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R N Gonzalez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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monitoring udder health and Milk Quality using somatic cell counts
Veterinary Research, 2003Co-Authors: Ynte H. Schukken, Francis L Welcome, Linda Garrisontikofsky, David J. Wilson, R N GonzalezAbstract:In this article the use of somatic cell counts for monitoring udder health and Milk Quality is discussed. Somatic cell count dynamics at quarter, cow, herd and population level are discussed and illustrated with examples. Quarter and cow somatic cell counts directly represent the inflammatory status of the mammary gland. Herd and population somatic cell count are related to the inflammatory process in individual cows but much more reflect the udder health status of the herd and the Quality of the raw Milk in the herd and the population. Application of monitoring tools in herd health management are illustrated using a case study. Understanding infection dynamics requires precise longitudinal data. Monitoring tools are required to find the areas of risk in the herd. It is inevitable that more complete udder health programs and monitoring systems are to be developed and implemented. These programs are necessarily dynamic and complex. Implementation of complete udder health programs should be accompanied by research efforts to further fine-tune these complete udder health control and monitoring programs. somatic cell count / mastitis / Milk Quality / monitoring / epidemiology
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monitoring udder health and Milk Quality using somatic cell counts
Veterinary Research, 2003Co-Authors: Y H Schukke, Francis L Welcome, Linda Garrisontikofsky, David J Wilso, R N GonzalezAbstract:In this article the use of somatic cell counts for monitoring udder health and Milk Quality is discussed. Somatic cell count dynamics at quarter, cow, herd and population level are discussed and illustrated with examples. Quarter and cow somatic cell counts directly represent the inflammatory status of the mammary gland. Herd and population somatic cell count are related to the inflammatory process in individual cows but much more reflect the udder health status of the herd and the Quality of the raw Milk in the herd and the population. Application of monitoring tools in herd health management are illustrated using a case study. Understanding infection dynamics requires precise longitudinal data. Monitoring tools are required to find the areas of risk in the herd. It is inevitable that more complete udder health programs and monitoring systems are to be developed and implemented. These programs are necessarily dynamic and complex. Implementation of complete udder health programs should be accompanied by research efforts to further fine-tune these complete udder health control and monitoring programs.
Pamela L. Ruegg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Management of Wisconsin Dairy Herds Enrolled in Milk Quality Teams
Journal of Dairy Science, 2010Co-Authors: A.c.o. Rodrigues, D Z Caraviello, Pamela L. RueggAbstract:A study was conducted to characterize Wisconsin dairy herds that enrolled in a team-based Milk Quality improvement program and to assess association of specific management practices with Milking efficiency and Milk Quality. Management and financial data were obtained from dairy farms (n = 180) that participated in the program. Upon enrollment, herds reported a median bulk Milk somatic cell count (SCC) of 333,500 cells/mL, an average of 125 lactating cows, and a mean rolling-herd average of 10,100 kg. Many management practices and bulk Milk SCC were strongly associated with herd size and facility type. Managers of herds housed in freestall barns adopted more standardized procedures and recommended management practices compared with managers of herds housed in stall barns. Those managers also reported less bulk Milk SCC and greater Milk yields, and had a tendency for lower prevalence of subclinical mastitis and reduced estimates of the incidence of clinical mastitis. Managers of freestall herds received more Quality premiums for Milk shipped, estimated that they had fewer financial losses related to mastitis, and reported more efficient Milking performance. A more efficient Milking performance did not increase estimates of clinical mastitis or bulk Milk SCC. In herds having freestalls, frequent training of employees seemed to be the fundamental factor that increased Milking efficiency. Bulk Milk SCC was positively associated with standard plate count, estimated rate of clinical mastitis, prevalence of subclinical mastitis, numbers of cows culled for mastitis, and estimated financial losses attributable to mastitis. Herds reporting high bulk Milk SCC had an increased prevalence of subclinical mastitis, but incidence did not differ among bulk Milk SCC categories. Overall, herds did not discuss Milk Quality frequently with dairy professionals, and herds having greater bulk Milk SCC reported less consultation with their herd veterinarian.
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associations among Milk Quality indicators in raw bulk Milk
Journal of Dairy Science, 2009Co-Authors: J C F Pantoja, D J Reinema, Pamela L. RueggAbstract:The objective of this study was to determine characteristics and associations among bulk Milk Quality indicators from a cohort of dairies that used modern Milk harvest, storage, and shipment systems and participated in an intensive program of Milk Quality monitoring. Bulk Milk somatic cell count (SCC), total bacteria count (TBC), coliform count (CC), and laboratory pasteurization count (LPC) were monitored between July 2006 and July 2007. Bulk Milk samples were collected 3 times daily (n = 3 farms), twice daily (n = 6 farms), once daily (n = 4 farms), or once every other day (n = 3 farms). Most farms (n = 11) had direct loading of Milk into tankers on trucks, but 5 farms had stationary bulk tanks. The average herd size was 924 cows (range = 200 to 2,700), and daily Milk produced per herd was 35,220 kg (range = 7,500 to 105,000 kg). Thresholds for increased bacterial counts were defined according to the 75th percentile and were >8,000 cfu/mL for TBC, >160 cfu/mL for CC, and ≥310 cfu/mL for LPC. Means values were 12,500 (n = 7,241 measurements), 242 (n = 7,275 measurements), and 226 cfu/mL (n = 7,220 measurements) for TBC, CC, and LPC, respectively. Increased TBC was 6.3 times more likely for bulk Milk loads with increased CC compared with loads containing fewer coliforms. Increased TBC was 1.3 times more likely for bulk Milk with increased LPC. The odds of increased TBC increased by 2.4% for every 10,000-cells/mL increase in SCC in the same Milk load. The odds of increased CC increased by 4.3% for every 10,000-cells/mL increase in SCC. The odds of increased CC increased by 1% for every 0.1°C increase in the Milk temperature upon arrival at the dairy plant (or at pickup for farms with bulk tank). Laboratory pasteurization count was poorly associated with other Milk Quality indicators. Seasonal effects on bacterial counts and Milk temperature varied substantially among farms. Results of this study can be used to aid the interpretation and analysis of indicators of Milk Quality intensively produced by dairy processors’ laboratories.
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Milk Quality and mastitis tests
Univ Wisconsin Sch Vet Med., 2002Co-Authors: Pamela L. Ruegg, Douglas J. ReinemannAbstract:A variety of diagnostic tests are routinely used to evaluate Milk Quality on dairy farms. Tests such as bulk Milk bacterial counts, bulk tank somatic cell count and tests for adulterants such as water, sediment or antibiotics are routinely used by regulatory agencies. Other tests such as individual cow somatic cell count values, Staphylococcus aureus Milk antibody tests, the California Mastitis test, Milk conductivity and Milk microbiology are often used diagnostically to investigate Milk Quality problems. Veterinarians also use various types of antibiotic susceptibility tests to help guide mastitis treatment decisions. The successful use of Milk Quality and mastitis tests requires knowledge of the methodology and diagnostic capabilities of each test. This paper reviews practical applications and supporting research of tests that are commonly used to investigate and solve Milk Quality and mastitis problems on dairy farms.
P L Ruegg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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association of bedding types with management practices and indicators of Milk Quality on larger wisconsin dairy farms
Journal of Dairy Science, 2015Co-Authors: R F Rowbotham, P L RueggAbstract:The objective of this study was to identify associations of bedding type and selected management practices with bulk Milk Quality and productivity of larger Wisconsin dairy farms. Dairy herds (n=325) producing ≥11,340 kg of Milk daily were surveyed during a single farm visit. Monthly bulk Milk SCC and total bacteria counts were obtained from Milk buyers for 255 farms for a 2-yr period. Of farms with the same type of bedding in all pens during the study period, most used inorganic bedding (IB), followed by organic nonmanure bedding (OB) and manure products (MB). Almost all bulk Milk total bacterial counts were <10,000 cfu/mL and total bacterial count was not associated with bedding type. Bulk Milk somatic cell score (BMSCS) was least for farms using IB, varied seasonally, and was greatest in the summer. The BMSCS was reduced when new bedding was added to stalls at intervals greater than 1 wk and when teats were dried before attaching the Milking unit. The BMSCS for farms using OB was reduced when bedding in the backs of stalls was removed and replaced regularly and when fewer cows with nonfunctioning mammary quarters were present. The BMSCS for farms using MB was reduced when the proportion of cows with Milk discarded was less. The rolling herd average (RHA) of herds using IB was 761 and 1,153 kg greater than the RHA of herds using OB and MB, respectively. The RHA was 353 kg greater on farms where farmers understood subclinical mastitis and 965 kg greater on farms Milking 3 times daily. Each 1% increase of cows with nonfunctioning mammary quarters was associated with a decrease of 57 kg of RHA. The BMSCS, proportions of cows with Milk discarded and proportion of cows with nonfunctioning mammary quarters were least for herds using IB and were associated with increased productivity. Large Wisconsin dairy farms that used inorganic bedding had greater productivity and better Milk Quality compared with herds using other bedding types.
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effects of tail docking on Milk Quality and cow cleanliness
Journal of Dairy Science, 2002Co-Authors: D A Schreine, P L RueggAbstract:The objective of this study was to determine the effect of tail docking on somatic cell count (SCC), intramammary infection (IMI), and udder and leg cleanliness in commercial dairy herds. Lactating dairy cows (n = 1250) from eight Wisconsin farms were blocked by farm and randomly allocated to tail docked (D) or control (C) groups. Milk samples, somatic cell counts, and hygiene scores were collected for 8 to 9 mo. The prevalence of IMI was determined for each of the five occasions when Milk samples were obtained. Udder and leg cleanliness were assessed during Milk sample collection. Docked and control animals were compared by logSCC, prevalence of IMI, and leg and udder cleanliness score. Variables were analyzed according to all treatment, period, and farm interactions. At the end of the study period 76 (12.2%) and 81 (13%) of cows were culled in the D and C groups, respectively. There were no significant differences in the initial data for parity, daily Milk yield, logSCC, or DIM between treatment groups. Effects significant to farms were identified for all variables over all periods. Period was significant for all variables except for the prevalence of environmental pathogens, but no period x treatment interactions were detected. There was no significant difference between treatment groups for somatic cell count. The prevalence of contagious, environmental, or minor pathogens did not differ significantly between treatment groups. This study did not identify any differences in udder or leg hygiene or Milk Quality that could be attributed to tail docking.
Jakob Sehested - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of substituting barley with glycerol as energy feed on feed intake Milk production and Milk Quality in dairy cows in mid or late lactation
Livestock Science, 2018Co-Authors: Charlotte Gaillard, M T Sorense, Mogens Vestergaard, Martin Riis Weisbjerg, M K Larse, Henrik Martinusse, Ulla Kidmose, Jakob SehestedAbstract:Abstract The experiment reported in this research paper aimed to determine the level at which glycerol can substitute barley in grass-clover silage-based ration for dairy cows in mid or late lactation, without affecting Milk production, Milk composition, Milk free fatty acid (FFA) profile, and Milk sensory Quality. Forty Holstein cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square experimental design. Crude glycerol substituted barley in the partially mixed ration (PMR) of the cows at inclusion levels of 0% (Gly0), 6% (Gly6), 12% (Gly12), and 18% (Gly18) of dietary dry matter (DM). Individual Milk production, feed intake, and Milking frequency were recorded daily, while Milk composition and Milk FA daily were analyzed weekly. Milk sensory analysis was performed on fresh and 7 d stored samples for the four diets. The PMR intake increased almost 1 kg from Gly0 to Gly12, and decreased by approximately 1 kg from Gly12 to Gly18. Concentrate intake at the automated Milking unit tended to decrease by half a kg from Gly0 to Gly6. Milk yield decreased linearly with increasing proportions of glycerol in the diet while fat and protein contents in Milk increased. This resulted in a quadratic effect of dietary glycerol level on ECM yield, with maximum yield with Gly6 and the lowest yield with Gly18. Protein and lactose yields decreased linearly with increasing proportions of glycerol in the diet. With increasing glycerol proportion in the diet, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and conjugated linoleic acid proportions in Milk decreased linearly, while most of the short and medium chain FFA proportions in Milk increased. To conclude, glycerol, as an energy feed, can substitute barley up to 18% of dietary DM for dairy cows in mid or late lactation without affecting Milk Quality. However, including more than 12% dietary glycerol might decrease ECM yield.
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effect of substituting soybean meal and canola cake with grain based dried distillers grains with solubles as a protein source on feed intake Milk production and Milk Quality in dairy cows
Journal of Dairy Science, 2017Co-Authors: Charlotte Gaillard, Mogens Vestergaard, Martin Riis Weisbjerg, Ulla Kidmose, M T Sorensen, Abul Basar, Mette Krogh Larsen, Henrik Martinussen, Jakob SehestedAbstract:ABSTRACT The growth of the bioethanol industry is leading to an increase in the production of coproducts such as dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). Both corn-based DDGS and grain-based DDGS (gDDGS; defined as originating from grain sources such as barley, wheat, triticale, or a mix, excluding corn) appear to be relevant sources of feed and protein for dairy cows. To date, most of the studies investigating DDGS have been performed with corn-based DDGS. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of the proportion of gDDGS in the diet on feed intake, Milk production, and Milk Quality. The present experiment involved 48 Holstein cows in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 3 grass-based dietary treatments consisting of 4, 13.5, and 23% gDDGS on a dry matter (DM) basis (L, M, and H, respectively) as a replacement for a concentrate mix. The concentrate mix consisted of soybean meal, canola cake, and beet pulp. Dry matter intake and energy-corrected Milk yield were not affected by the proportion of gDDGS in the diet. Daily Milk yield decreased with the H diet compared with the L and M diets. The percentage of fat in Milk was higher when cows were fed the H diet compared with the L and M diets, whereas Milk fat yield was not affected by dietary treatment. The M diet had a higher percentage of protein in Milk compared with the L and H diets. Milk protein yield was similar for the L and M diets; however, it decreased for the H diet. Milk taste was not affected by the proportion of gDDGS in the diet or when Milk was stored for 7 d. Linoleic acid and conjugated linoleic acid cis -9, trans -11 in Milk increased with increasing proportion of gDDGS. To conclude, gDDGS can replace soybean meal and canola cake as a protein source in the diet of dairy cows. Up to 13.5% of the diet may consist of gDDGS without negatively affecting Milk production, Milk Quality, or Milk taste. When gDDGS represents 23% of dietary DM, Milk production is reduced by 1.6 kg/d, whereas energy-corrected Milk production is numerically reduced by 1 kg.
Y H Schukke - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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influence of variable Milk Quality premiums on observed Milk Quality
Journal of Dairy Science, 2008Co-Authors: Camero Nightingale, K Dhuyvette, R M Mitchell, Y H SchukkeAbstract:The objective of this study was to evaluate a premium program for very high Quality Milk in a US cooperative. Data were available on a monthly basis from a large US Milk cooperative from April 1998 through December 2005. The data set consisted of 36,930 observations representing producer-months. The actual amount of the low bulk tank somatic cell count (BTSCC) premium varied from $0.15 per hundred pounds (cwt.) of Milk to $1.00/cwt. with steps in between of $0.50 and $0.60 per cwt. of Milk during the data collection period. Data analysis was done to evaluate the impact of the premium program on average BTSCC and on the probability of a producer to ship Milk with <100,000 cells/mL in a given month. The results showed a strong effect of the premium program on both the average BTSCC and the probability of producing Milk with very low BTSCC. On average, the BTSCC of all the Milk in the cooperative was reduced by 22,000 cells during the high premium period. The probability of producing Milk with BTSCC <100,000 doubled during some months of the high premium period from 4 to 8%, and an associated 10% increase in probability to produce Milk below 200,000 cells/mL was observed. The data clearly indicate that premium offerings for very high Quality Milk affect the overall Milk Quality in the population affected by the premium. Producers responded to the high premiums and the overall impact on Milk Quality was substantial. We argue that the combination of a penalty program for high BTSCC Milk with a premium program for very high Quality Milk (low BTSCC) provides a strong incentive for improvement of Milk Quality.
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monitoring udder health and Milk Quality using somatic cell counts
Veterinary Research, 2003Co-Authors: Y H Schukke, Francis L Welcome, Linda Garrisontikofsky, David J Wilso, R N GonzalezAbstract:In this article the use of somatic cell counts for monitoring udder health and Milk Quality is discussed. Somatic cell count dynamics at quarter, cow, herd and population level are discussed and illustrated with examples. Quarter and cow somatic cell counts directly represent the inflammatory status of the mammary gland. Herd and population somatic cell count are related to the inflammatory process in individual cows but much more reflect the udder health status of the herd and the Quality of the raw Milk in the herd and the population. Application of monitoring tools in herd health management are illustrated using a case study. Understanding infection dynamics requires precise longitudinal data. Monitoring tools are required to find the areas of risk in the herd. It is inevitable that more complete udder health programs and monitoring systems are to be developed and implemented. These programs are necessarily dynamic and complex. Implementation of complete udder health programs should be accompanied by research efforts to further fine-tune these complete udder health control and monitoring programs.