The Experts below are selected from a list of 15153 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Karin Källén - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Maternal Smoking and congenital malformations
    Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review, 2002
    Co-Authors: Karin Källén
    Abstract:

    Since the first report by Simpson (1957) of the association between premature birth and Maternal Smoking, the research on the consequences of Maternal Smoking during pregnancy on perinatal outcome has been intense. Even if some of the findings have been contradictory, it is now evident that Maternal Smoking is associated with pre-term birth and low birth weight, low birth weight for gestational age, small head circumference, low Apgar score at 5 min, stillbirth and neonatal death.

  • The impact of Maternal Smoking during pregnancy on delivery outcome.
    European Journal of Public Health, 2001
    Co-Authors: Karin Källén
    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND: Maternal Smoking during pregnancy is associated with pre-term birth, intrauterine growth retardation, a small head circumference, a low Apgar score at 5 min and stillbirths and neonatal deaths. This study was undertaken in order to investigate the impact of Maternal Smoking during pregnancy when all these outcomes were considered. METHODS: With the use of the Swedish Medical Birth Registry, infants in any one of the above mentioned outcome groups were selected from 1,413,811 infants born between 1983 and 1996 with known Smoking exposure in early pregnancy. Confounders such as year of birth, Maternal age, parity and educational level were controlled for. The attributable risk of Maternal Smoking on the various negative delivery outcomes was obtained by application of the risk estimates to population counts. RESULTS: The present study confirmed the associations between Maternal Smoking and the miscellaneous outcomes mentioned above with high significance. The odds ratios (with 95% confidence intervals) for Maternal Smoking ( or = 10 cigarettes/day) for any one of the outcomes were 1.39 (1.37-1.41) and 1.65 (1.62-1.68) respectively (dose-response p < 0.001). The number of attributable cases caused by Maternal Smoking was estimated at 15,000, which represents 9% of all cases and 1% of all infants born in Sweden during the study period. CONCLUSION: Maternal Smoking during pregnancy accounts for a substantial part of various negative delivery outcomes.

  • Multiple malformations and Maternal Smoking.
    Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 2000
    Co-Authors: Karin Källén
    Abstract:

    The Swedish health registries were used to investigate a possible effect of Maternal Smoking on the incidence of multiple malformations. Among 1 413 811 infants born in 1983–96 and with known Smoking exposure in early pregnancy, 26 619 with isolated malformations and 1409 with two or more malformations were selected. After controlling for year of birth, Maternal age, parity and educational level, a statistically significant association between Maternal Smoking and multiple malformations was found (OR 1.15; 95% CI 1.02, 1.29). Among isolated malformations, the estimated OR for Maternal Smoking was close to unity (OR 1.02; 95% CI 0.99,1.05), but a strong heterogeneity of the magnitude of the association between Maternal Smoking and the different malformations was found. Among multimalformed, no such heterogeneity was indicated. The ORs for Maternal Smoking were calculated for all possible pairwise combinations of 44 selected malformations, but no association between Maternal Smoking and any specific combination could be detected. The ORs for Maternal Smoking among probable cases of VATER, CHARGE or OEIS non-random associations, respectively, were estimated, but no association was indicated between Maternal Smoking and any of the malformation complexes. The results of the present study indicate that Maternal Smoking is associated with a non-specific increased risk of multiple malformations, but further research is needed before such an inference can be made.

  • Maternal Smoking and craniosynostosis.
    Teratology, 1999
    Co-Authors: Karin Källén
    Abstract:

    To investigate a possible association between Maternal Smoking during pregnancy and craniosynostosis (premature closure of one or more of the cranial sutures), a study was conducted using Swedish health registries. Infants with craniosynostosis (n = 304) without a known chromosome anomaly were selected among 1,413,811 infants born between 1983–1996 with known Smoking exposure in early pregnancy. A statistically significant association between Maternal Smoking and craniosynostosis was found (adjusted odds ratio (OR), 1.45; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.13–1.87), but this association was only valid for isolated defects (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.27–2.19). For associated craniosynostosis (malformation syndromes included), a negative (nonsignificant) association with Maternal Smoking was indicated instead. For isolated craniosynostosis (all types), a dose-dependent effect of Maternal Smoking was indicated (OR and 95% CI for Smoking

  • Maternal Smoking and congenital heart defects.
    European Journal of Epidemiology, 1999
    Co-Authors: Karin Källén
    Abstract:

    The Swedish Child Cardiology Registry (CCR) and the Swedish Medical Birth Registry (MBR) were used to investigate a possible association between Maternal Smoking during pregnancy and congenital heart defects. Among 1,413,811 infants born in 1983–1996 with known Smoking exposure in early pregnancy, 3384 infants with congenital heart defects were selected (458 term infants with persistent ductus arteriosus (PDA) identified from MBR or CCR, and 2926 infants with other heart defects, identified from CCR). After controlling for year of birth, Maternal age, parity, and educational level, a weak, statistically significant association between all heart defects and Maternal Smoking was found (odds ratio (OR): 1.09; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–1.19). When infants with isolated PDA were removed from the case group the significance disappeared (OR: 1.07; 95% CI: 0.98–1.17). For truncus abnormalities (OR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.02–1.49), atrial septal defects (OR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.04–2.57), and PDA (OR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.05–1.62), a rather strong effect of Maternal Smoking was indicated. The increased OR for PDA remained when gestational duration and intrauterine growth was also controlled for. Further research based on independent data sets is needed to conclude whether the risk estimates for Maternal Smoking are true and truly differ between the groups. The classification system used (with 24 classes) is described in enough detail to permit a repetition of the study.

Theodore Jacob - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the effects of Maternal Smoking during pregnancy on offspring outcomes
    Preventive Medicine, 2010
    Co-Authors: Arpana Agrawal, Jeffrey F Scherrer, Julia D Grant, Carolyn E Sartor, Michele L Pergadia, Alexis E Duncan, Pamela A F Madden, Jon Randolph Haber, Theodore Jacob
    Abstract:

    Abstract Objective To evaluate the possible association between Maternal Smoking during pregnancy and offspring outcomes of birth weight, pre-term birth, remediation, low scholastic achievement, regular Smoking, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct problems while controlling for similar behaviors in parents. Methods Using telephone interviews, data were collected, in 2001 and 2004, as a part of two United States offspring-of-twins projects. Fathers, who were twins participating in the Vietnam Era Twin Registry, their female spouse and their offspring were interviewed — information on 1,342 unique pregnancies in mothers with a history of regular Smoking was utilized for these analyses. The association between Maternal Smoking during pregnancy and birth weight, pre-term birth, remediation, low scholastic achievement, regular Smoking, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder while controlling for similar behaviors in parents, was examined using regression. Results Maternal Smoking during pregnancy was associated with decreased birth weight, low scholastic achievement, regular Smoking and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, the association between Maternal Smoking during pregnancy and offspring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was explained by Maternal attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Maternal Smoking during pregnancy was also associated with earlier age of offspring initiation of Smoking and onset of regular Smoking. Conclusions Maternal Smoking during pregnancy may influence certain offspring outcomes via mechanisms that are independent from genetic risk attributable to comorbid conditions. Assisting expecting mothers with their Smoking cessation efforts will likely provide widespread health benefits to both mother and offspring.

  • The effects of Maternal Smoking during pregnancy on offspring outcomes.
    Preventive medicine, 2009
    Co-Authors: Arpana Agrawal, Jeffrey F Scherrer, Julia D Grant, Carolyn E Sartor, Michele L Pergadia, Alexis E Duncan, Pamela A F Madden, Jon Randolph Haber, Theodore Jacob, Kathleen K Bucholz
    Abstract:

    To evaluate the possible association between Maternal Smoking during pregnancy and offspring outcomes of birth weight, pre-term birth, remediation, low scholastic achievement, regular Smoking, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct problems while controlling for similar behaviors in parents. Using telephone interviews, data were collected, in 2001 and 2004, as a part of two United States offspring-of-twins projects. Fathers, who were twins participating in the Vietnam Era Twin Registry, their female spouse and their offspring were interviewed - information on 1,342 unique pregnancies in mothers with a history of regular Smoking was utilized for these analyses. The association between Maternal Smoking during pregnancy and birth weight, pre-term birth, remediation, low scholastic achievement, regular Smoking, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder while controlling for similar behaviors in parents, was examined using regression. Maternal Smoking during pregnancy was associated with decreased birth weight, low scholastic achievement, regular Smoking and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, the association between Maternal Smoking during pregnancy and offspring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was explained by Maternal attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Maternal Smoking during pregnancy was also associated with earlier age of offspring initiation of Smoking and onset of regular Smoking. Maternal Smoking during pregnancy may influence certain offspring outcomes via mechanisms that are independent from genetic risk attributable to comorbid conditions. Assisting expecting mothers with their Smoking cessation efforts will likely provide widespread health benefits to both mother and offspring. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Rachel Panethpollak - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Maternal Smoking during pregnancy and offspring iq
    International Journal of Epidemiology, 2005
    Co-Authors: Naomi Breslau, Nigel Paneth, Victoria C Lucia, Rachel Panethpollak
    Abstract:

    Background Maternal Smoking in pregnancy lowers birthweight. It is unclear, however, whether Smoking during pregnancy lowers offspring IQ, and, if it does, whether it is through the Smoking effect on fetal growth. Method Representative samples of low birthweight (<2500 g) and normal birthweight children born in 1983-85 from inner-city and suburban communities in southeast Michigan, USA were assessed at ages 6, 11, and 17, using Wechsler intelligence tests. Smoking during pregnancy was ascertained from mothers at the first assessment; and Smoking at any time was ascertained at the first and second assessment. Generalized estimating equation models were used, with children's IQ at all three assessments as outcomes (n = 798). Results Without adjustment, offspring of mothers who smoked during pregnancy scored 6.8 IQ points lower than offspring of mothers who never smoked, on average. Low birthweight children scored 5.4 IQ points lower than normal birthweight children, on average. The statistical association of Maternal Smoking with offspring IQ was confounded by Maternal characteristics, chiefly, Maternal cognitive ability as measured by IQ and education; adjustment for these factors eliminated the association. By contrast, adjustment for Maternal IQ and education as well as Smoking during pregnancy had a negligible effect on the low birthweight-related IQ deficit. Low birthweight did not mediate the association of Smoking and lowered IQ in offspring. Conclusion Maternal Smoking during pregnancy is a proxy for a matrix of vulnerabilities for adverse child cognitive development and has no direct causal effect on child's IQ. The relationship of low birthweight and IQ is independent of Maternal Smoking and Maternal cognitive abilities.

Tabea Sarah Send - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • DNA METHYLATION MEDIATES THE EFFECT OF Maternal Smoking DURING PREGNANCY ON BIRTHWEIGHT
    European Neuropsychopharmacology, 2020
    Co-Authors: Stephanie H. Witt, Maren Lang, Josef Frank, Maria Gilles, Helene Dukal, Tabea Sarah Send, Andrea Hofmann, Janine Arloth, Markus M. Nöthen, Michael Deuschle
    Abstract:

    Background Research has shown that Maternal Smoking during pregnancy influences DNA methylation levels in the newborn, and epigenome-wide association studies have demonstrated several differentially methylated sites. Besides impacting methylation levels, Maternal Smoking during pregnancy results in a lower birthweight. Previous authors have proposed that these birthweight effects are mediated by DNA methylation. The aim of the present study was to test this hypothesis. Since methylation levels are partly sex-specific, separate analyses were performed in males and females. Methods Methylation levels in the cord blood of 325 newborns were determined using the Illumina HumanMethylation450 Beadchip. An epigenome-wide association study of Maternal Smoking was performed, based on m-values adjusted for covariates. To determine whether the association between birthweight and Maternal Smoking was attributable to methylation, mediation analyses were performed for the top hits controlling for Smoking behavior, Maternal diabetes, and gestational age. Sex-specific tests were also performed.Research has shown that Maternal Smoking during pregnancy influences DNA methylation levels in the newborn, and epigenome-wide association studies have demonstrated several differentially methylated sites. Besides impacting methylation levels, Maternal Smoking during pregnancy results in a lower birthweight. Previous authors have proposed that these birthweight effects are mediated by DNA methylation. The aim of the present study was to test this hypothesis. Since methylation levels are partly sex-specific, separate analyses were performed in males and females. Results After quality control, the sample comprised 309 newborns. Thirty mothers had smoked throughout the pregnancy. After correction for gestational age and sex, newborns whose mothers had smoked throughout pregnancy showed a > 200g lower birthweight than newborns with no history of Maternal Smoking. 44 differentially methylated CpGs with corrected p-values (FDR Discussion Our findings support an association between Maternal Smoking and differentially methylated CpG sites, and suggest that some of these methylation patterns partially mediate the influence of Smoking on birthweight. Despite the influence of sex on some methylation level differences, no sex-dependent mediation effects were demonstrated.

  • impact on birth weight of Maternal Smoking throughout pregnancy mediated by dna methylation
    BMC Genomics, 2018
    Co-Authors: Stephanie H. Witt, Maren Lang, Josef Frank, Maria Gilles, Jens Treutlein, Fabian Streit, Isabell Wolf, Verena Peus, Barbara Scharnholz, Tabea Sarah Send
    Abstract:

    Cigarette Smoking has severe adverse health consequences in adults and in the offspring of mothers who smoke during pregnancy. One of the most widely reported effects of Smoking during pregnancy is reduced birth weight which is in turn associated with chronic disease in adulthood. Epigenome-wide association studies have revealed that smokers show a characteristic “Smoking methylation pattern”, and recent authors have proposed that DNA methylation mediates the impact of Maternal Smoking on birth weight. The aims of the present study were to replicate previous reports that methylation mediates the effect of Maternal Smoking on birth weight, and for the first time to investigate whether the observed mediation effects are sex-specific in order to account for known sex-specific differences in methylation levels. Methylation levels in the cord blood of 313 newborns were determined using the Illumina HumanMethylation450K Beadchip. A total of 5,527 CpG sites selected on the basis of evidence from the literature were tested. To determine whether the observed association between Maternal Smoking and birth weight was attributable to methylation, mediation analyses were performed for significant CpG sites. Separate analyses were then performed in males and females. Following quality control, 282 newborns eventually remained in the analysis. A total of 25 mothers had smoked consistently throughout the pregnancy. The birthweigt of newborns whose mothers had smoked throughout pregnancy was reduced by >200g. After correction for multiple testing, 30 CpGs showed differential methylation in the Maternal Smoking subgroup including top “Smoking methylation pattern” genes AHRR, MYO1G, GFI1, CYP1A1, and CNTNAP2. The effect of Maternal Smoking on birth weight was partly mediated by the methylation of cg25325512 (PIM1); cg25949550 (CNTNAP2); and cg08699196 (ITGB7). Sex-specific analyses revealed a mediating effect for cg25949550 (CNTNAP2) in male newborns. The present data replicate previous findings that methylation can mediate the effect of Maternal Smoking on birth weight. The analysis of sex-dependent mediation effects suggests that the sex of the newborn may have an influence. Larger studies are warranted to investigate the role of both the identified differentially methylated loci and the sex of the newborn in mediating the association between Maternal Smoking during pregnancy and birth weight.

Rudiger Von Kries - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Parental Smoking and childhood obesity—is Maternal Smoking in pregnancy the critical exposure?
    International Journal of Epidemiology, 2007
    Co-Authors: Rudiger Von Kries, Gabriele Bolte, Ladan Baghi, Andre Michael Toschke
    Abstract:

    Background The concept of priming of childhood obesity by prenatal exposure to Maternal Smoking is based on a number of consistent studies. A recent paper found similar associations between paternal Smoking and childhood obesity, questioning the presumed causal effect attributed to the prenatal exposure. Is the relation to paternal Smoking consistent? Does it explain the effect of Maternal Smoking before or in pregnancy? Methods Data from a cross sectional study on 5899 children in the setting of the 2005 school entrance health examinations in Bavaria were analysed. Associations between paternal Smoking or Maternal Smoking before or in pregnancy and childhood obesity were assessed with adjustment for potential confounders. Results The children's mean age was 5.8 years. The unadjusted odds ratio for obesity and paternal Smoking was 2.0 (95% CI: 1.5, 2.6) and similar to that for Maternal Smoking before or in pregnancy with 2.3 (95% CI: 1.8, 3.1). After adjustment for a number of potential confounders and paternal Smoking at interview the odds ratio for Maternal Smoking before or in pregnancy and childhood obesity was 1.9 (95% CI: 1.3, 2.7). There was no evidence for interaction between paternal Smoking and Maternal Smoking before or in pregnancy (P=0.38). Conclusions Although of similar magnitude, the association of paternal Smoking could only partially explain the effect of Maternal Smoking before or in pregnancy on childhood obesity. Whether this persistent association reflects residual confounding or causality is unclear.

  • Maternal Smoking during pregnancy and childhood obesity
    Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey, 2003
    Co-Authors: Rudiger Von Kries, Andre Michael Toschke, Berthold Koletzko, William Slikker
    Abstract:

    This cross-sectional study in six German public health offices was undertaken after a recent cohort study suggested that Maternal Smoking during pregnancy might increase the risk of childhood obesity. Data on 6483 Bavarian children 5 to 7 years of age were collected in 1999-2000. A self-administered questionnaire concerning Maternal Smoking was used. The criterion for overweight was a body mass index (BMI) above the 90th percentile, and for obesity, a BMI greater than the 97th percentile. The study population included 3847 children whose mothers reported never having smoked; 638 whose mothers had smoked during pregnancy; and 1998 whose mothers smoked at some time but not during pregnancy. The frequency of overweight children was 8.1% in the never-smoked group, 14.1% when the mother smoked less than 10 cigarettes a day while pregnant, and 17% at a higher level of Smoking. The respective figures for childhood obesity were 2.2%, 5.7%, and 8.5%. On bivariate analysis, a high BMI for either parent was the strongest predictor of overweight/obesity, followed by high birth weight and then Maternal Smoking during pregnancy. Other risk factors included high weight gain in the first year of life, watching TV more than 1 hour per day, snacking while watching TV, early introduction of solid foods, and giving a bottle of milk or tea with carbohydrates to encourage the infant to sleep. Eating alone also increased the risk. Adjusting for parental education lowered the risk associated with watching TV and snacking. On logistic regression analysis, Maternal Smoking during pregnancy remained a significant risk factor for child overweight and obesity. The respective crude odds ratios were 1.43 and 2.06. In addition to discouraging frequent TV viewing (and video game playing) by children and frequent snacking, it seems reasonable to attempt to persuade pregnant women not to smoke in the interest of their children maintaining normal body weight.

  • Maternal Smoking during pregnancy and appetite control in offspring
    Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 2003
    Co-Authors: Andre Michael Toschke, Rudiger Von Kries, Anna Ehlin, Anders Ekbom, Scott M. Montgomery
    Abstract:

    Aims: Intrauterine exposure to tobacco smoke products has been associated with long-term neurobehavioral effects. Modified appetite control might explain the recently observed association between Maternal Smoking during pregnancy and obesity in offspring. Methods: Some 10,557 British adults aged 42 years born between 3-9 March 1958 were followed up in a birth cohort study (NCDS). The main outcome measure was self-reported poor appetite at age 42 years and main exposure was Maternal Smoking during pregnancy. Results: The proportion of offspring with poor appetite increased with Maternal Smoking during pregnancy: nonSmoking 4.5%; (4.0% - 5.0%), medium Smoking 5.6%; (4.5 % - 6.8 %), variable Smoking 6.8 %; (4.9 % - 9.1 %) and heavy Smoking 7.7 %; (6.3 % - 9.4 %). The unadjusted odds ratios for Maternal Smoking during pregnancy (ever/never) and poor appetite is 1.49 (1.25 - 1.77) and after adjustment for BMI at 42 years and other potential confounding factors it is 1.22 (1.07 - 1.48). Conclusions: Offspring of mothers who smoked during pregnancy were more likely to report a poor appetite independent of a number of potential confounding factors. Although not in the expected direction, the results suggest Maternal Smoking during pregnancy may influence appetite perception through a developmental influence or through confounding by social factors.

  • Maternal Smoking during pregnancy and childhood obesity
    American Journal of Epidemiology, 2002
    Co-Authors: Rudiger Von Kries, Andre Michael Toschke, Berthold Koletzko, William Slikker
    Abstract:

    A recent cohort study suggested that Maternal Smoking during pregnancy might be a risk factor for childhood obesity. Data from the obligatory school entry health examination in six Bavarian (Germany) public health offices in 1999-2000 were used to assess the relation between Maternal Smoking during pregnancy and childhood obesity (n = 6,483 German children aged 5.00-6.99 years). A body mass index greater than the 90th percentile was defined as overweight, and a body mass index greater than the 97th percentile was defined as obesity. The main exposure was Maternal Smoking during pregnancy. The prevalences of overweight and obesity, expressed as percentages, increased in the following order: never smoked (overweight: 8.1, 95% confidence interval (Cl): 7.2, 9.0; obesity: 2.2, 95% Cl: 1.7, 2.7); less than 10 cigarettes daily (overweight: 14.1, 95% Cl: 11.1, 17.7; obesity: 5.7, 95% Cl: 3.7, 8.2); and 10 or more cigarettes daily (overweight: 17.0, 95% Cl: 10.1, 26.2; obesity: 8.5, 95% Cl: 3.7, 16.1). The adjusted odds ratios for Maternal Smoking during pregnancy were 1.43 (95% Cl: 1.07, 1.90) for overweight and 2.06 (95% Cl: 1.31, 3.23) for obesity. A dose-dependent association between overweight/obesity and Maternal Smoking during pregnancy was observed that could not be explained by a wide range of confounders, suggesting that intrauterine exposure to inhaled smoke products rather than lifestyle factors associated with Maternal Smoking accounts for this finding.