The Experts below are selected from a list of 44166 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Risto Lahdelma - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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HEAT EXCHANGER MEASUREMENTS IN A Mass Flow ControlLED CONSUMER SUBSTATION CONNECTED TO A RING NETWORK
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2015Co-Authors: Jon Iturralde, Maunu Kuosa, Tapio Makila, Markku J Lampinen, Risto LahdelmaAbstract:The contribution of this paper is to demonstrate experimentally the feasibility of a novel district heating (DH) system that uses a new low-temperature technology based on ring network topology and a Mass Flow Control system. The study is based on several previous works: a theoretical approach to the new concept, an optimization case study and a simulation of a heat exchanger in a consumer substation. The central part of the work is the analysis of a laboratoryscale system with the purpose of proving the usability of the new technology. Series of experimental measurements were conducted with the aid of a simulation model, getting a mean heat exchanger effectiveness of 0.88 as a result. Additionally, nonlinear supply and return temperature curves were obtained, which implies higher temperature cooling and lower return temperatures. Furthermore, the new Mass Flow Control enables equal Flow rates on both sides of the heat exchanger, which improves the heat transfer and allows lower Flow rates. These improvements led to the main findings of the research: substantial increase of the overall system efficiency and important savings in operational costs.
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study of a district heating system with the ring network technology and plate heat exchangers in a consumer substation
Energy and Buildings, 2014Co-Authors: Maunu Kuosa, Martin Aalto, El Haj M Assad, Tapio Makila, Markku J Lampinen, Risto LahdelmaAbstract:Abstract Plate heat exchangers (PHE) have consolidated their position as key components of modern heating processes. They are widely accepted as the most suitable design for heat transfer applications in various processes, including the field of energy-efficient district heating (DH). This study refers to new DH coupling and Control applied to a consumer substation. The concept introduces a new Mass Flow Control model optimising the primary and secondary water streams to achieve remarkably higher temperature cooling in a new low temperature programme with diminished pressure losses. Here the operation of the ring network and the Mass Flow Control in the substation are studied theoretically. A calculation procedure and transient models were constructed for the DH network, building structures, and heating heat exchangers. The PHE and its operation in the substation were studied by means of a corrugated plate model with five vertical parts and 10 elements. Variations in the Flow rates, pressure losses, and overall heat transfer coefficients were received for the selected days. As a result almost equal heat capacity Flows were found between the hot and cold sides of the PHE with maximum temperature cooling. The key performance factors of the heat exchanger, NTU and effectiveness, were monitored and the mean values obtained were 9.2 and 0.9, respectively.
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energy efficiency improvements utilising Mass Flow Control and a ring topology in a district heating network
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2014Co-Authors: Tatu Laajalehto, Maunu Kuosa, Tapio Makila, Markku J Lampinen, Risto LahdelmaAbstract:Heating and cooling have a major role in the energy sector, covering 46% of total final energy use worldwide. District heating (DH) is a significant technology for improving the energy efficiency of heating systems in communities, because it enables waste heat sources to be utilised economically and therefore significantly reduces the environmental impacts of power generation. As a result of new and more stringent construction regulations for buildings, the heat demands of individual buildings are decreasing and more energy-efficient heating systems have to be developed. In this study, the energy efficiency of a new DH system which includes both a new Control system called Mass Flow Control and a new network design called a ring network is examined. A topology in the Helsinki region is studied by using a commercial DH network modelling tool, Grades Heating. The district heating network is attached to a wood-burning heat station which has a heat recovery system in use. Examination is performed by means of both technical and economic analysis. The new non-linear temperature programme that is required is adopted for supply and return temperatures, which allows greater temperature cooling and smaller Flow rates. Lower district heating water temperatures are essential when reducing the heat losses in the network and heat production. Mass Flow Control allows smaller pressure drops in the network and thus reduces the pumping power. The aim of this study was to determine the most energy-efficient DH water supply temperatures in the case network. If the ring network design is utilised, the district heating system is easier to Control. As a result the total heat consumption within the heating season is reduced compared to traditional DH systems. On the basis of the results, the new DH system is significantly more energy-efficient in the case network that was examined than the traditional design. For example, average energy losses within the constraints (which consist of heat losses, pumping energy, and surplus energy from the heat recovery system) are reduced from 4.4% to 3.1%.
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static study of traditional and ring networks and the use of Mass Flow Control in district heating applications
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2013Co-Authors: Maunu Kuosa, Tapio Makila, Markku J Lampinen, Kaisa Kontu, Risto LahdelmaAbstract:District heating (DH) systems are an inseparable part of the infrastructure in many countries. Today more attention is being paid to energy savings, efficiency improvements, and the replacement of fossil fuels by renewable energy. Research in the field of DH is focused on the supply of areas with low heat demand and low-energy buildings and on an increased share of heat being produced from renewable energy sources. New DH systems are expected to remain competitive in the future. In this study a new DH concept is proposed which is based on Mass Flow Control. The DH system using Mass Flow Control is meant for the concept of a ring network technology where Mass Flow rates in consumer substations are Controlled by pumps with inverters to improve heat transfer. It will replace the traditional DH network and Control in which water Flow is throttled by Control valves. The new Control system will enable new temperature curves to be adopted for supply and return temperatures and more significant temperature cooling. First, a new topology and Control method is presented. This ring network and the method used to Control the Flow rate of the primary supply water and its temperature are compared with the traditional technology. This method clearly shows the benefits of the DH applications under consideration. Second, these benefits are demonstrated by mathematical modelling. A simulation model is developed to study the area heating of six single-family houses and two apartment buildings. The static operation on the primary side of the networks is investigated for the most common outdoor temperatures. The numerical results are compared to those achieved with the traditional technology. The new Flow rate is 46%, the pressure loss 25%, and the pumping power 12% of their former values in the pipes. The heat losses increase slightly with higher outdoor temperatures. The return temperature is lowest with the new technology. In the future the equipment that consumers will have will be more intelligent. The new technology that is presented allows consumers to adjust their energy consumption more easily by means of fast feedback on outdoor and room temperatures.
Maunu Kuosa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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HEAT EXCHANGER MEASUREMENTS IN A Mass Flow ControlLED CONSUMER SUBSTATION CONNECTED TO A RING NETWORK
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2015Co-Authors: Jon Iturralde, Maunu Kuosa, Tapio Makila, Markku J Lampinen, Risto LahdelmaAbstract:The contribution of this paper is to demonstrate experimentally the feasibility of a novel district heating (DH) system that uses a new low-temperature technology based on ring network topology and a Mass Flow Control system. The study is based on several previous works: a theoretical approach to the new concept, an optimization case study and a simulation of a heat exchanger in a consumer substation. The central part of the work is the analysis of a laboratoryscale system with the purpose of proving the usability of the new technology. Series of experimental measurements were conducted with the aid of a simulation model, getting a mean heat exchanger effectiveness of 0.88 as a result. Additionally, nonlinear supply and return temperature curves were obtained, which implies higher temperature cooling and lower return temperatures. Furthermore, the new Mass Flow Control enables equal Flow rates on both sides of the heat exchanger, which improves the heat transfer and allows lower Flow rates. These improvements led to the main findings of the research: substantial increase of the overall system efficiency and important savings in operational costs.
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study of a district heating system with the ring network technology and plate heat exchangers in a consumer substation
Energy and Buildings, 2014Co-Authors: Maunu Kuosa, Martin Aalto, El Haj M Assad, Tapio Makila, Markku J Lampinen, Risto LahdelmaAbstract:Abstract Plate heat exchangers (PHE) have consolidated their position as key components of modern heating processes. They are widely accepted as the most suitable design for heat transfer applications in various processes, including the field of energy-efficient district heating (DH). This study refers to new DH coupling and Control applied to a consumer substation. The concept introduces a new Mass Flow Control model optimising the primary and secondary water streams to achieve remarkably higher temperature cooling in a new low temperature programme with diminished pressure losses. Here the operation of the ring network and the Mass Flow Control in the substation are studied theoretically. A calculation procedure and transient models were constructed for the DH network, building structures, and heating heat exchangers. The PHE and its operation in the substation were studied by means of a corrugated plate model with five vertical parts and 10 elements. Variations in the Flow rates, pressure losses, and overall heat transfer coefficients were received for the selected days. As a result almost equal heat capacity Flows were found between the hot and cold sides of the PHE with maximum temperature cooling. The key performance factors of the heat exchanger, NTU and effectiveness, were monitored and the mean values obtained were 9.2 and 0.9, respectively.
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energy efficiency improvements utilising Mass Flow Control and a ring topology in a district heating network
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2014Co-Authors: Tatu Laajalehto, Maunu Kuosa, Tapio Makila, Markku J Lampinen, Risto LahdelmaAbstract:Heating and cooling have a major role in the energy sector, covering 46% of total final energy use worldwide. District heating (DH) is a significant technology for improving the energy efficiency of heating systems in communities, because it enables waste heat sources to be utilised economically and therefore significantly reduces the environmental impacts of power generation. As a result of new and more stringent construction regulations for buildings, the heat demands of individual buildings are decreasing and more energy-efficient heating systems have to be developed. In this study, the energy efficiency of a new DH system which includes both a new Control system called Mass Flow Control and a new network design called a ring network is examined. A topology in the Helsinki region is studied by using a commercial DH network modelling tool, Grades Heating. The district heating network is attached to a wood-burning heat station which has a heat recovery system in use. Examination is performed by means of both technical and economic analysis. The new non-linear temperature programme that is required is adopted for supply and return temperatures, which allows greater temperature cooling and smaller Flow rates. Lower district heating water temperatures are essential when reducing the heat losses in the network and heat production. Mass Flow Control allows smaller pressure drops in the network and thus reduces the pumping power. The aim of this study was to determine the most energy-efficient DH water supply temperatures in the case network. If the ring network design is utilised, the district heating system is easier to Control. As a result the total heat consumption within the heating season is reduced compared to traditional DH systems. On the basis of the results, the new DH system is significantly more energy-efficient in the case network that was examined than the traditional design. For example, average energy losses within the constraints (which consist of heat losses, pumping energy, and surplus energy from the heat recovery system) are reduced from 4.4% to 3.1%.
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static study of traditional and ring networks and the use of Mass Flow Control in district heating applications
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2013Co-Authors: Maunu Kuosa, Tapio Makila, Markku J Lampinen, Kaisa Kontu, Risto LahdelmaAbstract:District heating (DH) systems are an inseparable part of the infrastructure in many countries. Today more attention is being paid to energy savings, efficiency improvements, and the replacement of fossil fuels by renewable energy. Research in the field of DH is focused on the supply of areas with low heat demand and low-energy buildings and on an increased share of heat being produced from renewable energy sources. New DH systems are expected to remain competitive in the future. In this study a new DH concept is proposed which is based on Mass Flow Control. The DH system using Mass Flow Control is meant for the concept of a ring network technology where Mass Flow rates in consumer substations are Controlled by pumps with inverters to improve heat transfer. It will replace the traditional DH network and Control in which water Flow is throttled by Control valves. The new Control system will enable new temperature curves to be adopted for supply and return temperatures and more significant temperature cooling. First, a new topology and Control method is presented. This ring network and the method used to Control the Flow rate of the primary supply water and its temperature are compared with the traditional technology. This method clearly shows the benefits of the DH applications under consideration. Second, these benefits are demonstrated by mathematical modelling. A simulation model is developed to study the area heating of six single-family houses and two apartment buildings. The static operation on the primary side of the networks is investigated for the most common outdoor temperatures. The numerical results are compared to those achieved with the traditional technology. The new Flow rate is 46%, the pressure loss 25%, and the pumping power 12% of their former values in the pipes. The heat losses increase slightly with higher outdoor temperatures. The return temperature is lowest with the new technology. In the future the equipment that consumers will have will be more intelligent. The new technology that is presented allows consumers to adjust their energy consumption more easily by means of fast feedback on outdoor and room temperatures.
Markku J Lampinen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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HEAT EXCHANGER MEASUREMENTS IN A Mass Flow ControlLED CONSUMER SUBSTATION CONNECTED TO A RING NETWORK
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2015Co-Authors: Jon Iturralde, Maunu Kuosa, Tapio Makila, Markku J Lampinen, Risto LahdelmaAbstract:The contribution of this paper is to demonstrate experimentally the feasibility of a novel district heating (DH) system that uses a new low-temperature technology based on ring network topology and a Mass Flow Control system. The study is based on several previous works: a theoretical approach to the new concept, an optimization case study and a simulation of a heat exchanger in a consumer substation. The central part of the work is the analysis of a laboratoryscale system with the purpose of proving the usability of the new technology. Series of experimental measurements were conducted with the aid of a simulation model, getting a mean heat exchanger effectiveness of 0.88 as a result. Additionally, nonlinear supply and return temperature curves were obtained, which implies higher temperature cooling and lower return temperatures. Furthermore, the new Mass Flow Control enables equal Flow rates on both sides of the heat exchanger, which improves the heat transfer and allows lower Flow rates. These improvements led to the main findings of the research: substantial increase of the overall system efficiency and important savings in operational costs.
-
study of a district heating system with the ring network technology and plate heat exchangers in a consumer substation
Energy and Buildings, 2014Co-Authors: Maunu Kuosa, Martin Aalto, El Haj M Assad, Tapio Makila, Markku J Lampinen, Risto LahdelmaAbstract:Abstract Plate heat exchangers (PHE) have consolidated their position as key components of modern heating processes. They are widely accepted as the most suitable design for heat transfer applications in various processes, including the field of energy-efficient district heating (DH). This study refers to new DH coupling and Control applied to a consumer substation. The concept introduces a new Mass Flow Control model optimising the primary and secondary water streams to achieve remarkably higher temperature cooling in a new low temperature programme with diminished pressure losses. Here the operation of the ring network and the Mass Flow Control in the substation are studied theoretically. A calculation procedure and transient models were constructed for the DH network, building structures, and heating heat exchangers. The PHE and its operation in the substation were studied by means of a corrugated plate model with five vertical parts and 10 elements. Variations in the Flow rates, pressure losses, and overall heat transfer coefficients were received for the selected days. As a result almost equal heat capacity Flows were found between the hot and cold sides of the PHE with maximum temperature cooling. The key performance factors of the heat exchanger, NTU and effectiveness, were monitored and the mean values obtained were 9.2 and 0.9, respectively.
-
energy efficiency improvements utilising Mass Flow Control and a ring topology in a district heating network
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2014Co-Authors: Tatu Laajalehto, Maunu Kuosa, Tapio Makila, Markku J Lampinen, Risto LahdelmaAbstract:Heating and cooling have a major role in the energy sector, covering 46% of total final energy use worldwide. District heating (DH) is a significant technology for improving the energy efficiency of heating systems in communities, because it enables waste heat sources to be utilised economically and therefore significantly reduces the environmental impacts of power generation. As a result of new and more stringent construction regulations for buildings, the heat demands of individual buildings are decreasing and more energy-efficient heating systems have to be developed. In this study, the energy efficiency of a new DH system which includes both a new Control system called Mass Flow Control and a new network design called a ring network is examined. A topology in the Helsinki region is studied by using a commercial DH network modelling tool, Grades Heating. The district heating network is attached to a wood-burning heat station which has a heat recovery system in use. Examination is performed by means of both technical and economic analysis. The new non-linear temperature programme that is required is adopted for supply and return temperatures, which allows greater temperature cooling and smaller Flow rates. Lower district heating water temperatures are essential when reducing the heat losses in the network and heat production. Mass Flow Control allows smaller pressure drops in the network and thus reduces the pumping power. The aim of this study was to determine the most energy-efficient DH water supply temperatures in the case network. If the ring network design is utilised, the district heating system is easier to Control. As a result the total heat consumption within the heating season is reduced compared to traditional DH systems. On the basis of the results, the new DH system is significantly more energy-efficient in the case network that was examined than the traditional design. For example, average energy losses within the constraints (which consist of heat losses, pumping energy, and surplus energy from the heat recovery system) are reduced from 4.4% to 3.1%.
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static study of traditional and ring networks and the use of Mass Flow Control in district heating applications
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2013Co-Authors: Maunu Kuosa, Tapio Makila, Markku J Lampinen, Kaisa Kontu, Risto LahdelmaAbstract:District heating (DH) systems are an inseparable part of the infrastructure in many countries. Today more attention is being paid to energy savings, efficiency improvements, and the replacement of fossil fuels by renewable energy. Research in the field of DH is focused on the supply of areas with low heat demand and low-energy buildings and on an increased share of heat being produced from renewable energy sources. New DH systems are expected to remain competitive in the future. In this study a new DH concept is proposed which is based on Mass Flow Control. The DH system using Mass Flow Control is meant for the concept of a ring network technology where Mass Flow rates in consumer substations are Controlled by pumps with inverters to improve heat transfer. It will replace the traditional DH network and Control in which water Flow is throttled by Control valves. The new Control system will enable new temperature curves to be adopted for supply and return temperatures and more significant temperature cooling. First, a new topology and Control method is presented. This ring network and the method used to Control the Flow rate of the primary supply water and its temperature are compared with the traditional technology. This method clearly shows the benefits of the DH applications under consideration. Second, these benefits are demonstrated by mathematical modelling. A simulation model is developed to study the area heating of six single-family houses and two apartment buildings. The static operation on the primary side of the networks is investigated for the most common outdoor temperatures. The numerical results are compared to those achieved with the traditional technology. The new Flow rate is 46%, the pressure loss 25%, and the pumping power 12% of their former values in the pipes. The heat losses increase slightly with higher outdoor temperatures. The return temperature is lowest with the new technology. In the future the equipment that consumers will have will be more intelligent. The new technology that is presented allows consumers to adjust their energy consumption more easily by means of fast feedback on outdoor and room temperatures.
Tapio Makila - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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HEAT EXCHANGER MEASUREMENTS IN A Mass Flow ControlLED CONSUMER SUBSTATION CONNECTED TO A RING NETWORK
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2015Co-Authors: Jon Iturralde, Maunu Kuosa, Tapio Makila, Markku J Lampinen, Risto LahdelmaAbstract:The contribution of this paper is to demonstrate experimentally the feasibility of a novel district heating (DH) system that uses a new low-temperature technology based on ring network topology and a Mass Flow Control system. The study is based on several previous works: a theoretical approach to the new concept, an optimization case study and a simulation of a heat exchanger in a consumer substation. The central part of the work is the analysis of a laboratoryscale system with the purpose of proving the usability of the new technology. Series of experimental measurements were conducted with the aid of a simulation model, getting a mean heat exchanger effectiveness of 0.88 as a result. Additionally, nonlinear supply and return temperature curves were obtained, which implies higher temperature cooling and lower return temperatures. Furthermore, the new Mass Flow Control enables equal Flow rates on both sides of the heat exchanger, which improves the heat transfer and allows lower Flow rates. These improvements led to the main findings of the research: substantial increase of the overall system efficiency and important savings in operational costs.
-
study of a district heating system with the ring network technology and plate heat exchangers in a consumer substation
Energy and Buildings, 2014Co-Authors: Maunu Kuosa, Martin Aalto, El Haj M Assad, Tapio Makila, Markku J Lampinen, Risto LahdelmaAbstract:Abstract Plate heat exchangers (PHE) have consolidated their position as key components of modern heating processes. They are widely accepted as the most suitable design for heat transfer applications in various processes, including the field of energy-efficient district heating (DH). This study refers to new DH coupling and Control applied to a consumer substation. The concept introduces a new Mass Flow Control model optimising the primary and secondary water streams to achieve remarkably higher temperature cooling in a new low temperature programme with diminished pressure losses. Here the operation of the ring network and the Mass Flow Control in the substation are studied theoretically. A calculation procedure and transient models were constructed for the DH network, building structures, and heating heat exchangers. The PHE and its operation in the substation were studied by means of a corrugated plate model with five vertical parts and 10 elements. Variations in the Flow rates, pressure losses, and overall heat transfer coefficients were received for the selected days. As a result almost equal heat capacity Flows were found between the hot and cold sides of the PHE with maximum temperature cooling. The key performance factors of the heat exchanger, NTU and effectiveness, were monitored and the mean values obtained were 9.2 and 0.9, respectively.
-
energy efficiency improvements utilising Mass Flow Control and a ring topology in a district heating network
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2014Co-Authors: Tatu Laajalehto, Maunu Kuosa, Tapio Makila, Markku J Lampinen, Risto LahdelmaAbstract:Heating and cooling have a major role in the energy sector, covering 46% of total final energy use worldwide. District heating (DH) is a significant technology for improving the energy efficiency of heating systems in communities, because it enables waste heat sources to be utilised economically and therefore significantly reduces the environmental impacts of power generation. As a result of new and more stringent construction regulations for buildings, the heat demands of individual buildings are decreasing and more energy-efficient heating systems have to be developed. In this study, the energy efficiency of a new DH system which includes both a new Control system called Mass Flow Control and a new network design called a ring network is examined. A topology in the Helsinki region is studied by using a commercial DH network modelling tool, Grades Heating. The district heating network is attached to a wood-burning heat station which has a heat recovery system in use. Examination is performed by means of both technical and economic analysis. The new non-linear temperature programme that is required is adopted for supply and return temperatures, which allows greater temperature cooling and smaller Flow rates. Lower district heating water temperatures are essential when reducing the heat losses in the network and heat production. Mass Flow Control allows smaller pressure drops in the network and thus reduces the pumping power. The aim of this study was to determine the most energy-efficient DH water supply temperatures in the case network. If the ring network design is utilised, the district heating system is easier to Control. As a result the total heat consumption within the heating season is reduced compared to traditional DH systems. On the basis of the results, the new DH system is significantly more energy-efficient in the case network that was examined than the traditional design. For example, average energy losses within the constraints (which consist of heat losses, pumping energy, and surplus energy from the heat recovery system) are reduced from 4.4% to 3.1%.
-
static study of traditional and ring networks and the use of Mass Flow Control in district heating applications
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2013Co-Authors: Maunu Kuosa, Tapio Makila, Markku J Lampinen, Kaisa Kontu, Risto LahdelmaAbstract:District heating (DH) systems are an inseparable part of the infrastructure in many countries. Today more attention is being paid to energy savings, efficiency improvements, and the replacement of fossil fuels by renewable energy. Research in the field of DH is focused on the supply of areas with low heat demand and low-energy buildings and on an increased share of heat being produced from renewable energy sources. New DH systems are expected to remain competitive in the future. In this study a new DH concept is proposed which is based on Mass Flow Control. The DH system using Mass Flow Control is meant for the concept of a ring network technology where Mass Flow rates in consumer substations are Controlled by pumps with inverters to improve heat transfer. It will replace the traditional DH network and Control in which water Flow is throttled by Control valves. The new Control system will enable new temperature curves to be adopted for supply and return temperatures and more significant temperature cooling. First, a new topology and Control method is presented. This ring network and the method used to Control the Flow rate of the primary supply water and its temperature are compared with the traditional technology. This method clearly shows the benefits of the DH applications under consideration. Second, these benefits are demonstrated by mathematical modelling. A simulation model is developed to study the area heating of six single-family houses and two apartment buildings. The static operation on the primary side of the networks is investigated for the most common outdoor temperatures. The numerical results are compared to those achieved with the traditional technology. The new Flow rate is 46%, the pressure loss 25%, and the pumping power 12% of their former values in the pipes. The heat losses increase slightly with higher outdoor temperatures. The return temperature is lowest with the new technology. In the future the equipment that consumers will have will be more intelligent. The new technology that is presented allows consumers to adjust their energy consumption more easily by means of fast feedback on outdoor and room temperatures.
Jon Iturralde - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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HEAT EXCHANGER MEASUREMENTS IN A Mass Flow ControlLED CONSUMER SUBSTATION CONNECTED TO A RING NETWORK
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2015Co-Authors: Jon Iturralde, Maunu Kuosa, Tapio Makila, Markku J Lampinen, Risto LahdelmaAbstract:The contribution of this paper is to demonstrate experimentally the feasibility of a novel district heating (DH) system that uses a new low-temperature technology based on ring network topology and a Mass Flow Control system. The study is based on several previous works: a theoretical approach to the new concept, an optimization case study and a simulation of a heat exchanger in a consumer substation. The central part of the work is the analysis of a laboratoryscale system with the purpose of proving the usability of the new technology. Series of experimental measurements were conducted with the aid of a simulation model, getting a mean heat exchanger effectiveness of 0.88 as a result. Additionally, nonlinear supply and return temperature curves were obtained, which implies higher temperature cooling and lower return temperatures. Furthermore, the new Mass Flow Control enables equal Flow rates on both sides of the heat exchanger, which improves the heat transfer and allows lower Flow rates. These improvements led to the main findings of the research: substantial increase of the overall system efficiency and important savings in operational costs.