a systematical overview on major influential factors affecting the measurement precision of clothing evaporative resistance measurements. It also illustrates the state-of-the-art knowledge on the development of test protocol to measure clothing evaporative resistance by means of a sweating Manikin. Some feasible and robust test procedures for measurement of clothing evaporative resistance using a sweating Manikin are described. Recommendations on how to improve the measurement accuracy of clothing evaporative resistance are addressed and expected future trends on development of advanced sweating thermal Manikins are finally presented.
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Development of Empirical Equations to Predict Sweating Skin Surface Temperature for Thermal Manikins in Warm Environments.
2016Co-Authors: Faming Wang, Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar HolmérAbstract:Clothing evaporative resistance is one of the most important parameters for clothing comfort. The clothing evaporation resistance can be measured on a sweating guarded hotplate, a sweating thermal Manikin or a human subject. The sweating thermal Manikin gives the most accurate value on evaporative resistance of the whole garment ensemble compared to the other two methods. The determination of clothing evaporative resistance on a thermal Manikin requires sweating simulation. This can be achieved by either a pre-wetted fabric skin on top of the Manikin (TORE), or a waterproof but permeable Gore-tex skin filled with water inside. The addition of a fabric skin can introduce a temperature difference between the Manikin surface and the sweating skin surface. However, calculations on clothing evaporative resistance have often been based on the thermal Manikin surface temperature. A previous study showed that the temperature differences can cause an error up to 35.9 % on the clothing evaporative resistance. In order to reduce such an error, an empirical equation to predict the skin surface temperature might be helpful. In this study, a cotton knit fabric skin and a Gore-tex skin were used to simulate two types of sweating. The cotton fabric skin was rinsed with tap water and centrifuged in a washing machine for 4 seconds to ensure no water drip. A Gore-tex skin was put on top of the pre-wetted cotton skin on a dry heated thermal Manikin ‘Tore’ in order to simulate senseless sweating, similar to thermal Manikins ‘Coppelius’ and ‘Walter’. Another simulation involved the pre-wetted fabric skin covered on top of the Gore-tex skin in order to simulate sensible sweating. This type of sweating simulation can be widely found on many thermal Manikins worldwide, e.g. ‘Newton’. Six temperature sensors (Sensirion Inc, Switzerland) were attached on six sites of the skin outer surface by white thread rings to record the skin surface temperature. Twelve skin tests for each skin combination were performed at three different ambient temperatures: 34, 25 and 20 oC. Two empirical equations to predict the skin surface temperature were developed based on the mean Manikin surface temperature, mean fabric skin surface temperature and the total heat loss. The prediction equations for the senseless sweating and sensible sweating on the thermal Manikin ‘Tore’ were Tsk=34.0-0.0146HL and Tsk=34.0-0.0190HL, respectively. Further study should validate these two empirical equations, however. (Less)
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effect of sweating set rate on clothing real evaporative resistance determined on a sweating thermal Manikin in a so called isothermal condition t Manikin t a t r
International Journal of Biometeorology, 2016Co-Authors: Yehu Lu, Faming Wang, Hui Peng, Guowen SongAbstract:The ASTM F2370 (2010) is the only standard with regard to measurement of clothing real evaporative resistance by means of a sweating Manikin. However, the sweating set-point is not recommended in the standard. In this study, the effect of sweating rate on clothing real evaporative resistance was investigated on a 34-zone “Newton” sweating thermal Manikin in a so-called isothermal condition (TManikin = Ta = Tr). Four different sweating set rates (i.e., all segments had a sweating rate of 400, 800, 1200 ml/hr∙m2, respectively, and different sweating rates were assigned to different segments) were applied to determine the clothing real evaporative resistance of five clothing ensembles and the boundary air layer. The results indicated that the sweating rate did not affect the real evaporative resistance of clothing ensembles with the absence of strong moisture absorbent layers. For the clothing ensemble with tight cotton underwear, a sweating rate of lower than 400 ml/hr∙m2 is not recommended. This is mainly because the wet fabric “skin” might not be fully saturated and thus led to a lower evaporative heat loss and thereby a higher real evaporative resistance. For vapor permeable clothing, the real evaporative resistance determined in the so-called isothermal condition should be corrected before being used in thermal comfort or heat strain models. However, the reduction of wet thermal insulation due to moisture absorption in different test scenarios had a limited contribution to the effect of sweating rate on the real evaporative resistance.
Ingvar Holmér - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Development of Empirical Equations to Predict Sweating Skin Surface Temperature for Thermal Manikins in Warm Environments.
2016Co-Authors: Faming Wang, Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar HolmérAbstract:Clothing evaporative resistance is one of the most important parameters for clothing comfort. The clothing evaporation resistance can be measured on a sweating guarded hotplate, a sweating thermal Manikin or a human subject. The sweating thermal Manikin gives the most accurate value on evaporative resistance of the whole garment ensemble compared to the other two methods. The determination of clothing evaporative resistance on a thermal Manikin requires sweating simulation. This can be achieved by either a pre-wetted fabric skin on top of the Manikin (TORE), or a waterproof but permeable Gore-tex skin filled with water inside. The addition of a fabric skin can introduce a temperature difference between the Manikin surface and the sweating skin surface. However, calculations on clothing evaporative resistance have often been based on the thermal Manikin surface temperature. A previous study showed that the temperature differences can cause an error up to 35.9 % on the clothing evaporative resistance. In order to reduce such an error, an empirical equation to predict the skin surface temperature might be helpful. In this study, a cotton knit fabric skin and a Gore-tex skin were used to simulate two types of sweating. The cotton fabric skin was rinsed with tap water and centrifuged in a washing machine for 4 seconds to ensure no water drip. A Gore-tex skin was put on top of the pre-wetted cotton skin on a dry heated thermal Manikin ‘Tore’ in order to simulate senseless sweating, similar to thermal Manikins ‘Coppelius’ and ‘Walter’. Another simulation involved the pre-wetted fabric skin covered on top of the Gore-tex skin in order to simulate sensible sweating. This type of sweating simulation can be widely found on many thermal Manikins worldwide, e.g. ‘Newton’. Six temperature sensors (Sensirion Inc, Switzerland) were attached on six sites of the skin outer surface by white thread rings to record the skin surface temperature. Twelve skin tests for each skin combination were performed at three different ambient temperatures: 34, 25 and 20 oC. Two empirical equations to predict the skin surface temperature were developed based on the mean Manikin surface temperature, mean fabric skin surface temperature and the total heat loss. The prediction equations for the senseless sweating and sensible sweating on the thermal Manikin ‘Tore’ were Tsk=34.0-0.0146HL and Tsk=34.0-0.0190HL, respectively. Further study should validate these two empirical equations, however. (Less)
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determination of clothing evaporative resistance on a sweating thermal Manikin in an isothermal condition heat loss method or mass loss method
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 2011Co-Authors: Faming Wang, Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar HolmérAbstract:This paper addresses selection between two calculation options, i.e heat loss option and mass loss option, for thermal Manikin measurements on clothing evaporative resistance conducted in an isothermal condition (TManikin = Ta = Tr). Five vocational clothing ensembles with a thermal insulation range of 1.05–2.58 clo were selected and measured on a sweating thermal Manikin ‘Tore’. The reasons why the isothermal heat loss method generates a higher evaporative resistance than that of the mass loss method were thoroughly investigated. In addition, an indirect approach was applied to determine the amount of evaporative heat energy taken from the environment. It was found that clothing evaporative resistance values by the heat loss option were 11.2–37.1% greater than those based on the mass loss option. The percentage of evaporative heat loss taken from the environment (He,env) for all test scenarios ranged from 10.9 to 23.8%. The real evaporative cooling efficiency ranged from 0.762 to 0.891, respectively. Furthermore, it is evident that the evaporative heat loss difference introduced by those two options was equal to the heat energy taken from the environment. In order to eliminate the combined effects of dry heat transfer, condensation, and heat pipe on clothing evaporative resistance, it is suggested that Manikin measurements on the determination of clothing evaporative resistance should be performed in an isothermal condition. Moreover, the mass loss method should be applied to calculate clothing evaporative resistance. The isothermal heat loss method would appear to overestimate heat stress and thus should be corrected before use. (Less)
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Development and validity of a universal empirical equation to predict skin surface temperature on thermal Manikins
Journal of Thermal Biology, 2010Co-Authors: Faming Wang, Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar HolmérAbstract:Clothing evaporative resistance is an important input in thermal comfort models. Thermal Manikin tests give the most accurate and reliable evaporative resistance values for clothing. The calculation methods of clothing evaporative resistance require the sweating skin surface temperature (i.e., options 1 and 2). However, prevailing calculation methods of clothing evaporative resistance (i.e., options 3 and 4) are based on the controlled nude Manikin surface temperature due to the sensory measurement difficulty. In order to overcome the difficulty of attaching temperature sensors to the wet skin surface and to enhance the calculation accuracy on evaporative resistance, we conducted an intensive skin study on a thermal Manikin ‘Tore’. The relationship among the nude Manikin surface temperature, the total heat loss and the wet skin surface temperature in three ambient conditions was investigated. A universal empirical equation to predict the wet skin surface temperature of a sweating thermal Manikin was developed and validated on the Manikin dressed in six different clothing ensembles. The skin surface temperature prediction equation in an ambient temperature range between 25.0 and 34.0 °C is Tsk=34.0–0.0132HL. It is demonstrated that the universal empirical equation is a good alternative to predicting the wet skin surface temperature and facilitates calculating the evaporative resistance of permeable clothing ensembles. Further studies on the validation of the empirical equation on different thermal Manikins are needed however.
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The thermal insulation difference of clothing ensembles on the dry and perspiration Manikins
Measurement Science and Technology, 2010Co-Authors: Zhou Xiaohong, Zheng Chunqin, Qiang Yingming, Ingvar Holmér, Chuansi Gao, Kalev KuklaneAbstract:There are about a hundred Manikin users around the world. Some of them use the Manikin such as 'Walter' and 'Tore' to evaluate the comfort of clothing ensembles according to their thermal insulation and moisture resistance. A 'Walter' Manikin is made of water and waterproof breathable fabric 'skin', which simulates the characteristics of human perspiration. So evaporation, condensation or sorption and desorption are always accompanied by heat transfer. A 'Tore' Manikin only has dry heat exchange by conduction, radiation and convection from the Manikin through clothing ensembles to environments. It is an ideal apparatus to measure the thermal insulation of the clothing ensemble and allows evaluation of thermal comfort. This paper compares thermal insulation measured with dry 'Tore' and sweating 'Walter' Manikins. Clothing ensembles consisted of permeable and impermeable clothes. The results showed that the clothes covering the 'Walter' Manikin absorbed the moisture evaporated from the Manikin. When the moisture transferred through the permeable clothing ensembles, heat of condensation could be neglected. But it was observed that heavy condensation occurred if impermeable clothes were tested on the 'Walter' Manikin. This resulted in a thermal insulation difference of clothing ensembles on the dry and perspiration Manikins. The thermal insulation obtained from the 'Walter' Manikin has to be modified when heavy condensation occurs. The modified equation is obtained in this study. © 2010 IOP Publishing Ltd.
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effect of different fabric skin combinations on predicted sweating skin temperature of a thermal Manikin
Proceedings Of The Second International Conference On Advanced Textile Materials & Manufacturing Technology; pp 184-186 (2010), 2010Co-Authors: Faming Wang, Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar HolmérAbstract:In this study, a knit cotton fabric skin and a Gore-tex skin were used to simulate two sweating methods. The Gore-tex skin was put on top of the pre-wetted knit cotton skin on a dry heated thermal Manikin 'Tore' to simulate senseless sweating, similar to thermal Manikins 'Coppelius' and 'Walter'. Another simulation involved the pre-wetted fabric skin covered on top of the Gore-tex skin in order to simulate sensible sweating. This type of sweating simulation can be widely found on many thermal Manikins worldwide, e.g. 'Newton'. Two empirical equations to predict the wet skin surface temperature were developed based on the mean Manikin surface temperature, mean fabric skin surface temperature and the total heat loss. The prediction equations for the senseless sweating and sensible sweating on the thermal Manikin 'Tore' were T-sk=34.05-0.0193HL and T-sk=34.63-0.0178HL, respectively. It was found that the Gore-tex skin limits moisture evaporation and the predicted fabric skin temperature was greater than that in the G+C skin combination. Further study should validate those two empirical equations, however. (Less)
Kalev Kuklane - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Types of thermal Manikin
Manikins for Textile Evaluation, 2017Co-Authors: Kalev KuklaneAbstract:Owing to giving more stable and repeatable test results than human tests, thermal Manikin is widely used in fields like clothing, automobile, building, aerospace, etc. Thermal Manikin is promising and reliable to characterize both static and dynamic heat and moisture exchange in human body-clothing-environment system, particularly in extremely hot or cold environments. Nowadays, there are hundreds of thermal Manikins with different functions in the world and their functions become more and more humanlike, e.g., can better simulate human thermoregulations. In this chapter, we reviewed and concluded the types of Manikin in terms of anthropometric data, number of the body segment, construction, function, feedback system, working principle, control mode, etc. The state of the art and future trends of the advanced tool were summarized. With the development of manufacture technology, computer science and signal processing capacity, a more humanlike simulator can predict physiological and psychological responses of human body in various conditions. It can make significant contribution in realistic performance evaluation for protective clothing in hazardous environments, as an alternative for human beings.
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Development of Empirical Equations to Predict Sweating Skin Surface Temperature for Thermal Manikins in Warm Environments.
2016Co-Authors: Faming Wang, Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar HolmérAbstract:Clothing evaporative resistance is one of the most important parameters for clothing comfort. The clothing evaporation resistance can be measured on a sweating guarded hotplate, a sweating thermal Manikin or a human subject. The sweating thermal Manikin gives the most accurate value on evaporative resistance of the whole garment ensemble compared to the other two methods. The determination of clothing evaporative resistance on a thermal Manikin requires sweating simulation. This can be achieved by either a pre-wetted fabric skin on top of the Manikin (TORE), or a waterproof but permeable Gore-tex skin filled with water inside. The addition of a fabric skin can introduce a temperature difference between the Manikin surface and the sweating skin surface. However, calculations on clothing evaporative resistance have often been based on the thermal Manikin surface temperature. A previous study showed that the temperature differences can cause an error up to 35.9 % on the clothing evaporative resistance. In order to reduce such an error, an empirical equation to predict the skin surface temperature might be helpful. In this study, a cotton knit fabric skin and a Gore-tex skin were used to simulate two types of sweating. The cotton fabric skin was rinsed with tap water and centrifuged in a washing machine for 4 seconds to ensure no water drip. A Gore-tex skin was put on top of the pre-wetted cotton skin on a dry heated thermal Manikin ‘Tore’ in order to simulate senseless sweating, similar to thermal Manikins ‘Coppelius’ and ‘Walter’. Another simulation involved the pre-wetted fabric skin covered on top of the Gore-tex skin in order to simulate sensible sweating. This type of sweating simulation can be widely found on many thermal Manikins worldwide, e.g. ‘Newton’. Six temperature sensors (Sensirion Inc, Switzerland) were attached on six sites of the skin outer surface by white thread rings to record the skin surface temperature. Twelve skin tests for each skin combination were performed at three different ambient temperatures: 34, 25 and 20 oC. Two empirical equations to predict the skin surface temperature were developed based on the mean Manikin surface temperature, mean fabric skin surface temperature and the total heat loss. The prediction equations for the senseless sweating and sensible sweating on the thermal Manikin ‘Tore’ were Tsk=34.0-0.0146HL and Tsk=34.0-0.0190HL, respectively. Further study should validate these two empirical equations, however. (Less)
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Opportunities and constraints of presently used thermal Manikins for thermo-physiological simulation of the human body
International Journal of Biometeorology, 2016Co-Authors: Agnes Psikuta, Anna Bogdan, Simon Annaheim, Kalev Kuklane, George Havenith, Rene M RossiAbstract:Combining the strengths of an advanced mathematical model of human physiology and a thermal Manikin is a new paradigm for simulating thermal behaviour of humans. However, the forerunners of such adaptive Manikins showed some substantial limitations. This project aimed to determine the opportunities and constraints of the existing thermal Manikins when dynamically controlled by a mathematical model of human thermal physiology. Four thermal Manikins were selected and evaluated for their heat flux measurement uncertainty including lateral heat flows between Manikin body parts and the response of each sector to the frequent change of the set-point temperature typical when using a physiological model for control. In general, all evaluated Manikins are suitable for coupling with a physiological model with some recommendations for further improvement of Manikin dynamic performance. The proposed methodology is useful to improve the performance of the adaptive Manikins and help to provide a reliable and versatile tool for the broad research and development domain of clothing, automotive and building engineering.
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Thermal Manikin Measurements—Exact or Not?
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2015Co-Authors: Hannu Anttonen, Juhani Niskanen, Harriet Meinander, Volkmar Bartels, Kalev Kuklane, Sabine Varieras, Randi Eidsmo Reinertsen, Krzysztof SołtyńskiAbstract:According to the European prestandard ENV 342:1998, the thermal insulation of cold-protective clothing is measured with a thermal Manikin. Systematic studies on the reproducibility of the values, measured with different types of clothing on the commonly used standing and walking Manikins, have not been reported in the literature. Over 300 measurements were done in 8 different European laboratories. The reproducibility of the thermal insulation test results was good. The coefficient of variation was lower than 8%. The measured clothing should fit the Manikin precisely, because poorly fitting clothing gave an error in the results. The correlation between parallel and serial insulation values was excellent and parallel values were about 20% lower than serial ones. The influence of ambient conditions was critical only in the case of air velocity. The reproducibility of thermal insulation test results in a single laboratory was good, and the variation was lower than 3%.
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determination of clothing evaporative resistance on a sweating thermal Manikin in an isothermal condition heat loss method or mass loss method
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 2011Co-Authors: Faming Wang, Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar HolmérAbstract:This paper addresses selection between two calculation options, i.e heat loss option and mass loss option, for thermal Manikin measurements on clothing evaporative resistance conducted in an isothermal condition (TManikin = Ta = Tr). Five vocational clothing ensembles with a thermal insulation range of 1.05–2.58 clo were selected and measured on a sweating thermal Manikin ‘Tore’. The reasons why the isothermal heat loss method generates a higher evaporative resistance than that of the mass loss method were thoroughly investigated. In addition, an indirect approach was applied to determine the amount of evaporative heat energy taken from the environment. It was found that clothing evaporative resistance values by the heat loss option were 11.2–37.1% greater than those based on the mass loss option. The percentage of evaporative heat loss taken from the environment (He,env) for all test scenarios ranged from 10.9 to 23.8%. The real evaporative cooling efficiency ranged from 0.762 to 0.891, respectively. Furthermore, it is evident that the evaporative heat loss difference introduced by those two options was equal to the heat energy taken from the environment. In order to eliminate the combined effects of dry heat transfer, condensation, and heat pipe on clothing evaporative resistance, it is suggested that Manikin measurements on the determination of clothing evaporative resistance should be performed in an isothermal condition. Moreover, the mass loss method should be applied to calculate clothing evaporative resistance. The isothermal heat loss method would appear to overestimate heat stress and thus should be corrected before use. (Less)
Rene M Rossi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Comparison of fabric skins for the simulation of sweating on thermal Manikins
International Journal of Biometeorology, 2017Co-Authors: Barbara Koelblen, Agnes Psikuta, Anna Bogdan, Simon Annaheim, Rene M RossiAbstract:Sweating is an important thermoregulatory process helping to dissipate heat and, thus, to prevent overheating of the human body. Simulations of human thermo-physiological responses in hot conditions or during exercising are helpful for assessing heat stress; however, realistic sweating simulation and evaporative cooling is needed. To this end, thermal Manikins dressed with a tight fabric skin can be used, and the properties of this skin should help human-like sweat evaporation simulation. Four fabrics, i.e., cotton with elastane, polyester, polyamide with elastane, and a skin provided by a Manikin manufacturer (Thermetrics) were compared in this study. The moisture management properties of the fabrics have been investigated in basic tests with regard to all phases of sweating relevant for simulating human thermo-physiological responses, namely, onset of sweating, fully developed sweating, and drying. The suitability of the fabrics for standard tests, such as clothing evaporative resistance measurements, was evaluated based on tests corresponding to the middle phase of sweating. Simulations with a head Manikin coupled to a thermo-physiological model were performed to evaluate the overall performance of the skins. The results of the study showed that three out of four evaluated fabrics have adequate moisture management properties with regard to the simulation of sweating, which was confirmed in the coupled simulation with the head Manikin. The presented tests are helpful for comparing the efficiency of different fabrics to simulate sweat-induced evaporative cooling on thermal Manikins.
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Evaluation of thermo-physiological comfort of clothing using Manikins
Manikins for Textile Evaluation, 2017Co-Authors: Sumit Mandal, Simon Annaheim, Martin Camenzind, Rene M RossiAbstract:This book chapter discusses the evaluation of thermo-physiological comfort of regular- (e.g., formal clothing, informal clothing, casual clothing) and specialized-clothing (e.g., first-responders’ protective clothing, defense-personnel’s protective clothing, healthcare-personnel’s protective clothing). For this the importance for measuring and evaluating the thermo-physiological comfort of clothing is comprehensively explained. In general the thermo-physiological comfort of clothing is widely measured using a sweating thermal Manikin; thus working principles of different sweating thermal Manikins (e.g., Finnish Manikin “Coppelius,” Swiss Manikin “SAM,” Hong Kong Manikin “Walter,” United States Manikin “Newton”) are outlined. Additionally the existing standard methods to evaluate and calculate the thermo-physiological comfort of clothing by Manikins are elucidated. By using these methods, many researchers have further investigated the thermo-physiological comfort of different types of regular- and specialized-clothing in the last few decades. In this chapter the findings of these researchers are critically assessed. Through this critical assessment, different approaches to improve the thermo-physiological comfort of clothing are suggested. Finally the key issues related to the evaluation of thermo-physiological comfort of clothing are highlighted to provide the future research directions. These issues are mainly directed toward the development of state-of-the-art testing methods to measure the thermo-physiological comfort of clothing. Overall, this chapter will provide insight into designing clothing that can provide optimal thermo-physiological comfort to wearers in their daily life.
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Future directions in the use of Manikins
Manikins for Textile Evaluation, 2017Co-Authors: Lina Zhai, Rene M RossiAbstract:Heat hazard could be induced in many fire cases. As in these conditions, human subject cannot be used for tests or measurements due to the potential risk, Manikins are designed to replace humans. It is obvious that these shells of Manikin are far more different compared with human skin. Therefore sensors are implanted and also related mathematical model is assembled for skin simulation. In this chapter, we analyzed the existing methods for physical modeling and numerical modeling in Manikin application. By digging out the advantages and disadvantages of different modeling methods the potential shortage and further directions are revealed to gain more reliable simulation results in using instrumented Manikin. In the future, new modeling methods should be investigated and more sophisticated numerical models which consider sweating effect, temperature-depended blood perfusion, and lag time can be introduced. Adding temperature controlling systems and combining the physical model with numerical model will be a promising direction.
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Opportunities and constraints of presently used thermal Manikins for thermo-physiological simulation of the human body
International Journal of Biometeorology, 2016Co-Authors: Agnes Psikuta, Anna Bogdan, Simon Annaheim, Kalev Kuklane, George Havenith, Rene M RossiAbstract:Combining the strengths of an advanced mathematical model of human physiology and a thermal Manikin is a new paradigm for simulating thermal behaviour of humans. However, the forerunners of such adaptive Manikins showed some substantial limitations. This project aimed to determine the opportunities and constraints of the existing thermal Manikins when dynamically controlled by a mathematical model of human thermal physiology. Four thermal Manikins were selected and evaluated for their heat flux measurement uncertainty including lateral heat flows between Manikin body parts and the response of each sector to the frequent change of the set-point temperature typical when using a physiological model for control. In general, all evaluated Manikins are suitable for coupling with a physiological model with some recommendations for further improvement of Manikin dynamic performance. The proposed methodology is useful to improve the performance of the adaptive Manikins and help to provide a reliable and versatile tool for the broad research and development domain of clothing, automotive and building engineering.
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A systematic approach to the development and validation of adaptive Manikins
Extreme physiology and medicine, 2015Co-Authors: Agnes Psikuta, Simon Annaheim, Manuela Weibel, Rick Burke, Mark Hepokoski, Tony Schwenn, Rene M RossiAbstract:Recent advances in computation technologies have facilitated computer simulation of human physiological regulation mechanisms at high spatial and temporal resolution. Improvements in manufacturing techniques and control strategies have resulted in the development of advanced thermal Manikins. However, the broader acceptance of human thermophysiological simulation via modelling and measurement tools is limited by the scarce public domain resources and availability of validation data supporting such tools [1]. In this study a systematic approach to the development and validation of thermophysiology models and adaptive Manikins was developed. This approach is based on both the evaluation of Manikin responsiveness - to be able to follow the course of human physiological responses, and the adequate validation of an adaptive Manikin against human experiments representing groups with increasing complexity of exposure.
Håkan Nilsson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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thermal comfort evaluation with virtual Manikin methods
Building and Environment, 2007Co-Authors: Håkan NilssonAbstract:Computational fluid dynamics has become an important tool in the prediction of thermal comfort in occupied spaces. Despite its ability to predict temperature and velocity fields, it is more difficult to evaluate the degree of thermal comfort experienced by an occupant. This article describes the construction of a new numerical thermal Manikin, with new comfort evaluation methods based on data from thermal Manikin measurements as well as subjective results from several hundred experiments. The level of thermal comfort is highly dependent on the local environment. Human beings respond differently to local heat transfer in different parts of their bodies. It is suggested for that reason that local results from Manikins should be presented in new clothing independent comfort zone diagrams. The research presented in here is intended to be used to evaluate system solutions that provide improved thermal climate in many different everyday situations, e.g. all types of buildings and vehicles.
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HEATED ManikinS AS A TOOL FOR EVALUATING CLOTHING
The Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 1995Co-Authors: Ingvar Holmér, Håkan NilssonAbstract:Abstract More than 50 Manikins are in use world-wide. They represent various levels of development in terms of technique and performance. The more sophisticated are articulated Manikins able to assume different postures and body movements. They are electrically heated and divided into several (up to 36) individually controlled segments. A few may even allow for controlled sweating and water immersion. The continuing and growing interest in Manikins is based on the fact that they: represent a realistic and objective method for assessment of clothing thermal function; comprise a quick, accurate and reproducible method for measurement of thermal insulation; are cost-effective instruments for comparative measurements and for produce development; and provide input values for thermal modelling and prediction of safe and comfortable working conditions. It must be borne in mind, however, that Manikin data at best only represent the performance of clothing under specified test conditions. Size, fit, posture, type and intensity of work movements, wind, wetting and other factors influence clothing heat transfer in such a way that the resulting insulation provided by an ensemble during real conditions may be much lower than the measured standard value. Walking movements alone may reduce insulation by 20–30%. The Manikin value does not account for individual variation in terms of requirement and preferences. Therefore, Manikin measurements rely extensively on experience and knowledge derived from human experiments and should be regarded as complementary to, rather than a replacement for, practical testing.
