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Peter Aaby - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Measles Vaccination in Presence of Measles Antibody May Enhance Child Survival.
Frontiers in Pediatrics, 2020Co-Authors: Christine Stabell Benn, Cesario Martins, Andreas Andersen, Ane Baerent Fisker, Hilton Whittle, Peter AabyAbstract:Background: In trials of early two-dose Measles vaccination (MV), with the first dose being given before 9 months of age, vaccination in the presence of maternal Antibody reduced mortality 2- to 3-fold compared with MV in the presence of no Measles Antibody. We tested this finding in two historical studies in which the children had received one dose of MV. Methods: We used data from a surveillance study of seroconversion after standard-titer MV (Schwarz strain) (Study 1) and a trial of early medium-titer MV (Edmonston-Zagreb strain) in which a pre-vaccination blood sample had been collected (Study 2). Both studies had control children, who were enrolled under similar conditions, but did not receive effective MV. Study 1 was a natural experiment where all children Measles vaccinated during 1 month did not seroconvert and had therefore received an ineffective vaccine. In Study 2, the controls were randomized to an inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). We compared mortality for children with undetectable levels of Measles Antibody (
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Measles vaccination in the presence or absence of maternal Measles Antibody impact on child survival
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2014Co-Authors: Cesario Martins, Andreas Andersen, Ane Baerent Fisker, Peter Aaby, Maylill Garly, Mogens H Claesson, Henrik Ravn, Amabelia RodriguesAbstract:Background. Measles vaccine (MV) has a greater effect on child survival when administered in early infancy, when maternal Antibody may still be present. Methods. To test whether MV has a greater effect on overall survival if given in the presence of maternal Measles Antibody, we reanalyzed datafrom 2 previously published randomized trials of a 2-dose schedule with MV given at 4–6 months and at 9 months of age. In both trials Antibody levels had been measured before early Measles vaccination. Results. In trial I (1993–1995), the mortality rate was 0.0 per 1000 person-years among children vaccinated with MV in the presence of maternal Antibody and 32.3 per 1000 person-years without maternal Antibody (mortality rate ratio [MRR], 0.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0–.52). In trial II (2003–2007), the mortality rate was 4.2 per 1000 person-years among children vaccinated inpresence of maternal Measles Antibodyand 14.5 per 1000 person-years without Measles Antibody (MRR, 0.29; 95% CI, .09–.91). Possible confounding factors did not explain the difference. In a combined analysis, children who had Measles Antibody detected when they received their fi rst dose of MVat 4– 6m onths of age had lower mortality than children with no maternal Antibody, the MRR being 0.22 (95% CI, .07–.64) between 4–6 months and 5 years. Conclusions. Child mortality in low-income countries may be reduced by vaccinating against Measles in the presence of maternal Antibody, using a 2-dose schedule with the first dose at 4–6 months (earlier than currently recommended) and a booster dose at 9–12 months of age. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT00168558.
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Measles Antibody levels after vaccination with edmonston zagreb and schwarz Measles vaccine at 9 months or at 9 and 18 months of age a serological study within a randomised trial of different Measles vaccines
Vaccine, 2013Co-Authors: Cesario Martins, Christine Stabell Benn, Hilton Whittle, Peter Aaby, Maylill Garly, Amabelia Rodrigues, Carlitos BaleAbstract:Abstract Standard–titre Schwarz (SW) and Edmonston-Zagreb (EZ) Measles vaccines (MV) are both used in the routine immunisation programme. Within a trial of different strains of MV, we examined Antibody responses in both one-dose and two-dose schedules when the first dose was administered at 9 months. Setting and Methods The trial was conducted in an urban area in Guinea-Bissau where we have had a health and demographic surveillance system and studied strategies to prevent Measles infection since 1978. In the present study, children were randomised to SW or EZ as the first MV and furthermore randomised to a second dose of the same MV or no vaccine at 18 months of age. We obtained blood samples from 996 children at baseline; post-vaccination blood samples were collected at 18 and 24 months of age to assess Measles Antibody levels after one or two doses of MV. Results At age 18 months all had responded to the first dose and only 1% (8/699) of the children had non-protective Antibody levels irrespective of vaccine type. SW was associated with significantly higher levels of Measles antibodies (geometric mean titre (GMT) = 2114 mIU/mL (95%CI 1153–2412)) than EZ (GMT = 807 mIU/mL (722–908)) ( p = 0.001). Antibody concentration was significantly higher in girls than in boys after EZ but not after SW. Antibody levels were higher in the rainy than the dry season. There was no clear indication that a booster dose at 18 months increased the Antibody level at 24 months of age. Conclusions Maternal Antibody levels have declined significantly in recent years and 99% had protective levels of Measles Antibody following primary MV at 9 months of age. It is unlikely that Measles prevention and child health will be improved by increasing the age of MV as currently recommended.
Ane Baerent Fisker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Measles vaccination in presence of Measles Antibody may enhance child survival
Frontiers in Pediatrics, 2020Co-Authors: Christine Stabell Benn, Cesario Martins, Andreas Andersen, Ane Baerent Fisker, Hilton WhittleAbstract:Background: In trials of early two-dose Measles vaccination (MV), with the first dose being given before 9 months of age, vaccination in the presence of maternal Antibody reduced mortality 2- to 3-fold compared with MV in the presence of no Measles Antibody. We tested this finding in two historical studies in which the children had received one dose of MV. Methods: We used data from a surveillance study of seroconversion after standard-titer MV (Schwarz strain) (Study 1) and a trial of early medium-titer MV (Edmonston-Zagreb strain) in which a pre-vaccination blood sample had been collected (Study 2). Both studies had control children, who were enrolled under similar conditions, but did not receive effective MV. Study 1 was a natural experiment where all children Measles vaccinated during 1 month did not seroconvert and had therefore received an ineffective vaccine. In Study 2, the controls were randomized to an inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). We compared mortality for children with undetectable levels of Measles Antibody (<31.25 mIU) at baseline with children with detectable levels (≥31.25 mIU). Results: In both studies, children who were Measles vaccinated in the presence of Measles Antibody had lower mortality compared with children who were Measles vaccinated in presence of no Measles Antibody, the combined mortality rate ratio (MRR) being 0.51 (0.27–0.96). In the control groups, a detectable level of Measles Antibody vs. an undetectable level was not associated with lower mortality, the MRR being 1.40 (0.31–6.38). Conclusion: The results supported previous findings: Measles vaccination in the presence of Measles Antibody had beneficial effects on child survival. Since maternal Antibody levels are declining, it may be time to consider giving MV earlier and/or to provide MV to adolescent girls to boost Antibody levels.
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Measles Vaccination in Presence of Measles Antibody May Enhance Child Survival.
Frontiers in Pediatrics, 2020Co-Authors: Christine Stabell Benn, Cesario Martins, Andreas Andersen, Ane Baerent Fisker, Hilton Whittle, Peter AabyAbstract:Background: In trials of early two-dose Measles vaccination (MV), with the first dose being given before 9 months of age, vaccination in the presence of maternal Antibody reduced mortality 2- to 3-fold compared with MV in the presence of no Measles Antibody. We tested this finding in two historical studies in which the children had received one dose of MV. Methods: We used data from a surveillance study of seroconversion after standard-titer MV (Schwarz strain) (Study 1) and a trial of early medium-titer MV (Edmonston-Zagreb strain) in which a pre-vaccination blood sample had been collected (Study 2). Both studies had control children, who were enrolled under similar conditions, but did not receive effective MV. Study 1 was a natural experiment where all children Measles vaccinated during 1 month did not seroconvert and had therefore received an ineffective vaccine. In Study 2, the controls were randomized to an inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). We compared mortality for children with undetectable levels of Measles Antibody (
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a two center randomized trial of an additional early dose of Measles vaccine effects on mortality and Measles Antibody levels
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2018Co-Authors: Cesario Martins, Ane Baerent Fisker, Amabelia Rodrigues, Eric Nebie, Anja Schoeps, Alphonse Zakane, Moubassira Kagone, Stine Byberg, Sanne Marie ThysenAbstract:Background In addition to protecting against Measles, Measles vaccine (MV) may have beneficial nonspecific effects. We tested the effect of an additional early MV on mortality and Measles Antibody levels. Methods Children aged 4-7 months at rural health and demographic surveillance sites in Burkina Faso and Guinea-Bissau were randomized 1:1 to an extra early standard dose of MV (Edmonston-Zagreb strain) or no extra MV 4 weeks after the third diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-hepatitis B-Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine. All children received routine MV at 9 months. We assessed mortality through home visits and compared mortality from enrollment to age 3 years using Cox proportional hazards models, censoring for subsequent nontrial MV. Subgroups of participants had blood sampled to assess Measles Antibody levels. Results Among 8309 children enrolled from 18 July 2012 to 3 December 2015, we registered 145 deaths (mortality rate: 16/1000 person-years). The mortality was lower than anticipated and did not differ by randomization group (hazard ratio, 1.05; 95% confidence interval, 0.75-1.46). At enrollment, 4% (16/447) of children in Burkina Faso and 21% (90/422) in Guinea-Bissau had protective Measles Antibody levels. By age 9 months, no Measles-unvaccinated/-unexposed child had protective levels, while 92% (306/333) of early MV recipients had protective levels. At final follow-up, 98% (186/189) in the early MV group and 97% (196/202) in the control group had protective levels. Conclusions Early MV did not reduce all-cause mortality. Most children were susceptible to Measles infection at age 4-7 months and responded with high Antibody levels to early MV. Clinical Trials Registration NCT01644721.
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Measles vaccination in the presence or absence of maternal Measles Antibody impact on child survival
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2014Co-Authors: Cesario Martins, Andreas Andersen, Ane Baerent Fisker, Peter Aaby, Maylill Garly, Mogens H Claesson, Henrik Ravn, Amabelia RodriguesAbstract:Background. Measles vaccine (MV) has a greater effect on child survival when administered in early infancy, when maternal Antibody may still be present. Methods. To test whether MV has a greater effect on overall survival if given in the presence of maternal Measles Antibody, we reanalyzed datafrom 2 previously published randomized trials of a 2-dose schedule with MV given at 4–6 months and at 9 months of age. In both trials Antibody levels had been measured before early Measles vaccination. Results. In trial I (1993–1995), the mortality rate was 0.0 per 1000 person-years among children vaccinated with MV in the presence of maternal Antibody and 32.3 per 1000 person-years without maternal Antibody (mortality rate ratio [MRR], 0.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0–.52). In trial II (2003–2007), the mortality rate was 4.2 per 1000 person-years among children vaccinated inpresence of maternal Measles Antibodyand 14.5 per 1000 person-years without Measles Antibody (MRR, 0.29; 95% CI, .09–.91). Possible confounding factors did not explain the difference. In a combined analysis, children who had Measles Antibody detected when they received their fi rst dose of MVat 4– 6m onths of age had lower mortality than children with no maternal Antibody, the MRR being 0.22 (95% CI, .07–.64) between 4–6 months and 5 years. Conclusions. Child mortality in low-income countries may be reduced by vaccinating against Measles in the presence of maternal Antibody, using a 2-dose schedule with the first dose at 4–6 months (earlier than currently recommended) and a booster dose at 9–12 months of age. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT00168558.
Cesario Martins - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Measles vaccination in presence of Measles Antibody may enhance child survival
Frontiers in Pediatrics, 2020Co-Authors: Christine Stabell Benn, Cesario Martins, Andreas Andersen, Ane Baerent Fisker, Hilton WhittleAbstract:Background: In trials of early two-dose Measles vaccination (MV), with the first dose being given before 9 months of age, vaccination in the presence of maternal Antibody reduced mortality 2- to 3-fold compared with MV in the presence of no Measles Antibody. We tested this finding in two historical studies in which the children had received one dose of MV. Methods: We used data from a surveillance study of seroconversion after standard-titer MV (Schwarz strain) (Study 1) and a trial of early medium-titer MV (Edmonston-Zagreb strain) in which a pre-vaccination blood sample had been collected (Study 2). Both studies had control children, who were enrolled under similar conditions, but did not receive effective MV. Study 1 was a natural experiment where all children Measles vaccinated during 1 month did not seroconvert and had therefore received an ineffective vaccine. In Study 2, the controls were randomized to an inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). We compared mortality for children with undetectable levels of Measles Antibody (<31.25 mIU) at baseline with children with detectable levels (≥31.25 mIU). Results: In both studies, children who were Measles vaccinated in the presence of Measles Antibody had lower mortality compared with children who were Measles vaccinated in presence of no Measles Antibody, the combined mortality rate ratio (MRR) being 0.51 (0.27–0.96). In the control groups, a detectable level of Measles Antibody vs. an undetectable level was not associated with lower mortality, the MRR being 1.40 (0.31–6.38). Conclusion: The results supported previous findings: Measles vaccination in the presence of Measles Antibody had beneficial effects on child survival. Since maternal Antibody levels are declining, it may be time to consider giving MV earlier and/or to provide MV to adolescent girls to boost Antibody levels.
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Measles Vaccination in Presence of Measles Antibody May Enhance Child Survival.
Frontiers in Pediatrics, 2020Co-Authors: Christine Stabell Benn, Cesario Martins, Andreas Andersen, Ane Baerent Fisker, Hilton Whittle, Peter AabyAbstract:Background: In trials of early two-dose Measles vaccination (MV), with the first dose being given before 9 months of age, vaccination in the presence of maternal Antibody reduced mortality 2- to 3-fold compared with MV in the presence of no Measles Antibody. We tested this finding in two historical studies in which the children had received one dose of MV. Methods: We used data from a surveillance study of seroconversion after standard-titer MV (Schwarz strain) (Study 1) and a trial of early medium-titer MV (Edmonston-Zagreb strain) in which a pre-vaccination blood sample had been collected (Study 2). Both studies had control children, who were enrolled under similar conditions, but did not receive effective MV. Study 1 was a natural experiment where all children Measles vaccinated during 1 month did not seroconvert and had therefore received an ineffective vaccine. In Study 2, the controls were randomized to an inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). We compared mortality for children with undetectable levels of Measles Antibody (
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a two center randomized trial of an additional early dose of Measles vaccine effects on mortality and Measles Antibody levels
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2018Co-Authors: Cesario Martins, Ane Baerent Fisker, Amabelia Rodrigues, Eric Nebie, Anja Schoeps, Alphonse Zakane, Moubassira Kagone, Stine Byberg, Sanne Marie ThysenAbstract:Background In addition to protecting against Measles, Measles vaccine (MV) may have beneficial nonspecific effects. We tested the effect of an additional early MV on mortality and Measles Antibody levels. Methods Children aged 4-7 months at rural health and demographic surveillance sites in Burkina Faso and Guinea-Bissau were randomized 1:1 to an extra early standard dose of MV (Edmonston-Zagreb strain) or no extra MV 4 weeks after the third diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-hepatitis B-Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine. All children received routine MV at 9 months. We assessed mortality through home visits and compared mortality from enrollment to age 3 years using Cox proportional hazards models, censoring for subsequent nontrial MV. Subgroups of participants had blood sampled to assess Measles Antibody levels. Results Among 8309 children enrolled from 18 July 2012 to 3 December 2015, we registered 145 deaths (mortality rate: 16/1000 person-years). The mortality was lower than anticipated and did not differ by randomization group (hazard ratio, 1.05; 95% confidence interval, 0.75-1.46). At enrollment, 4% (16/447) of children in Burkina Faso and 21% (90/422) in Guinea-Bissau had protective Measles Antibody levels. By age 9 months, no Measles-unvaccinated/-unexposed child had protective levels, while 92% (306/333) of early MV recipients had protective levels. At final follow-up, 98% (186/189) in the early MV group and 97% (196/202) in the control group had protective levels. Conclusions Early MV did not reduce all-cause mortality. Most children were susceptible to Measles infection at age 4-7 months and responded with high Antibody levels to early MV. Clinical Trials Registration NCT01644721.
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Measles vaccination in the presence or absence of maternal Measles Antibody impact on child survival
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2014Co-Authors: Cesario Martins, Andreas Andersen, Ane Baerent Fisker, Peter Aaby, Maylill Garly, Mogens H Claesson, Henrik Ravn, Amabelia RodriguesAbstract:Background. Measles vaccine (MV) has a greater effect on child survival when administered in early infancy, when maternal Antibody may still be present. Methods. To test whether MV has a greater effect on overall survival if given in the presence of maternal Measles Antibody, we reanalyzed datafrom 2 previously published randomized trials of a 2-dose schedule with MV given at 4–6 months and at 9 months of age. In both trials Antibody levels had been measured before early Measles vaccination. Results. In trial I (1993–1995), the mortality rate was 0.0 per 1000 person-years among children vaccinated with MV in the presence of maternal Antibody and 32.3 per 1000 person-years without maternal Antibody (mortality rate ratio [MRR], 0.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0–.52). In trial II (2003–2007), the mortality rate was 4.2 per 1000 person-years among children vaccinated inpresence of maternal Measles Antibodyand 14.5 per 1000 person-years without Measles Antibody (MRR, 0.29; 95% CI, .09–.91). Possible confounding factors did not explain the difference. In a combined analysis, children who had Measles Antibody detected when they received their fi rst dose of MVat 4– 6m onths of age had lower mortality than children with no maternal Antibody, the MRR being 0.22 (95% CI, .07–.64) between 4–6 months and 5 years. Conclusions. Child mortality in low-income countries may be reduced by vaccinating against Measles in the presence of maternal Antibody, using a 2-dose schedule with the first dose at 4–6 months (earlier than currently recommended) and a booster dose at 9–12 months of age. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT00168558.
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Measles Antibody levels after vaccination with edmonston zagreb and schwarz Measles vaccine at 9 months or at 9 and 18 months of age a serological study within a randomised trial of different Measles vaccines
Vaccine, 2013Co-Authors: Cesario Martins, Christine Stabell Benn, Hilton Whittle, Peter Aaby, Maylill Garly, Amabelia Rodrigues, Carlitos BaleAbstract:Abstract Standard–titre Schwarz (SW) and Edmonston-Zagreb (EZ) Measles vaccines (MV) are both used in the routine immunisation programme. Within a trial of different strains of MV, we examined Antibody responses in both one-dose and two-dose schedules when the first dose was administered at 9 months. Setting and Methods The trial was conducted in an urban area in Guinea-Bissau where we have had a health and demographic surveillance system and studied strategies to prevent Measles infection since 1978. In the present study, children were randomised to SW or EZ as the first MV and furthermore randomised to a second dose of the same MV or no vaccine at 18 months of age. We obtained blood samples from 996 children at baseline; post-vaccination blood samples were collected at 18 and 24 months of age to assess Measles Antibody levels after one or two doses of MV. Results At age 18 months all had responded to the first dose and only 1% (8/699) of the children had non-protective Antibody levels irrespective of vaccine type. SW was associated with significantly higher levels of Measles antibodies (geometric mean titre (GMT) = 2114 mIU/mL (95%CI 1153–2412)) than EZ (GMT = 807 mIU/mL (722–908)) ( p = 0.001). Antibody concentration was significantly higher in girls than in boys after EZ but not after SW. Antibody levels were higher in the rainy than the dry season. There was no clear indication that a booster dose at 18 months increased the Antibody level at 24 months of age. Conclusions Maternal Antibody levels have declined significantly in recent years and 99% had protective levels of Measles Antibody following primary MV at 9 months of age. It is unlikely that Measles prevention and child health will be improved by increasing the age of MV as currently recommended.
William J. Bellini - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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persistence of vaccine induced Measles Antibody beyond age 12 months a comparison of response to one and two doses of edmonston zagreb Measles vaccine among hiv infected and uninfected children in malawi
The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2011Co-Authors: Ashley Fowlkes, Desiree Witte, Judy A Beeler, Susette Audet, Philip Garcia, Aaron T Curns, Chunfu Yang, Richard Fudzulani, Robin L Broadhead, William J. BelliniAbstract:BACKGROUND: Previously we demonstrated that Measles Antibody prevalence was lower at age 12 months among children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) than uninfected children following Measles vaccination (MV) at ages 6 and 9 months. Among HIV-uninfected children Measles Antibody prevalence was lower among 1- than 2-dose MV recipients. Here we report results through age 24 months. METHODS: Children born to HIV-infected mothers received MV at 6 and 9 months and children of HIV-uninfected mothers were randomized to MV at 6 and 9 months or MV at 9 months. We followed children through age 24 months. The childs HIV status was determined and Measles immunoglobulin G (IgG) level was measured by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and by plaque reduction neutralization (PRN) on a subset. RESULTS: Among HIV-uninfected children the difference in Measles Antibody prevalence at age 12 months between one- and two-dose recipients reported previously by EIA was shown to be smaller by PRN. By age 24 months 84% and 87% of HIV-uninfected children receiving 1 or 2 doses respectively were seroprotected. Only 41% of 22 HIV-infected children were Measles seroprotected at age 20 months. DISCUSSION: Measles seroprotection persisted through age 24 months among HIV-uninfected children who received 1 or 2 doses of MV. HIV-infected children demonstrated seroprotection through age 12 months but this was not sustained.
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Seroprevalence of Measles Antibody in the US population, 1999-2004.
The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2007Co-Authors: Geraldine M. Mcquillan, William J. Bellini, Deanna Kruszon-moran, Terri B. Hyde, Bagher Forghani, Gustavo H. DayanAbstract:BACKGROUND Endemic Measles transmission was declared eliminated in the United States in 2000. To ensure that elimination can be maintained, high population immunity must be sustained and monitored. Testing for Measles Antibody was included in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a nationally representative survey, conducted during 1999-2004. METHODS A Measles-specific immunoassay was used to measure the seroprevalence of Measles Antibody in NHANES participants 6-49 years of age. For analysis, participants were grouped by birth cohort. RESULTS During 1999-2004, the rate of Measles seropositivity in the population overall was 95.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 95.1%-96.5%). The highest seroprevalence of Measles Antibody was in non-Hispanic blacks (98.6% [95% CI, 98.0%-99.1%]). Those born during 1967-1976 had significantly lower levels of Measles Antibody (92.4% [95% CI, 90.8%-93.9%]) than did the other birth cohorts. Independent predictors of Measles seropositivity in the 1967-1976 birth cohort were non-Hispanic/black race/ethnicity, more than a high school education, having health insurance, and birth outside the United States. CONCLUSIONS Measles seropositivity was uniformly high in the US population during 1999-2004. Nearly all population subgroups had evidence of Measles seropositivity levels greater than the estimated threshold necessary to sustain Measles elimination. Non-Hispanic whites and Mexican Americans born during 1967-1976 had the lowest Measles seropositivity levels and represent populations that might be at increased risk for Measles disease if the virus were reintroduced into the United States.
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Seroprevalence of Measles Antibody in the US population, 1999-2004. Commentaries
The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2007Co-Authors: Walter A. Orenstein, William J. Bellini, Deanna Kruszon-moran, Terri B. Hyde, Bagher Forghani, Peter M. Strebel, Alan R. Hinman, Geraldine M. Mcqvillan, Gustavo H. DayanAbstract:Background. Endemic Measles transmission was declared eliminated in the United States in 2000. To ensure that elimination can be maintained, high population immunity must be sustained and monitored. Testing for Measles Antibody was included in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a nationally representative survey, conducted during 1999-2004. Methods. A Measles-specific immunoassay was used to measure the seroprevalence of Measles Antibody in NHANES participants 6-49 years of age. For analysis, participants were grouped by birth cohort. Results. During 1999-2004, the rate of Measles seropositivity in the population overall was 95.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 95.1%-96.5%). The highest seroprevalence of Measles Antibody was in non-Hispanic blacks (98.6% [95% CI, 98.0%-99.1%]). Those born during 1967-1976 had significantly lower levels of Measles Antibody (92.4% [95% CI, 90.8%-93.9%]) than did the other birth cohorts. Independent predictors of Measles seropositivity in the 1967-1976 birth cohort were non-Hispanic/black race/ethnicity, more than a high school education, having health insurance, and birth outside the United States. Conclusions. Measles seropositivity was uniformly high in the US population during 1999-2004. Nearly all population subgroups had evidence of Measles seropositivity levels greater than the estimated threshold necessary to sustain Measles elimination. Non-Hispanic whites and Mexican Americans born during 1967-1976 had the lowest Measles seropositivity levels and represent populations that might be at increased risk for Measles disease if the virus were reintroduced into the United States.
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evaluation of recombinant vaccinia virus Measles vaccines in infant rhesus macaques with preexisting Measles Antibody
Virology, 2000Co-Authors: Yongde Zhu, William J. Bellini, Paul A Rota, Linda S Wyatt, Azaibi Tamin, Shmuel Rozenblatt, Nicholas W Lerche, Bernard Moss, Michael M McchesneyAbstract:Immunization of newborn infants with standard Measles vaccines is not effective because of the presence of maternal Antibody. In this study, newborn rhesus macaques were immunized with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing Measles virus hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) proteins, using the replication-competent WR strain of vaccinia virus or the replication-defective MVA strain. The infants were boosted at 2 months and then challenged intranasally with Measles virus at 5 months of age. Some of the newborn monkeys received Measles immune globulin (MIG) prior to the first immunization, and these infants were compared to additional infants that had maternal Measles-neutralizing Antibody. In the absence of Measles Antibody, vaccination with either vector induced neutralizing Antibody, cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses to Measles virus and protection from systemic Measles infection and skin rash. The infants vaccinated with the MVA vector developed lower Measles-neutralizing Antibody titers than those vaccinated with the WR vector, and they sustained a transient Measles viremia upon challenge. Either maternal Antibody or passively transferred MIG blocked the humoral response to vaccination with both WR and MVA, and the frequency of positive CTL responses was reduced. Despite this inhibition of vaccine-induced immunity, there was a reduction in peak viral loads and skin rash after Measles virus challenge in many of the infants with preexisting Measles Antibody. Therefore, vaccination using recombinant vectors such as poxviruses may be able to prevent the severe disease that often accompanies Measles in infants.
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Measles Antibody in vaccinated human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children.
Pediatrics, 1996Co-Authors: Stephen M. Arpadi, Lauri E. Markowitz, Andrew L. Baughman, Kiran Shah, Henry Adam, Andrew Wiznia, Genevieve Lambert, Joanna Dobroszycki, Janet L. Heath, William J. BelliniAbstract:Objectives. The goals of this study were to evaluate the proportion of previously vaccinated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1-infected children with detectable postvaccination Measles Antibody; to assess risk factors for vaccine failure; and to evaluate the response to reimmunization. Methods. A total of 81 perinatally HIV-infected children receiving medical care in the Bronx, New York, who had previously received Measles vaccine were enrolled. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) HIV class, lymphocyte subsets, and Measles Antibody were determined upon enrollment. Additional data abstracted from medical records included dates and number of prior Measles vaccinations and CDC HIV class at the time of vaccination. Measles Antibody was determined by microneutralization enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results. The median age at time of study was 42 months (range, 9 to 168 months). Overall, 58 (72%) subjects had detectable Measles Antibody (microneutralization ELISA titer g 1:5). Children studied within 1 year of vaccination were more likely to have detectable Measles Antibody than children evaluated more than 1 year after vaccination (83% vs 52%, P l .01). The proportion of children with detectable Measles Antibody was higher among children with no or moderate immunosuppression compared to those with severe immunosuppression when immune status was based on CD4%. Children vaccinated at 6 to 11 months of age appeared to have a higher proportion of detectable Measles Antibody than those who received a first Measles vaccination after age 1. Only 1 (14%) of 7 previously vaccinated children who were seronegative or had very low titers experienced a fourfold rise in Measles Antibody when reimmunized. Conclusion. These results support current recommendations to vaccinate HIV-infected children against Measles. The proportion of children with detectable Measles Antibody among vaccinated HIV-infected children is considerably lower than in vaccinated healthy children. HIV-infected children may respond better to Measles vaccine when it is administered before the first birthday. From our limited data it appears that reimmunization of previously vaccinated HIV-infected children with moderate to severe immunosuppression does not result in an Antibody recall response.
Christine Stabell Benn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Measles vaccination in presence of Measles Antibody may enhance child survival
Frontiers in Pediatrics, 2020Co-Authors: Christine Stabell Benn, Cesario Martins, Andreas Andersen, Ane Baerent Fisker, Hilton WhittleAbstract:Background: In trials of early two-dose Measles vaccination (MV), with the first dose being given before 9 months of age, vaccination in the presence of maternal Antibody reduced mortality 2- to 3-fold compared with MV in the presence of no Measles Antibody. We tested this finding in two historical studies in which the children had received one dose of MV. Methods: We used data from a surveillance study of seroconversion after standard-titer MV (Schwarz strain) (Study 1) and a trial of early medium-titer MV (Edmonston-Zagreb strain) in which a pre-vaccination blood sample had been collected (Study 2). Both studies had control children, who were enrolled under similar conditions, but did not receive effective MV. Study 1 was a natural experiment where all children Measles vaccinated during 1 month did not seroconvert and had therefore received an ineffective vaccine. In Study 2, the controls were randomized to an inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). We compared mortality for children with undetectable levels of Measles Antibody (<31.25 mIU) at baseline with children with detectable levels (≥31.25 mIU). Results: In both studies, children who were Measles vaccinated in the presence of Measles Antibody had lower mortality compared with children who were Measles vaccinated in presence of no Measles Antibody, the combined mortality rate ratio (MRR) being 0.51 (0.27–0.96). In the control groups, a detectable level of Measles Antibody vs. an undetectable level was not associated with lower mortality, the MRR being 1.40 (0.31–6.38). Conclusion: The results supported previous findings: Measles vaccination in the presence of Measles Antibody had beneficial effects on child survival. Since maternal Antibody levels are declining, it may be time to consider giving MV earlier and/or to provide MV to adolescent girls to boost Antibody levels.
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Measles Vaccination in Presence of Measles Antibody May Enhance Child Survival.
Frontiers in Pediatrics, 2020Co-Authors: Christine Stabell Benn, Cesario Martins, Andreas Andersen, Ane Baerent Fisker, Hilton Whittle, Peter AabyAbstract:Background: In trials of early two-dose Measles vaccination (MV), with the first dose being given before 9 months of age, vaccination in the presence of maternal Antibody reduced mortality 2- to 3-fold compared with MV in the presence of no Measles Antibody. We tested this finding in two historical studies in which the children had received one dose of MV. Methods: We used data from a surveillance study of seroconversion after standard-titer MV (Schwarz strain) (Study 1) and a trial of early medium-titer MV (Edmonston-Zagreb strain) in which a pre-vaccination blood sample had been collected (Study 2). Both studies had control children, who were enrolled under similar conditions, but did not receive effective MV. Study 1 was a natural experiment where all children Measles vaccinated during 1 month did not seroconvert and had therefore received an ineffective vaccine. In Study 2, the controls were randomized to an inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). We compared mortality for children with undetectable levels of Measles Antibody (
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Measles Antibody levels after vaccination with edmonston zagreb and schwarz Measles vaccine at 9 months or at 9 and 18 months of age a serological study within a randomised trial of different Measles vaccines
Vaccine, 2013Co-Authors: Cesario Martins, Christine Stabell Benn, Hilton Whittle, Peter Aaby, Maylill Garly, Amabelia Rodrigues, Carlitos BaleAbstract:Abstract Standard–titre Schwarz (SW) and Edmonston-Zagreb (EZ) Measles vaccines (MV) are both used in the routine immunisation programme. Within a trial of different strains of MV, we examined Antibody responses in both one-dose and two-dose schedules when the first dose was administered at 9 months. Setting and Methods The trial was conducted in an urban area in Guinea-Bissau where we have had a health and demographic surveillance system and studied strategies to prevent Measles infection since 1978. In the present study, children were randomised to SW or EZ as the first MV and furthermore randomised to a second dose of the same MV or no vaccine at 18 months of age. We obtained blood samples from 996 children at baseline; post-vaccination blood samples were collected at 18 and 24 months of age to assess Measles Antibody levels after one or two doses of MV. Results At age 18 months all had responded to the first dose and only 1% (8/699) of the children had non-protective Antibody levels irrespective of vaccine type. SW was associated with significantly higher levels of Measles antibodies (geometric mean titre (GMT) = 2114 mIU/mL (95%CI 1153–2412)) than EZ (GMT = 807 mIU/mL (722–908)) ( p = 0.001). Antibody concentration was significantly higher in girls than in boys after EZ but not after SW. Antibody levels were higher in the rainy than the dry season. There was no clear indication that a booster dose at 18 months increased the Antibody level at 24 months of age. Conclusions Maternal Antibody levels have declined significantly in recent years and 99% had protective levels of Measles Antibody following primary MV at 9 months of age. It is unlikely that Measles prevention and child health will be improved by increasing the age of MV as currently recommended.