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Russell Spears - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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intergroup differentiation in computer Mediated Communication effects of depersonalization
Group Dynamics: Theory Research and Practice, 2002Co-Authors: Tom Postmes, Russell Spears, Martin LeaAbstract:Two studies examined intergroup discussions via computer-Mediated Communication systems. It was hypothesized that depersonalization, in comparison with individuated interaction, would increase the tendency for intergroup differentiation in attitudes and stereotypes, In Study 1, 24 groups communicated internationally over the Internet in a longitudinal design. Interacting groups, based in 2 different countries, were individuated versus partially unidentifiable, and thus depersonalized. Results indicate that depersonalized groups diverge, or bipolarize, when compared with individuated groups. A follow-up study demonstrated that under depersonalized conditions, individual differences are less salient, whereas group memberships are more salient. In addition, stereotypes were more salient in depersonalized conditions. Results support predictions derived from the social identity model of deindividuation effects.
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breaching or building social boundaries side effects of computer Mediated Communication
In: R.L. Campbell (Ed.) Legal Issues in Electronic Commerce. Concord Ontario CA: Captus Press. ISBN: 1-55322-034-X. 2002.., 2002Co-Authors: Tom Postmes, Russell Spears, Martin LeaAbstract:Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) is sometimes heralded for its power to break down social boundaries and to liberate individuals from social influence, group pressure, and status and power differentials that characterize much face-to-face interaction. We review research conducted within the framework of the social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE) demonstrating that this is not always the case. When communicators share a common social identity, they appear to be more susceptible to group influence, social attraction, stereotyping, gender typing, and discrimination in anonymous CMC. Although CMC gives us the opportunity to traverse social boundaries, paradoxically, it can also afford these boundaries greater power, especially when they define self- and group identity.
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social influence in computer Mediated Communication the effects of anonymity on group behavior
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2001Co-Authors: Tom Postmes, Russell Spears, Khaled Sakhel, Daphne De GrootAbstract:Two studies examined hypotheses derived from a Social Identity model of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE) as applied to social influence in computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) in groups. This model predicts that anonymity can increase social influence if a common group identity is salient. In a first study, group members were primed with a certain type of social behavior (efficiency vs. prosocial norms). Consistent with the model, anonymous groups displayed prime-consistent behavior in their task solutions, whereas identifiable groups did not. This suggests that the primed norm took root in anonymous groups to a greater extent than in identifiable groups. A second study replicated this effect and showed that nonprimed group members conformed to the behavior of primed members, but only when anonymous, suggesting that the primed norm was socially transmitted within the group. Implications for social influence in small groups are discussed.
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the formation of group norms in computer Mediated Communication
Human Communication Research, 2000Co-Authors: Tom Postmes, Russell Spears, Martin LeaAbstract:The formation of group norms in computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) was examined among students who used e-mail as part of a course. A network analysis of group structures revealed that (a) content and form of Communication is normative, group norms defining Communication patterns within groups, (b) conformity to group norms increases over time, (c) Communication outside the group is governed by different social norms. Results show that norms prescribing a particular use of technology are socially constructed over time at the level of locally defined groups and also show that the influence of these norms is limited to the boundaries of the group. It is concluded that the process of social construction is restrained by social identities that become salient over the course of interaction via CMC. These findings complement experimental evidence that stresses the importance of normative influence in CMC.
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breaching or building social boundaries side effects of computer Mediated Communication
Communication Research, 1998Co-Authors: Tom Postmes, Russell SpearsAbstract:Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) is sometimes heralded for its power to break down social boundaries and to liberate individuals from social influence, group pressure, and status and power differentials that characterize much face-to-face interaction. We review research conducted within the framework of the social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE) demonstrating that this is not always the case. When communicators share a common social identity, they appear to be more susceptible to group influence, social attraction, stereotyping, gender typing, and discrimination in anonymous CMC. Although CMC gives us the opportunity to traverse social boundaries, paradoxically, it can also afford these boundaries greater power, especially when they define self- and group identity.
Martin Lea - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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intergroup differentiation in computer Mediated Communication effects of depersonalization
Group Dynamics: Theory Research and Practice, 2002Co-Authors: Tom Postmes, Russell Spears, Martin LeaAbstract:Two studies examined intergroup discussions via computer-Mediated Communication systems. It was hypothesized that depersonalization, in comparison with individuated interaction, would increase the tendency for intergroup differentiation in attitudes and stereotypes, In Study 1, 24 groups communicated internationally over the Internet in a longitudinal design. Interacting groups, based in 2 different countries, were individuated versus partially unidentifiable, and thus depersonalized. Results indicate that depersonalized groups diverge, or bipolarize, when compared with individuated groups. A follow-up study demonstrated that under depersonalized conditions, individual differences are less salient, whereas group memberships are more salient. In addition, stereotypes were more salient in depersonalized conditions. Results support predictions derived from the social identity model of deindividuation effects.
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breaching or building social boundaries side effects of computer Mediated Communication
In: R.L. Campbell (Ed.) Legal Issues in Electronic Commerce. Concord Ontario CA: Captus Press. ISBN: 1-55322-034-X. 2002.., 2002Co-Authors: Tom Postmes, Russell Spears, Martin LeaAbstract:Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) is sometimes heralded for its power to break down social boundaries and to liberate individuals from social influence, group pressure, and status and power differentials that characterize much face-to-face interaction. We review research conducted within the framework of the social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE) demonstrating that this is not always the case. When communicators share a common social identity, they appear to be more susceptible to group influence, social attraction, stereotyping, gender typing, and discrimination in anonymous CMC. Although CMC gives us the opportunity to traverse social boundaries, paradoxically, it can also afford these boundaries greater power, especially when they define self- and group identity.
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the formation of group norms in computer Mediated Communication
Human Communication Research, 2000Co-Authors: Tom Postmes, Russell Spears, Martin LeaAbstract:The formation of group norms in computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) was examined among students who used e-mail as part of a course. A network analysis of group structures revealed that (a) content and form of Communication is normative, group norms defining Communication patterns within groups, (b) conformity to group norms increases over time, (c) Communication outside the group is governed by different social norms. Results show that norms prescribing a particular use of technology are socially constructed over time at the level of locally defined groups and also show that the influence of these norms is limited to the boundaries of the group. It is concluded that the process of social construction is restrained by social identities that become salient over the course of interaction via CMC. These findings complement experimental evidence that stresses the importance of normative influence in CMC.
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panacea or panopticon the hidden power in computer Mediated Communication
Communication Research, 1994Co-Authors: Russell Spears, Martin LeaAbstract:This article examines how interaction by means of computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) affects the operation of both status differentials and power relations. The authors attempt to provide a corrective to the dominant assessment, particularly within social psychological analyses, that CMC tends to equalize status, decentralize and democratize decision making, and thus empower and liberate the individual user. This emphasis contrasts with sociological critiques employing the Foucauldian metaphor of the panopticon, claiming that power relations can actually be reinforced in CMC. The authors argue that prevailing conceptualizations of influence and power within social psychology have tended to prefigure the more optimistic account, and outline a theoretical framework in which processes of “panoptic power” in CMC are given a more concrete social psychological foundation.
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paralanguage and social perception in computer Mediated Communication
Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 1992Co-Authors: Martin Lea, Russell SpearsAbstract:It is widely held that computer‐Mediated Communication (CMC) filters out many of the social and affective cues associated with human interaction with consequent effects on Communication outcomes an...
Tom Postmes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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intergroup differentiation in computer Mediated Communication effects of depersonalization
Group Dynamics: Theory Research and Practice, 2002Co-Authors: Tom Postmes, Russell Spears, Martin LeaAbstract:Two studies examined intergroup discussions via computer-Mediated Communication systems. It was hypothesized that depersonalization, in comparison with individuated interaction, would increase the tendency for intergroup differentiation in attitudes and stereotypes, In Study 1, 24 groups communicated internationally over the Internet in a longitudinal design. Interacting groups, based in 2 different countries, were individuated versus partially unidentifiable, and thus depersonalized. Results indicate that depersonalized groups diverge, or bipolarize, when compared with individuated groups. A follow-up study demonstrated that under depersonalized conditions, individual differences are less salient, whereas group memberships are more salient. In addition, stereotypes were more salient in depersonalized conditions. Results support predictions derived from the social identity model of deindividuation effects.
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breaching or building social boundaries side effects of computer Mediated Communication
In: R.L. Campbell (Ed.) Legal Issues in Electronic Commerce. Concord Ontario CA: Captus Press. ISBN: 1-55322-034-X. 2002.., 2002Co-Authors: Tom Postmes, Russell Spears, Martin LeaAbstract:Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) is sometimes heralded for its power to break down social boundaries and to liberate individuals from social influence, group pressure, and status and power differentials that characterize much face-to-face interaction. We review research conducted within the framework of the social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE) demonstrating that this is not always the case. When communicators share a common social identity, they appear to be more susceptible to group influence, social attraction, stereotyping, gender typing, and discrimination in anonymous CMC. Although CMC gives us the opportunity to traverse social boundaries, paradoxically, it can also afford these boundaries greater power, especially when they define self- and group identity.
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social influence in computer Mediated Communication the effects of anonymity on group behavior
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2001Co-Authors: Tom Postmes, Russell Spears, Khaled Sakhel, Daphne De GrootAbstract:Two studies examined hypotheses derived from a Social Identity model of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE) as applied to social influence in computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) in groups. This model predicts that anonymity can increase social influence if a common group identity is salient. In a first study, group members were primed with a certain type of social behavior (efficiency vs. prosocial norms). Consistent with the model, anonymous groups displayed prime-consistent behavior in their task solutions, whereas identifiable groups did not. This suggests that the primed norm took root in anonymous groups to a greater extent than in identifiable groups. A second study replicated this effect and showed that nonprimed group members conformed to the behavior of primed members, but only when anonymous, suggesting that the primed norm was socially transmitted within the group. Implications for social influence in small groups are discussed.
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the formation of group norms in computer Mediated Communication
Human Communication Research, 2000Co-Authors: Tom Postmes, Russell Spears, Martin LeaAbstract:The formation of group norms in computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) was examined among students who used e-mail as part of a course. A network analysis of group structures revealed that (a) content and form of Communication is normative, group norms defining Communication patterns within groups, (b) conformity to group norms increases over time, (c) Communication outside the group is governed by different social norms. Results show that norms prescribing a particular use of technology are socially constructed over time at the level of locally defined groups and also show that the influence of these norms is limited to the boundaries of the group. It is concluded that the process of social construction is restrained by social identities that become salient over the course of interaction via CMC. These findings complement experimental evidence that stresses the importance of normative influence in CMC.
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breaching or building social boundaries side effects of computer Mediated Communication
Communication Research, 1998Co-Authors: Tom Postmes, Russell SpearsAbstract:Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) is sometimes heralded for its power to break down social boundaries and to liberate individuals from social influence, group pressure, and status and power differentials that characterize much face-to-face interaction. We review research conducted within the framework of the social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE) demonstrating that this is not always the case. When communicators share a common social identity, they appear to be more susceptible to group influence, social attraction, stereotyping, gender typing, and discrimination in anonymous CMC. Although CMC gives us the opportunity to traverse social boundaries, paradoxically, it can also afford these boundaries greater power, especially when they define self- and group identity.
Joseph B Walther - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the effect of feedback on identity shift in computer Mediated Communication
Media Psychology, 2011Co-Authors: Joseph B Walther, Yuhua Jake Liang, David C Deandrea, Stephanie Tom Tong, Caleb T Carr, Erin L Spottswood, Yair AmichaihamburgerAbstract:The hyperpersonal model of computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) suggests manners by which online Communication transforms relational Communication and self-perception. Criticism of the model includes concerns over the linkage among its four theoretical components. Recent research on identity shift in CMC suggests that senders' online selective self-presentation provides sufficient dynamics to modify individuals' personality following an online identity performance. The present research extends these findings by examining effects on identity shift due to the influence of feedback to an individual following a self-presentation that deliberately emphasizes a specific personality characteristic. Results support hypothesized interaction effects and illuminate the personality-modification effects of feedback on someone in a public blog setting, as well as feedback in a private expressive condition. Major implications for the status of the hyperpersonal model are presented, with additional questions regarding t...
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selective self presentation in computer Mediated Communication hyperpersonal dimensions of technology language and cognition
Computers in Human Behavior, 2007Co-Authors: Joseph B WaltherAbstract:The hyperpersonal model of computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) posits that users exploit the technological aspects of CMC in order to enhance the messages they construct to manage impressions and facilitate desired relationships. This research examined how CMC users managed message composing time, editing behaviors, personal language, sentence complexity, and relational tone in their initial messages to different presumed targets, and the cognitive awareness related to these processes. Effects on several of these processes and outcomes were obtained in response to different targets, partially supporting the hyperpersonal perspective of CMC, with unanticipated gender and status interaction effects suggesting behavioral compensation through CMC, or overcompensation when addressing presumably undesirable partners.
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the rules of virtual groups trust liking and performance in computer Mediated Communication
Journal of Communication, 2005Co-Authors: Joseph B Walther, Ulla BunzAbstract:Research on virtual groups reflects concerns about the development of trust and liking and about the performance of partners who do not see each other or work proximally. Previous studies have explored behaviors leading to subjectively experienced trust and/or liking, or trusting behaviors associated with group output, but have not linked behaviors, subjective affect, and output quality. Deriving principles from the social information processing theory of computer-Mediated Communication, this research identified and tested six Communication rules for virtual groups. Employing a quasi-experimental procedure to maximize the variance in rule-following behavior, some distributed groups in a cross-university course were assigned to follow rules as part of their grades on group assignments conducted using computer-Mediated Communication from which messages were collected and later coded. Through self-reported measures of rule following and affect, results reveal correlations between each rule with trust and liking. Less consistent are the relationships between rule following, specific observed behaviors, and actual performance quality. Interpretations suggest that a powerful set of collaboration rules has been identified or that the mere following of any rules and norms reduces uncertainty and enhances trust in distributed work teams.
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information seeking strategies uncertainty and computer Mediated Communication toward a conceptual model
Human Communication Research, 2002Co-Authors: Artemio Ramirez, Judee K. Burgoon, Joseph B Walther, Michael SunnafrankAbstract:This article argues that existing theory and research on computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) provide a limited view of information-seeking behavior and proposes a conceptual model for its examination via CMC and new media. Although most CMC environments eliminate or severely reduce nonverbal and contextual information available to address uncertainty, form impressions, and develop relationships, such environments offer alternative mechanisms for acquiring social information about others. The article discusses strategies for seeking social information and identifies factors influencing their selection from alternatives, incorporating them into a conceptual model. Finally, 2 promising approaches for examining the effects and effectiveness of social information seeking in CMC are described, with an emphasis on how the proposed conceptual model can aid in the development of each.
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the impacts of emoticons on message interpretation in computer Mediated Communication
Social Science Computer Review, 2001Co-Authors: Joseph B Walther, Kyle P DaddarioAbstract:Emoticons are graphic representations of facial expressions that many e-mail users embed in their messages. These symbols are widely known and commonly recognized among computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) users, and they are described by most observers as substituting for the nonverbal cues that are missing from CMC in comparison to face-to-face Communication. Their empirical impacts, however, are undocumented. An experiment sought to determine the effects of three common emoticons on message interpretations. Hypotheses drawn from literature on nonverbal Communication reflect several plausible relationships between emoticons and verbal messages. The results indicate that emoticons’ contributions were outweighed by verbal content, but a negativity effect appeared such that any negative message aspect—verbal or graphic—shifts message interpretation in the direction of the negative element.
Jason T Siegel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the effect of informal social support face to face versus computer Mediated Communication
Computers in Human Behavior, 2011Co-Authors: Joshua Lewandowski, Benjamin D Rosenberg, Jordan M Parks, Jason T SiegelAbstract:Survey data were collected on a military sample to test two main hypotheses about the impact of face-to-face and computer-Mediated social support following disruptive life events. We tested two main hypotheses: first, as previous research indicates, the impact of a disruptive life event is partially dependent upon the amount of social support one receives during the time of the event (H1). Second, the type of Communication used will further impact the effectiveness of social support in comforting individuals following a negative life event. Results support both hypotheses, indicating that the buffering role of social support following a disruptive life event is not only dependent upon the amount of social support one receives, but is further affected by the type of Communication that participants used to receive support. These findings provide support for the buffering hypothesis' utility in the realm of computer-Mediated Communication, as well as the application of the cues-filtered-out approach in the Mediated social support domain.
