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S G Sommer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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new emission factors for calculation of ammonia volatilization from european livestock Manure Management systems
Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 2019Co-Authors: S G Sommer, J Webb, Nicholas D HutchingsAbstract:The largest source of ammonia (NH3) emissions to the atmosphere is NH3 from agriculture, the majority of which arise from livestock Manure. The NH3 emitted is a threat to human health through the formation of fine particles, causes eutrophication of natural ecosystems and is a loss of fertiliser nitrogen (N). The Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTP) and the European Union National Emission Ceilings Directive (NECD) sets limits for national NH3 emissions and require the reporting of annual emission inventories to demonstrate compliance. The EMEP/EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook provides emission factors (EFs) to support inventory compilation. Here we report the development of revised NH3 EFs for livestock housing, Manure storage, field-applied Manure and excreta deposited during grazing. Data from 276 studies were used with more than 70% of these data from peer reviewed journals, the remaining being from conference proceedings and scientific reports. For most sources, the new EFs are the weighted means of the emissions reported. The empirical ALFAM model was used to develop EFs for field-applied slurry. The standard deviation of the EFs were substantial, due to the breadth of the categories of livestock and Management systems and because of variations in Manure Management and climate. The data collected will be available at http://www.alfam.dk
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Manure Management for greenhouse gas mitigation
2013Co-Authors: S O Petersen, Mélanie Blanchard, D Chadwick, A Del Prado, Nadège Edouard, J Mosquera, S G SommerAbstract:Ongoing intensification and specialisation of livestock production lead to increasing volumes of Manure to be managed, which are a source of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Net emissions of CH4 and N2O result from a multitude of microbial activities in the Manure environment. Their relative importance depends not only on Manure composition and local Management practices with respect to treatment, storage and field application, but also on ambient climatic conditions. The diversity of livestock production systems, and their associated Manure Management, is discussed on the basis of four regional cases (Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, China and Europe) with increasing levels of intensification and priorities with respect to nutrient Management and environmental regulation. GHG mitigation options for production systems based on solid and liquid Manure Management are then presented, and potentials for positive and negative interactions between pollutants, and between Management practices, are discussed. The diversity of Manure properties and environmental conditions necessitate a modelling approach for improving estimates of GHG emissions, and for predicting effects of Management changes for GHG mitigation, and requirements for such a model are discussed. Finally, we briefly discuss drivers for, and barriers against, introduction of GHG mitigation measures for livestock production. There is no conflict between efforts to improve food and feed production, and efforts to reduce GHG emissions from Manure Management. Growth in livestock populations are projected to occur mainly in intensive production systems where, for this and other reasons, the largest potentials for GHG mitigation may be found.
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Manure Management practices on biogas and non biogas pig farms in developing countries using livestock farms in vietnam as an example
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2012Co-Authors: Cu Thi Thien Thu, Pham Hung Cuong, Le Thuy Hang, Nguyen Van Chao, Le Xuan Anh, Nguyen Xuan Trach, S G SommerAbstract:Abstract This survey was carried out to study animal Manure Management on livestock farms with biogas technology (biogas farms) and without (non-biogas farms) in the areas surrounding the Vietnamese cities Hanoi and Hue. The objective of the study was to assess the contribution of biogas production to a better environment as well as to recognize the problems with livestock Manure Management on small-scale farms. On all the farms included in the study more than one Manure Management technology was used, i.e. composting, separation of Manure, biogas production and discharge of liquid Manure to recipients such as public sewers or ponds. On biogas farms, most of the Manure collected was used for bio-digestion. The farmers used the fermented Manure (digestate) as a source of nutrients for crops, but on more than 50% of the interviewed biogas farms digestate was discharged to the environment. On non-biogas farms, Manure was in the form of slurry or it was separated into a liquid and a dry-matter-rich solid fraction. The solid fraction from separation was used for composting and the liquid fraction usually discharged to the environment. The survey revealed that there is a need to improve methods for transporting the Manure to the field, as transportation is the main barrier to recycling the liquid Manure fraction. Farmers in developing countries need financial and technical support to install biogas digesters and to overcome the problems involved in utilizing the Manure. Information about how to pre-treat Manure before adding it to the digester is urgently needed. At present too much water is used, and the high volume of slurry reduces the retention time and is a disincentive for transporting and applying the digestate to fields. The users need to be informed about the risk of loss of methane to the environment, how to prevent cooker corrosion and the discharge to recipients. In addition, the study reveals that in developing countries Manure Management legislation needs to be tightened to control environmental pollution.
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Manure Management implications for greenhouse gas emissions
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2011Co-Authors: D Chadwick, Barbara Amon, S G Sommer, R E Thorman, David Fangueiro, L M Cardenas, T H MisselbrookAbstract:Abstract Slurry, farmyard Manure and poultry Manure are an inevitable consequence of livestock products generated from housed animals. These Manures are recycled back to land for plants to use the nutrients they contain. However, since they contain inorganic N, microbially available sources of C and water, they provide the essential substrates required for the microbial production of N 2 O and CH 4 . These greenhouse gases can be produced and emitted at each stage of the ‘Manure Management continuum’, being the livestock building, Manure stores, Manure treatment and Manure spreading to land. The contribution that Manure Management makes to total national agricultural emissions of N 2 O and CH 4 vary, but can exceed 50% in countries reporting to the UNFCCC in 2009. On farm Management decisions interact with environmental controls such as temperature and water availability of key microbial processes ( i.e. , nitrification, denitrification, methanogenesis, CH 4 oxidation), affecting the magnitude of emissions from each stage of the Manure Management continuum. We review the current understanding of how Manure Management influences direct and indirect N 2 O emissions and CH 4 emissions, introduce new data comparing direct N 2 O emissions following spreading of a range of Manure types by different methods, and highlight some of the mitigations being considered by researchers and policy makers in developed and developing countries. This article is part of the special issue entitled: Greenhouse Gases in Animal Agriculture – Finding a Balance between Food and Emissions, Guest Edited by T.A. McAllister, Section Guest Editors; K.A. Beauchemin, X. Hao, S. McGinn and Editor for Animal Feed Science and Technology, P.H. Robinson .
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Region-specific assessment of greenhouse gas mitigation with different Manure Management strategies in four agroecological zones
Global Change Biology, 2009Co-Authors: S G Sommer, S O Petersen, J.e. Olesen, M.r. Weisbjerg, L. Valli, L. Rodhe, Fabrice BélineAbstract:Livestock farming systems are major sources of trace gases contributing to emissions of the greenhouse gases (GHG) nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4), i.e. N2O accounts for 10% and CH4 for 30% of the anthropogenic contributions to net global warming. This paper presents scenario assessments of whole-system effects of technologies for reducing GHG emissions from livestock model farms using slurry-based Manure Management. Changes in housing and storage practice, mechanical separation, and incineration of the solid fraction derived from separation were evaluated in scenarios for Sweden, Denmark, France, and Italy. The results demonstrated that changes in Manure Management can induce significant changes in CH4 and N2O emissions and carbon sequestration, and that the effect of introducing environmental technologies may vary significantly with livestock farming practice and interact with climatic conditions. Shortening the in-house Manure storage time reduced GHG emissions by 040%. The largest GHG reductions of 49 to, in one case, 82% were obtained with a combination of slurry separation and incineration, the latter process contributing to a positive GHG balance of the system by substituting fossil fuels. The amount and composition of volatile solids (VS) and nitrogen pools were main drivers in the calculations performed, and requirements to improve the assessment of VS composition and turnover during storage and in the field were identified. Nevertheless, the results clearly showed that GHG emission estimates will be unrealistic, if the assumed Manure Management or climatic conditions do not properly represent a given country or region. The results also showed that the mitigation potential of specific Manure Management strategies and technologies varied depending on current Management and climatic conditions.
T H Misselbrook - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Manure Management implications for greenhouse gas emissions
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2011Co-Authors: D Chadwick, Barbara Amon, S G Sommer, R E Thorman, David Fangueiro, L M Cardenas, T H MisselbrookAbstract:Abstract Slurry, farmyard Manure and poultry Manure are an inevitable consequence of livestock products generated from housed animals. These Manures are recycled back to land for plants to use the nutrients they contain. However, since they contain inorganic N, microbially available sources of C and water, they provide the essential substrates required for the microbial production of N 2 O and CH 4 . These greenhouse gases can be produced and emitted at each stage of the ‘Manure Management continuum’, being the livestock building, Manure stores, Manure treatment and Manure spreading to land. The contribution that Manure Management makes to total national agricultural emissions of N 2 O and CH 4 vary, but can exceed 50% in countries reporting to the UNFCCC in 2009. On farm Management decisions interact with environmental controls such as temperature and water availability of key microbial processes ( i.e. , nitrification, denitrification, methanogenesis, CH 4 oxidation), affecting the magnitude of emissions from each stage of the Manure Management continuum. We review the current understanding of how Manure Management influences direct and indirect N 2 O emissions and CH 4 emissions, introduce new data comparing direct N 2 O emissions following spreading of a range of Manure types by different methods, and highlight some of the mitigations being considered by researchers and policy makers in developed and developing countries. This article is part of the special issue entitled: Greenhouse Gases in Animal Agriculture – Finding a Balance between Food and Emissions, Guest Edited by T.A. McAllister, Section Guest Editors; K.A. Beauchemin, X. Hao, S. McGinn and Editor for Animal Feed Science and Technology, P.H. Robinson .
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managing ammonia emissions from livestock production in europe
Environmental Pollution, 2005Co-Authors: J Webb, T H Misselbrook, Ulrich Dammgen, Harald Menzi, B F Pain, H Hendriks, Helmut DohlerAbstract:Abstract Around 75% of European ammonia (NH3) emissions come from livestock production. Emissions occur at all stages of Manure Management: from buildings housing livestock; during Manure storage; following Manure application to land; and from urine deposited by livestock on pastures during grazing. Ammoniacal nitrogen (total ammoniacal-nitrogen, TAN) in livestock excreta is the main source of NH3. At each stage of Manure Management TAN may be lost, mainly as NH3, and the remainder passed to the next stage. Hence, measures to reduce NH3 emissions at the various stages of Manure Management are interdependent, and the accumulative reduction achieved by combinations of measures is not simply additive. This TAN-flow concept enables rapid and easy estimation of the consequences of NH3 abatement at one stage of Manure Management (upstream) on NH3 emissions at later stages (downstream), and gives unbiased assessment of the most cost-effective measures. We conclude that rapid incorporation of Manures into arable land is one of the most cost-effective measures to reduce NH3 emissions, while covering Manure stores and applying slurry by band spreader or injection are more cost-effective than measures to reduce emissions from buildings. These measures are likely to rank highly in most European countries.
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a mass flow model of ammonia emissions from uk livestock production
Atmospheric Environment, 2004Co-Authors: J Webb, T H MisselbrookAbstract:Abstract This paper describes a mass-flow approach to estimating ammonia (NH3) emissions from livestock production at the national scale. NH3 is emitted from a pool of ammoniacal-N (TAN) in livestock excreta. This pool is not added to during Manure Management, but is depleted by losses as gaseous emissions and leachate and by immobilization in litter. At each stage of Manure Management, a proportion of TAN will be lost, mainly as NH3, and the rest passed on to the next stage. This approach enables rapid and easy estimation of the consequences of abatement at one stage of Manure Management (upstream) on NH3 losses at later stages of Manure Management (downstream). Such a model facilitates scenario analysis of abatement options and cost-curve production. Model output is most sensitive to variation in estimates of the length of the housing period for cattle. Thus, the collation of accurate data on factors such as the length of the housing period and other ‘activity’ data, are as important in compiling accurate inventories of national emissions as improving the accuracy of emission factors. Priorities for research should be to accurately quantify the relationship between NH3 emissions from livestock buildings and the proportion of the day those buildings are occupied, and to characterize and quantify the transformations of N that take place during storage of litter-based Manures.
Carlos Clemente Cerri - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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net greenhouse gas emissions from Manure Management using anaerobic digestion technology in a beef cattle feedlot in brazil
Science of The Total Environment, 2015Co-Authors: Ciniro Costa, Carlos Eduardo Pellegrino Cerri, Alexandre Vaz Pires, Carlos Clemente CerriAbstract:Abstract As part of an agreement during the COP15, the Brazilian government is fostering several activities intended to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. One of them is the adoption of anaerobic digester (AD) for treating animal Manure. Due to a lack of information, we developed a case study in order to evaluate the effect of such initiative for beef cattle feedlots. We considered the net GHG emissions (CH 4 and N 2 O) from the Manure generated from 140 beef heifers confined for 90 days in the scope “housing to field application” by including field measurements, literature values, and the offset generated by the AD system through the replacement of conventional sources of nitrogen (N) fertilizer and electricity, respectively. Results showed that direct GHG emissions accounted for 0.14 ± 0.06 kg of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 eq) per kg of animal live weight gain (lwg), with ~ 80% originating from field application, suggesting that this emission does not differ from the conventional Manure Management (without AD) typically done in Brazil (0.19 ± 0.07 kg of CO 2 eq per kg lwg − 1 ). However, 2.4 MWh and 658.0 kg of N-Manure were estimated to be generated as a consequence of the AD utilization, potentially offsetting 0.13 ± 0.01 kg of CO 2 eq kg lwg − 1 or 95% (± 45%) of total direct emissions from the Manure Management. Although, by replacing fossil fuel sources, i.e. diesel oil, this offset could be increased to 169% (± 47%). In summary, the AD has the potential to significantly mitigate GHG emissions from Manure Management in beef cattle feedlots, but the effect is indirect and highly dependent on the source to be replaced. In spite of the promising results, more and continuous field measurements for decreasing uncertainties and improving assumptions are required. Identifying shortcomings would be useful not only for the effectiveness of the Brazilian government, but also for worldwide plans in mitigating GHG emissions from beef production systems.
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brazilian beef cattle feedlot Manure Management a country survey
Journal of Animal Science, 2013Co-Authors: Ciniro Costa, R S Goulart, T Z Albertini, Brigitte Josefine Feigl, Carlos Eduardo Pellegrino Cerri, J T Vasconcelos, Martial Bernoux, Dante Pazzanese Duarte Lanna, Carlos Clemente CerriAbstract:No information regarding the Management of Manure from beef cattle feedlots is available for Brazil. To fill this knowledge gap, a survey of 73 feedlots was conducted in 7 Brazilian states. In this survey, questions were asked regarding animal characteristics, their diets, and Manure handling Management from generation to disposal. These feedlots finished 831,450 animals in 2010. The predominant breed fed was Nellore, with average feeding periods of 60 to 135 d. Corn was the primary source of grain used in the feedlot diets (76% of surveyed animals) with concentrate inclusion levels ranging from 81 to 90% (38% of surveyed animals). The most representative Manure Management practice was the removal of Manure from pens only at the end of the feeding period. Subsequently, the Manure was stored in mounds before being applied to crop and pasture lands. Runoff, mainly from rainwater, was collected in retention ponds and used for agriculture. However, the quantity of runoff was not known. Manure was composted for only 20% of the animals in the survey and was treated in anaerobic digesters for only 1% of the animals. Manure from 59% of the cattle surveyed was used as fertilizer, providing a cost savings over the use of synthetic fertilizers. Overall, chemical analysis of the Manure before application to fields was conducted for the Manure of 56% of the surveyed animals, but the exact quantity applied (per hectare) was unknown for 48%. Feedlots representing 48% of the surveyed animals noted similar or greater crop and pasture yields when using Manure, rather than synthetic fertilizers. In addition, 32% mentioned an increase in soil organic matter. Feedlots representing 88% of the surveyed cattle indicated that information concerning Management practices that improve Manure use efficiency is lacking. Feedlots representing 93% of the animals in the survey reported having basic information regarding the generation of energy and fertilizer with anaerobic digesters. However, only 1 feedlot implemented this technology. In conclusion, the Manure Management evaluated in this study represents an important indirect economic benefit that was represented by decreased use of synthetic fertilizers in crops. However, little attention was given to the specific treatments and environmental impacts of handling Manure. This survey provides information that should assist in the development of better research practices and broader application of future models.
Barbara Amon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions from different stages of liquid Manure Management chains abatement options and emission interactions
Journal of Environmental Quality, 2018Co-Authors: Erangu Purath Mohankumar Sajeev, Wilfried Winiwarter, Barbara AmonAbstract:Farm livestock Manure is an important source of ammonia and greenhouse gases. Concerns over the environmental impact of emissions from Manure Management have resulted in research efforts focusing on emission abatement. However, questions regarding the successful abatement of Manure-related emissions remain. This study uses a meta-analytical approach comprising 89 peer-reviewed studies to quantify emission reduction potentials of abatement options for liquid Manure Management chains from cattle and pigs. Analyses of emission reductions highlight the importance of accounting for interactions between emissions. Only three out of the eight abatement options considered (frequent removal of Manure, anaerobic digesters, and Manure acidification) reduced ammonia (3-60%), nitrous oxide (21-55%), and methane (29-74%) emissions simultaneously, whereas in all other cases, tradeoffs were identified. The results demonstrate that a shift from single-stage emission abatement options towards a whole-chain perspective is vital in reducing overall emissions along the Manure Management chain. The study also identifies some key elements like proper clustering, reporting of influencing factors, and explicitly describing assumptions associated with abatement options that can reduce variability in emission reduction estimates. Prioritization of abatement options according to their functioning can help to determine low-risk emission reduction options, specifically options that alter Manure characteristics (e.g., reduced protein diets, anaerobic digestion, or slurry acidification). These insights supported by comprehensive emission measurement studies can help improve the effectiveness of emission abatement and harmonize strategies aimed at reducing air pollution and climate change simultaneously.
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Manure Management implications for greenhouse gas emissions
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2011Co-Authors: D Chadwick, Barbara Amon, S G Sommer, R E Thorman, David Fangueiro, L M Cardenas, T H MisselbrookAbstract:Abstract Slurry, farmyard Manure and poultry Manure are an inevitable consequence of livestock products generated from housed animals. These Manures are recycled back to land for plants to use the nutrients they contain. However, since they contain inorganic N, microbially available sources of C and water, they provide the essential substrates required for the microbial production of N 2 O and CH 4 . These greenhouse gases can be produced and emitted at each stage of the ‘Manure Management continuum’, being the livestock building, Manure stores, Manure treatment and Manure spreading to land. The contribution that Manure Management makes to total national agricultural emissions of N 2 O and CH 4 vary, but can exceed 50% in countries reporting to the UNFCCC in 2009. On farm Management decisions interact with environmental controls such as temperature and water availability of key microbial processes ( i.e. , nitrification, denitrification, methanogenesis, CH 4 oxidation), affecting the magnitude of emissions from each stage of the Manure Management continuum. We review the current understanding of how Manure Management influences direct and indirect N 2 O emissions and CH 4 emissions, introduce new data comparing direct N 2 O emissions following spreading of a range of Manure types by different methods, and highlight some of the mitigations being considered by researchers and policy makers in developed and developing countries. This article is part of the special issue entitled: Greenhouse Gases in Animal Agriculture – Finding a Balance between Food and Emissions, Guest Edited by T.A. McAllister, Section Guest Editors; K.A. Beauchemin, X. Hao, S. McGinn and Editor for Animal Feed Science and Technology, P.H. Robinson .
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emissions from livestock and Manure Management
2006Co-Authors: O Gavrilova, Barbara Amon, A Del Prado, A Leip, H Dong, J D Macdonald, C Gomez A Bravo, Barahona R Rosales, M A De Lima, W OyhantcabalAbstract:This chapter provides guidance on methods to estimate emissions of methane from Enteric Fermentation in livestock, and methane and nitrous oxide emissions from Manure Management. Carbon dioxide(CO2)emissions from livestock are not estimated because annual net CO2emissions are assumed to be zero ?the CO2photosynthesized by plants is returned to the atmosphere as respired CO2. A portion of the C is returned as methane (CH4)and for this reason CH4 requires separate consideration.
Whendee L Silver - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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greenhouse gas emissions from dairy Manure Management in a mediterranean environment
Ecological Applications, 2017Co-Authors: J J Owen, Whendee L SilverAbstract:Livestock agriculture is a major source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with a substantial proportion of emissions derived from Manure Management. Accurate estimates of emissions related to Management practices and climate are needed for identifying the best approaches to minimize, and potentially mitigate, GHG emissions. Current emissions models such as those of the IPCC, however, are based on emissions factors that have not been broadly tested against field-scale measurements, due to a lack of data. We used a diverse set of measurements over 22 months across a range of substrate conditions on a working dairy to determine patterns and controls on soil-based GHG fluxes. Although dairy soils and substrates differed by Management unit, GHG fluxes were poorly predicted by these or climate variables. The Manure pile had the greatest GHG emissions, and though temperature increased and O2 concentration decreased following mixing, we detected almost no change in GHG fluxes due to mixing. Corral fluxes were characterized by hotspots and hot moments driven by patterns in deposition. Annual scraping kept the soil and accumulated Manure pack thin, producing drier conditions, particularly in the warm dry season. Summed over area, corral fluxes had the greatest non-CO2 global warming potential. The field had net CH4 consumption, but CH4 uptake was insufficient to offset N2 O emissions on an area basis. All sites emitted N2 O with a similar or greater climate impact than CH4 . Our results highlight the importance of N2 O emissions, a less commonly measured GHG, from Manure Management and present potential opportunities for GHG emissions reductions.
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greenhouse gas emissions from dairy Manure Management a review of field based studies
Global Change Biology, 2015Co-Authors: J J Owen, Whendee L SilverAbstract:Livestock Manure Management accounts for almost 10% of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture globally, and contributes an equal proportion to the US methane emission inventory. Current emissions inventories use emissions factors determined from small-scale laboratory experiments that have not been compared to field-scale measurements. We compiled published data on field-scale measurements of greenhouse gas emissions from working and research dairies and compared these to rates predicted by the IPCC Tier 2 modeling approach. Anaerobic lagoons were the largest source of methane (368 ± 193 kg CH4 hd−1 yr−1), more than three times that from enteric fermentation (~120 kg CH4 hd−1 yr−1). Corrals and solid Manure piles were large sources of nitrous oxide (1.5 ± 0.8 and 1.1 ± 0.7 kg N2O hd−1 yr−1, respectively). Nitrous oxide emissions from anaerobic lagoons (0.9 ± 0.5 kg N2O hd−1 yr−1) and barns (10 ± 6 kg N2O hd−1 yr−1) were unexpectedly large. Modeled methane emissions underestimated field measurement means for most Manure Management practices. Modeled nitrous oxide emissions underestimated field measurement means for anaerobic lagoons and Manure piles, but overestimated emissions from slurry storage. Revised emissions factors nearly doubled slurry CH4 emissions for Europe and increased N2O emissions from solid piles and lagoons in the United States by an order of magnitude. Our results suggest that current greenhouse gas emission factors generally underestimate emissions from dairy Manure and highlight liquid Manure systems as promising target areas for greenhouse gas mitigation.