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Katherine Eriksson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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discrimination and the returns to cultural assimilation in the age of Mass Migration
AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2020Co-Authors: Ran Abramitzky, Leah Platt Boustan, Katherine ErikssonAbstract:We document that, in the early twentieth century, children of immigrants who were given more-foreign first names completed fewer years of schooling, earned less, and married less assimilated spouses. However, we find few differences in the adult outcomes of brothers with more/less foreign-sounding first names. This pattern suggests that the negative association between ethnic names and adult outcomes in this era does not stem from discrimination on the basis of first names but instead reflects household differences associated with cultural assimilation. We cannot rule out discrimination on the basis of other ethnic cues.
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to the new world and back again return migrants in the age of Mass Migration
Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 2019Co-Authors: Ran Abramitzky, Leah Platt Boustan, Katherine ErikssonAbstract:The authors compile large data sets from Norwegian and US historical censuses to study return Migration during the Age of Mass Migration (1850-1913). Norwegian immigrants who returned to Norway held lower-paid occupations than did Norwegian immigrants who stayed in the United States, both before and after their first transatlantic Migration, suggesting they were negatively selected from the migrant pool. Upon returning to Norway, return migrants held higher-paid occupations relative to Norwegians who never moved, despite hailing from poorer backgrounds. These patterns suggest that despite being negatively selected, return migrants had been able to accumulate savings and could improve their economic circumstances once they returned home.
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ethnic enclaves and immigrant outcomes norwegian immigrants during the age of Mass Migration
Social Science Research Network, 2018Co-Authors: Katherine ErikssonAbstract:This paper examines the effect of ethnic enclaves on economic outcomes of Norwegian immigrants in 1910 and 1920, the later part of the Age of Mass Migration. Using different identification strategies, including county fixed effects and an instrumental variables strategy based on chain Migration, I consistently find that Norwegians living in larger enclaves in the United States had lower occupational earnings, were more likely to be in farming occupations, and were less likely to be in white-collar occupations. Results are robust to matching method and choice of occupational score. This earnings disadvantage is partly passed on to the second generation.
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to the new world and back again return migrants in the age of Mass Migration
Social Science Research Network, 2016Co-Authors: Ran Abramitzky, Leah Platt Boustan, Katherine ErikssonAbstract:We compile large datasets from Norwegian and US historical censuses to study return Migration during the Age of Mass Migration (1850-1913). Return migrants were somewhat negatively selected from the migrant pool: Norwegian immigrants who returned to Norway held slightly lower-paid occupations than Norwegian immigrants who stayed in the US, both before and after moving to the US. Upon returning to Norway, return migrants held higher-paid occupations than Norwegians who never moved, despite hailing from poorer backgrounds. They were also more likely to get married after return. These patterns suggest that despite being negatively selected, return migrants were able to accumulate savings and improve their economic circumstances once they returned home.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
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cultural assimilation during the age of Mass Migration
National Bureau of Economic Research, 2016Co-Authors: Ran Abramitzky, Leah Platt Boustan, Katherine ErikssonAbstract:We explore cultural assimilation of European immigrants during the US during the Age of Mass Migration. First generation immigrants exhibit a strong tendency toward in-group marriage, which weakens by the second generation. At the same time, there is sizeable variation in the endogamy rate across countries of origin, with the strongest by Italians and the weakest by the Scots. On average, immigrant parents chose less foreign-sounding names for sons as they spend more time in the US (proxied by birth order); this pattern is muted for daughters, sons born abroad or sons of native-born parents. By this metric, German, Russian, and Scandinavian immigrants exhibit near-complete naming convergence with natives, while other groups - particularly Italian and Irish immigrants - retain distinctive naming patterns. Men given foreign names earned less than comparable sons of immigrant parents in 1940.
Ran Abramitzky - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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discrimination and the returns to cultural assimilation in the age of Mass Migration
AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2020Co-Authors: Ran Abramitzky, Leah Platt Boustan, Katherine ErikssonAbstract:We document that, in the early twentieth century, children of immigrants who were given more-foreign first names completed fewer years of schooling, earned less, and married less assimilated spouses. However, we find few differences in the adult outcomes of brothers with more/less foreign-sounding first names. This pattern suggests that the negative association between ethnic names and adult outcomes in this era does not stem from discrimination on the basis of first names but instead reflects household differences associated with cultural assimilation. We cannot rule out discrimination on the basis of other ethnic cues.
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to the new world and back again return migrants in the age of Mass Migration
Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 2019Co-Authors: Ran Abramitzky, Leah Platt Boustan, Katherine ErikssonAbstract:The authors compile large data sets from Norwegian and US historical censuses to study return Migration during the Age of Mass Migration (1850-1913). Norwegian immigrants who returned to Norway held lower-paid occupations than did Norwegian immigrants who stayed in the United States, both before and after their first transatlantic Migration, suggesting they were negatively selected from the migrant pool. Upon returning to Norway, return migrants held higher-paid occupations relative to Norwegians who never moved, despite hailing from poorer backgrounds. These patterns suggest that despite being negatively selected, return migrants had been able to accumulate savings and could improve their economic circumstances once they returned home.
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to the new world and back again return migrants in the age of Mass Migration
Social Science Research Network, 2016Co-Authors: Ran Abramitzky, Leah Platt Boustan, Katherine ErikssonAbstract:We compile large datasets from Norwegian and US historical censuses to study return Migration during the Age of Mass Migration (1850-1913). Return migrants were somewhat negatively selected from the migrant pool: Norwegian immigrants who returned to Norway held slightly lower-paid occupations than Norwegian immigrants who stayed in the US, both before and after moving to the US. Upon returning to Norway, return migrants held higher-paid occupations than Norwegians who never moved, despite hailing from poorer backgrounds. They were also more likely to get married after return. These patterns suggest that despite being negatively selected, return migrants were able to accumulate savings and improve their economic circumstances once they returned home.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
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cultural assimilation during the age of Mass Migration
National Bureau of Economic Research, 2016Co-Authors: Ran Abramitzky, Leah Platt Boustan, Katherine ErikssonAbstract:We explore cultural assimilation of European immigrants during the US during the Age of Mass Migration. First generation immigrants exhibit a strong tendency toward in-group marriage, which weakens by the second generation. At the same time, there is sizeable variation in the endogamy rate across countries of origin, with the strongest by Italians and the weakest by the Scots. On average, immigrant parents chose less foreign-sounding names for sons as they spend more time in the US (proxied by birth order); this pattern is muted for daughters, sons born abroad or sons of native-born parents. By this metric, German, Russian, and Scandinavian immigrants exhibit near-complete naming convergence with natives, while other groups - particularly Italian and Irish immigrants - retain distinctive naming patterns. Men given foreign names earned less than comparable sons of immigrant parents in 1940.
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cultural assimilation during the age of Mass Migration
National Bureau of Economic Research, 2016Co-Authors: Ran Abramitzky, Leah Platt Boustan, Katherine ErikssonAbstract:Using two million census records, we document cultural assimilation during the Age of Mass Migration, a formative period in US history. Immigrants chose less foreign names for children as they spent more time in the US, eventually closing half of the gap with natives. Many immigrants also intermarried and learned English. Name-based assimilation was similar by literacy status, and faster for immigrants who were more culturally distant from natives. Cultural assimilation affected the next generation. Within households, brothers with more foreign names completed fewer years of schooling, faced higher unemployment, earned less and were more likely to marry foreign-born spouses.
Takahiro Seki - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Photoinitiated Marangoni flow morphing in a liquid crystalline polymer film directed by super-inkjet printing patterns
Scientific Reports, 2019Co-Authors: Issei Kitamura, Shusaku Nagano, Mitsuo Hara, Kazuaki Oishi, Takahiro SekiAbstract:Slight contaminations existing in a material lead to substantial defects in applied paint. Herein, we propose a strategy to convert this nuisance to a technologically useful process by using an azobenzene-containing side chain liquid crystalline (SCLCP) polymer. This method allows for a developer-free phototriggered surface fabrication. The Mass Migration is initiated by UV-light irradiation and directed by super-inkjet printed patterns using another polymer on the SCLCP film surface. UV irradiation results in a liquid crystal-to-isotropic phase transition, and this phase change immediately initiates a Mass Migration to form crater or trench structures due to the surface tension instability known as Marangoni flow. The transferred volume of the film reaches approximately 440-fold that of the polymer ink, and therefore, the printed ink pattern acts as a latent image towards the amplification of surface morphing. This printing-aided photoprocess for surface inscription is expected to provide a new platform of polymer microfabrication.
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photoresponsive surface wrinkle morphologies in liquid crystalline polymer films
Macromolecules, 2015Co-Authors: Takahiro Takeshima, Wanyu Liao, Yuki Nagashima, Koichiro Beppu, Mitsuo Hara, Shusaku Nagano, Takahiro SekiAbstract:Laminated bilayer films comprised of photoresponsive azobenzene-containing liquid crystalline polymer skin layers adhered on a thick elastomeric substrate were prepared, and the wrinkle formation upon uniaxial compression was investigated. Irradiation with UV light at 365 nm led to the disappearance of the wrinkle or reduction of wrinkle wavelength, depending on the content of azobenzene unit in the polymer. Such photoresponsive modulations of wrinkle formation could be well correlated with the photoinduced changes in the Young’s modulus determined by indentation–retraction force curve measurements using an AFM cantilever. Additionally, the thickness modulation of the skin layer caused by the photoinduced Mass Migration can also be applied to modify the wrinkle wavelength. These photoresponsive surface wrinkle modulations are anticipated to offer new possibilities for the surface microfabrication technology.
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phototriggered Mass Migration consorted with surface dewetting in thin films of a liquid crystalline azobenzene containing dendrimer
Macromolecules, 2012Co-Authors: Tomoki Dohi, Mitsuo Hara, Shusaku Nagano, Osamu Haba, Koichiro Yonetake, Takahiro SekiAbstract:A dendritic molecule of poly(propylene imine) whose periphery is modified with photoresponsive mesogenic azobenzene units was synthesized. This compound exhibited highly ordered smectic B or smectic A layer structure orienting parallel to the substrate in the film state. When this film of 90 nm thickness on a hydrophilic substrate was exposed to UV (365 nm) light, the initial flat film morphology started to form holes followed by a drastic transformation to form separated dome structure of micrometer levels. Upon continuous UV light irradiation, the domain height increased and reached to a level of ca. 8-fold higher than that of the initial thickness, which can be correlated with the disordering of layer structures as revealed by grazing angle incidence X-ray diffraction measurements. This phototriggered dewetting behavior depended on the film thickness. The thinner film resulted in local Migrations to form the smaller and more homogeneous domes. The dewetting was observed below a threshold thickness of 1...
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unconventional polarization characteristic of rapid photoinduced material motion in liquid crystalline azobenzene polymer films
Applied Physics Letters, 2003Co-Authors: Nobuyuki Zettsu, Hiro Matsuda, Takashi Fukuda, Takahiro SekiAbstract:We carried out double-beam interference experiments using an argon ion laser with controlled polarization in order to cause the formation of photoinduced surface relief in liquid crystalline azobenzene polymer films. The irradiation was undertaken on a film in the cis-rich state obtained by a pre-exposure to ultraviolet light. In this procedure, the efficiency of the photoinduced Mass transfer was high, more than 1000 times greater than hitherto reported for amorphous azobenzene polymers. This approach revealed the unusual nature of the Migration process. Rapid Mass Migration is promoted by intensity holographic recording, independent of the polarization of the light used for the irradiation. This insensitivity with respect to the polarization of the light led us to the conclusion that rapid Mass Migration starting from a cis-rich azobenzene polymer is predominately driven by phototriggered elemental processes such as local dewetting, self-organizing motion, and translation diffusion.
Sandra Nogue - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects of holocene climate change volcanism and Mass Migration on the ecosystem of a small dry island brava cabo verde
Journal of Biogeography, 2021Co-Authors: Alvaro Castillabeltran, Lea De Nascimento, Jose Maria Fernandezpalacios, Robert J Whittaker, Maria M Romeiras, Andrew B Cundy, Mary E Edwards, Sandra NogueAbstract:Aim: To identify the ecological consequences of the integrated impacts of a regional drying trend, volcanic eruptions, and human Mass Migrations in a spatially constrained environment—a small, dry oceanic island in Macaronesia. Location: Brava Island, Republic of Cabo Verde. Taxa: Terrestrial vegetation and fungi. Methods: We use palaeoecological analyses applied to a caldera soil profile that dates back to 9700 cal yr BP (calibrated years before the present). Analyses include pollen (vegetation history), non-pollen palynomorphs (changes in fern and fungal communities), grain-size distribution, loss-on-ignition and geochemistry (sedimentology and erosion regimes), microscopic tephra shards (volcanic ash deposition) and charcoal (fire regime). Results: A regional drying trend after c. 4000 cal yr BP caused increased erosion but had limited immediate impacts on highland grassland vegetation. The expansion of fern-rich woody scrubland was contemporaneous with significant deposition of volcanic ash and erosion between 1800 and 650 cal yr BP. About 300 cal yr BP, exogenous plants expanded, grazing and fires increased, and there was a decrease of native vegetation cover. Main conclusions: Throughout the Holocene, highland vegetation in Brava was characterised by the presence of open landscapes dominated by herbaceous species (e.g. Poaceae, Forsskaolea), with some presence of woody native taxa (e.g. Ficus, Dodonaea). A regional drying trend was a driver of erosion since the Mid Holocene but did not have an immediate influence on highland vegetation. Tephra deposition is a possible driver of vegetation change. Inter-island Mass Migration after volcanic events in Fogo Island c. 1680 CE potentially triggered land-use change and intensification, causing a reduction of native vegetation in Brava.
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effects of holocene climate change volcanism and Mass Migration on the ecosystem of a small dry island brava cabo verde
Journal of Biogeography, 2021Co-Authors: Alvaro Castillabeltran, Lea De Nascimento, Jose Maria Fernandezpalacios, Robert J Whittaker, Maria M Romeiras, Andrew B Cundy, Mary E Edwards, Sandra NogueAbstract:Aim: Palaeoecological data provide an essential long-term perspective of ecological change and its drivers in oceanic islands. However, analysing the effects of multi-scalar and potentially co-occurring disturbances is particularly challenging in dry islands. Here, we aim to identify the ecological consequences of the integrated impacts of a regional drying trend, volcanic eruptions and human Mass Migrations in a spatially constrained environment—a small, dry oceanic island in Macaronesia. Location: Brava Island, Republic of Cabo Verde. Taxa: Terrestrial vegetation and fungi. Methods: We use palaeoecological analyses applied to a caldera soil profile that dates back to 9700 cal yr BP (calibrated years before the present). Analyses include pollen (vegetation history), non-pollen palynomorphs (changes in fern and fungal communities), grain-size distribution, loss-on-ignition and geochemistry (sedimentology and erosion regimes), microscopic tephra shards (volcanic ash deposition) and charcoal (fire regime). Results: A regional drying trend after c. 4000 cal yr BP caused increased erosion but had limited immediate impacts on highland grassland vegetation. The expansion of fern-rich woody scrubland was contemporaneous with significant deposition of volcanic ash and erosion between 1800 and 650 cal yr BP. About 300 cal yr BP, exogenous plants expanded, grazing and fires increased, and there was a decrease of native vegetation cover. Main conclusions: Throughout the Holocene, highland vegetation in Brava was characterized by the presence of open landscapes dominated by herbaceous species (e.g. Poaceae, Forsskaolea), with some presence of woody native taxa (e.g. Ficus, Dodonaea). A regional drying trend was a driver of erosion since the Mid Holocene but did not have an immediate influence on highland vegetation. Tephra deposition is a possible driver of vegetation change. Inter-island Mass Migration after volcanic events in Fogo Island c. 1680 CE potentially triggered land use change and intensification, causing a reduction of native vegetation in Brava.
Leah Platt Boustan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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discrimination and the returns to cultural assimilation in the age of Mass Migration
AEA Papers and Proceedings, 2020Co-Authors: Ran Abramitzky, Leah Platt Boustan, Katherine ErikssonAbstract:We document that, in the early twentieth century, children of immigrants who were given more-foreign first names completed fewer years of schooling, earned less, and married less assimilated spouses. However, we find few differences in the adult outcomes of brothers with more/less foreign-sounding first names. This pattern suggests that the negative association between ethnic names and adult outcomes in this era does not stem from discrimination on the basis of first names but instead reflects household differences associated with cultural assimilation. We cannot rule out discrimination on the basis of other ethnic cues.
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to the new world and back again return migrants in the age of Mass Migration
Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 2019Co-Authors: Ran Abramitzky, Leah Platt Boustan, Katherine ErikssonAbstract:The authors compile large data sets from Norwegian and US historical censuses to study return Migration during the Age of Mass Migration (1850-1913). Norwegian immigrants who returned to Norway held lower-paid occupations than did Norwegian immigrants who stayed in the United States, both before and after their first transatlantic Migration, suggesting they were negatively selected from the migrant pool. Upon returning to Norway, return migrants held higher-paid occupations relative to Norwegians who never moved, despite hailing from poorer backgrounds. These patterns suggest that despite being negatively selected, return migrants had been able to accumulate savings and could improve their economic circumstances once they returned home.
-
to the new world and back again return migrants in the age of Mass Migration
Social Science Research Network, 2016Co-Authors: Ran Abramitzky, Leah Platt Boustan, Katherine ErikssonAbstract:We compile large datasets from Norwegian and US historical censuses to study return Migration during the Age of Mass Migration (1850-1913). Return migrants were somewhat negatively selected from the migrant pool: Norwegian immigrants who returned to Norway held slightly lower-paid occupations than Norwegian immigrants who stayed in the US, both before and after moving to the US. Upon returning to Norway, return migrants held higher-paid occupations than Norwegians who never moved, despite hailing from poorer backgrounds. They were also more likely to get married after return. These patterns suggest that despite being negatively selected, return migrants were able to accumulate savings and improve their economic circumstances once they returned home.Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
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cultural assimilation during the age of Mass Migration
National Bureau of Economic Research, 2016Co-Authors: Ran Abramitzky, Leah Platt Boustan, Katherine ErikssonAbstract:We explore cultural assimilation of European immigrants during the US during the Age of Mass Migration. First generation immigrants exhibit a strong tendency toward in-group marriage, which weakens by the second generation. At the same time, there is sizeable variation in the endogamy rate across countries of origin, with the strongest by Italians and the weakest by the Scots. On average, immigrant parents chose less foreign-sounding names for sons as they spend more time in the US (proxied by birth order); this pattern is muted for daughters, sons born abroad or sons of native-born parents. By this metric, German, Russian, and Scandinavian immigrants exhibit near-complete naming convergence with natives, while other groups - particularly Italian and Irish immigrants - retain distinctive naming patterns. Men given foreign names earned less than comparable sons of immigrant parents in 1940.
-
cultural assimilation during the age of Mass Migration
National Bureau of Economic Research, 2016Co-Authors: Ran Abramitzky, Leah Platt Boustan, Katherine ErikssonAbstract:Using two million census records, we document cultural assimilation during the Age of Mass Migration, a formative period in US history. Immigrants chose less foreign names for children as they spent more time in the US, eventually closing half of the gap with natives. Many immigrants also intermarried and learned English. Name-based assimilation was similar by literacy status, and faster for immigrants who were more culturally distant from natives. Cultural assimilation affected the next generation. Within households, brothers with more foreign names completed fewer years of schooling, faced higher unemployment, earned less and were more likely to marry foreign-born spouses.