The Experts below are selected from a list of 9312 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Yongkang Luo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
postmortem changes in physicochemical properties of songpu Mirror Carp cyprinus Carpio during iced storage
Food bioscience, 2015Co-Authors: Sichao Zhu, Ligeng Feng, Zhongyu Zhou, Yongkang LuoAbstract:Abstract In order to estimate the physicochemical changes of songpu Mirror Carp ( Cyprinus Carpio ) during 72 h postmortem storage in ice, the concentration of ATP and related compounds, texture parameters, pH value, color parameters and water holding capacity (WHC) were studied. The inosine monophosphate (IMP) concentration in songpu Mirror Carp increased to top at 36 h while the pH reached the lowest value at 8 h after slaughter. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration, texture parameters (hardness, adhensiveness, springiness cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness and resilience) and WHC all reached the extreme values within 2 h during postmortem storage. K value increased from 1.41% to 7.50% during the whole storage. Both a ⁎ and b ⁎ values showed no significant change after 8 h. The ice-stored songpu Mirror Carp has obtained better characteristics for processing and consuming at 2–4 h after slaughter.
-
the quality changes of songpu Mirror Carp cyprinus Carpio during partial freezing and chilled storage
Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 2014Co-Authors: Yongkang Luo, Zhongyu Zhou, Ligeng FengAbstract:In order to understand the effects of partial freezing (at −3C) and chilled (at 3C) storage on quality of Songpu Mirror Carp (Cyprinus Carpio) fillets, total aerobic count (TAC), K value, adenosine triphosphate and related compounds, total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), drip loss, electric conductivity (EC), and sensory scores of Songpu Mirror Carp fillets were investigated. According to sensory scores, shelf life of fillets at 3C and −3C were 9 days and 21 days, respectively. TAC of fillets was 7.12 and 3.70 log cfu/g at 3 and −3C on the ninth day, respectively. The TVB-N of fillets was 13.72% on the sixth day at 3C and 13.98% on the 30th day at −3C. The EC of fillets under both conditions showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). Additionally, K value was not suitable for evaluating freshness changes of Songpu Mirror Carp. Partial freezing could extend shelf life more effectively than chilled storage. Practical Applications The study investigated the effects of partial freezing and chilled storage on the quality of Songpu Mirror Carp fillets. Partial freezing storage could extend 2.3 times of shelf life of Songpu Mirror Carp compared with chilled storage. If shorter shelf life of up to 9 days for Songpu Mirror Carp is required, chilled storage was better than partial freezing storage. At the requirement of 9–21 days of storage, partial freezing was favorable.
-
modelling quality changes in songpu Mirror Carp cyprinus Carpio fillets stored at chilled temperatures comparison between arrhenius model and log logistic model
International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2013Co-Authors: Zhongyu Zhou, Yongkang Luo, Huixing SheAbstract:Summary To understand the quality changes in Songpu Mirror Carp (Cyprinus Carpio) fillets during chilled storage, sensory score, total aerobic counts (TAC), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and electrical conductivity (EC) of the fillets stored at 270, 273, 276, 282 and 288 K were investigated. Furthermore, both Arrhenius model and log-logistic model were established to predict the quality changes. The high regression coefficients (R2 > 0.90) represented the acceptability of both Arrhenius model and log-logistic model. Relative errors between predicted values and observed values were all within ±5% for models based on EC, within ± 25% for models based on TAC and TVB-N (except the TVB-N value on 9th and 15th day). The relative errors of sensory score were all within ±35% in the first 9 days. It is concluded that both Arrhenius model and log-logistic model based on EC, TAC or TVB-N can be applied in modelling quality changes in Songpu Mirror Carp fillets during storage within 270–288 K.
Liansheng Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
effect of yucca schidigera extract on the growth performance intestinal antioxidant status immune response and tight junctions of Mirror Carp cyprinus Carpio
Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2020Co-Authors: Liansheng Wang, Yuanyua Zhang, Guanghua Wang, Zhengpeng ZhuAbstract:The current study was designed to evaluate the effect of Yucca schidigera extract (YSE) on the growth performance, intestinal antioxidant status, immune response, and tight junctions of Mirror Carp (Cyprinus Carpio). A total of 450 Mirror Carp (45.21 ± 0.43 g) were fed diets supplemented with 0, 200, or 400 mg/kg YSE for 8 weeks. Compared with the control (0 mg/kg), the final body weight and weight gain rate were significantly higher in the 400 mg/kg YSE group (P < 0.05), and the serum ammonia concentration was significantly lower in both YSE groups (P < 0.05). Additionally, the total antioxidant capacity was significantly higher in the 400 mg/kg YSE group (P < 0.05), and the malondialdehyde content was significantly lower in both YSE groups (P < 0.05). Complement 3 and 4 contents were significantly higher in the 400 mg/kg YSE group (P < 0.05), and lysozyme was significantly higher in both YSE groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The relative mRNA levels of copper zinc superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase1a, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 as well as transforming growth factor β were significantly higher in both YSE supplemented groups compared to the control (P < 0.05), whereas the relative mRNA level of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 was significantly lower in both YSE supplemented groups (P < 0.05). The relative mRNA levels of interleukin 1β and interleukin 6 were significantly lower in the 400 mg/kg YSE supplemented group compared to the control (P < 0.05). Additionally, both YSE levels decreased the relative mRNA expression of tumour necrosis factor-α (P < 0.05). The relative mRNA levels of ZO-1 and claudin 11 were significantly higher in both YSE supplemented groups (P < 0.05), and the relative mRNA level of occludin was significantly higher in the 200 mg/kg YSE group than the control and 400 mg/kg YSE groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 400 mg/kg YSE improved the growth, intestinal antioxidant status, immune response, and tight junctions of Mirror Carp.
-
effects of α ketoglutarate on growth performance antioxidant capacity and ammonia metabolization against chronic carbonate alkalinity stress in songpu Mirror Carp cyprinus Carpio songpu
Aquaculture Research, 2020Co-Authors: Feng Peng, Changa Wang, Yuanyua Zhang, Liansheng WangAbstract:A 3 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted to investigate the interaction between carbonate alkalinity and dietary α‐ketoglutarate (AKG) levels on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity and ammonia metabolization of Songpu Mirror Carp (Cyprinus Carpio Songpu). Each diet (0%, 1% AKG) was randomly allotted to 0 mmol/L, 15 mmol/L, 30 mmol/L carbonate alkalinity groups with three replicate aquaria. The weight gain rate (WGR) significantly increased in the 1% AKG group and significantly decreased with increasing carbonate alkalinity (p < .05). Crude ash was significantly affected by the interaction between carbonate alkalinity and dietary AKG levels and significantly increased in the 1% AKG group (p < .05). A significant interaction between carbonate alkalinity and dietary AKG levels on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in hepatopancreas was observed (p < .05). The increasing carbonate alkalinities significantly decreased SOD activities in the hepatopancreas and foregut, catalase (CAT) activities in the hepatopancreas, foregut, midgut and hindgut and glutathione (GSH) contents in the hepatopancreas and foregut (p < .05). Despite AKG addition, the blood ammonia content still increased with increasing carbonate alkalinities. The gene expressions of AQP3, Rhag, Rhcg2 and Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase (NKA) in the gills and glutamine synthase (GS) in the brain were significantly upregulated with increasing carbonate alkalinities (p < .05). In the 1% AKG group, GS gene expression significantly upregulated in the brains, whereas AQP3, Rhag, Rhcg2 and NKA gene expressions significantly downregulated in the gills (p < .05). In summary, the 1% AKG addition can enhance the gene expression of ammonia metabolization and improve the antioxidant capacity of Songpu Mirror Carp with chronic carbonate alkalinity stress.
-
effects of a ketoglutarate akg supplementation in low phosphorous diets on the growth phosphorus metabolism and skeletal development of juvenile Mirror Carp cyprinus Carpio
Aquaculture, 2019Co-Authors: Liansheng WangAbstract:Abstract The a-ketoglutarate has a positive effects on phosphorus metabolism and bone synthesis and is expected to decrease the phosphorus requirement of fish, so as to reduce phosphorus pollution in aquaculture. The effects of AKG supplementation in low phosphorous (P) diets on the growth, P metabolism and skeletal development of juvenile songpu Mirror Carp (Cyprinus Carpio) were studied. Triplicate groups of Mirror Carp (6.67 ± 0.08 g) were fed diets containing a total phosphorous of 0.96% (adequate P, AP) and 0.82% (low P, LP), with graded levels 0 (LP-0), 0.2% (LP-0.2), 0.4% (LP-0.4), 0.6% (LP-0.6), 0.8% (LP-0.8) and 1.0% (LP-1.0) of AKG added to diets; fish were fed to satiation for 8 weeks. The results are as follows: Compared with the AP group, the weight gain rate (WGR) and the specific growth rate (SGR) were significantly lower and the feed coefficient rate (FCR) was significantly higher (P 0.05), but the expression of NaPi-IIb mRNA in the foregut and hindgut were significantly decreased in the AKG supplementation group (P
-
effect of n carbamoylglutamate supplementation on the growth performance antioxidant status and immune response of Mirror Carp cyprinus Carpio fed an arginine deficient diet
Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2019Co-Authors: Liansheng Wang, Changa Wang, Zhigang Zhao, Liang LuoAbstract:Abstract The present study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary N-carbamoylglutamate (NCG) supplementation on the growth performance, antioxidant capability and immune responses of Mirror Carp (Cyprinus Carpio) fed an arginine (Arg)-deficient diet. A total of 630 Mirror Carp (41.65 ± 0.14 g) were fed diets (Arg 1.24% of the diet) that were supplemented with 0.50% Arg (control diet) or graded levels of NCG at 0 (Arg deficiency diet), 0.04%, 0.08%, 0.12%, 0.16% and 0.20% for 8 weeks. The results showed that, compared with the control diet, the Arg-deficient diet supplementation with 0 NCG (1) decreased the final body weight (FWB), the weight gain rate (WGR) or the protein efficiency ratio (PER) and increased the feed conversion ratio (FCR); (2) decreased the concentration of Arg and nitric oxide (NO) and the activity of total nitric oxide synthetase (T-NOS) in the plasma; (3) decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the proximal intestine (PI), catalase (CAT) in the PI and distal intestine (DI), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in PI and mid-intestine (MI) and increased the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the PI, MI and DI; and (4) decreased the activity of lysozyme in the plasma, increased the relative mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) in the PI, MI and DI, and decreased the relative mRNA expression of interleukin 10 (IL-10) in the PI and MI, and transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2) in the PI, MI and DI. Compared with the Arg deficient-diet supplementation with 0 NCG, (1) 0.12% or 0.16% NCG increased the FBW, WGR and PER, and 0.16% NCG increased the FCR; (2) 0.08%–0.20% NCG increased the concentration of Arg, NO and the activity of T-NOS; (3) 0.08% NCG increased the activities of SOD in the PI and MI, and 0.12% NCG increased activities of CAT and GPx in the PI, MI and DI; and (4) 0.04%–0.20% NCG increased the activity of lysozyme, 0.04%–0.20% NCG decreased the relative mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-8 in the PI and MI, and 0.04%–0.20% NCG increased the relative mRNA expression of IL-10 and TGF-β2 in the PI and MI. The present results indicated that dietary 0.12% or 0.16% NCG improved the growth performance, feed utilization, intestinal antioxidant capacity and immune response of Mirror Carp fed an Arg-deficient diet.
Ikram Elghi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
black soldier fly larvae as a better lipid source than yellow mealworm or silkworm oils for juvenile Mirror Carp cyprinus Carpio var specularis
Aquaculture, 2020Co-Authors: Ikram ElghiAbstract:Abstract A feeding trial was conducted to study the effects of different insect oils on growth performance, lipid metabolism, inflammation and related gene expression in juvenile Mirror Carp (Cyprinus Carpio var. Specularis). Triplicate cages of juvenile Mirror Carp were fed one of four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets, including black soldier fly oil (BSFO, 25 g kg−1), silkworm pupae oil (SWPO, 25 g kg−1), yellow mealworm oil (YMO, 25 g kg−1), and a mixture of the three insect oils, BSFO, SWPO and YMO (MIXO, 25 g kg−1) (n = 3). After 59 days, the results showed that weight gain and specific growth rate of fish fed with BSFO and MIXO diets were significantly higher than the fish fed the other two insect oil diets, while feed conversion rate in the same dietary groups was significantly lower than fish fed the SWPO and YMO diets. Intra-peritoneal fat index and adipocyte size in intra-peritoneal fat tissue decreased in the fish fed with BSFO and MIXO compared to fish fed the SWPO and YMO diets. Relative gene expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) significantly decreased, while peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) significantly increased in intra-peritoneal fat tissue of fish fed with BSFO and MIXO diets compared with Mirror Carp fed with SWPO and YMO diets. The activity and transcription of total superoxide dismutase (SOD) significantly increased in the liver of fish fed with BSFO and MIXO than fish fed with SWPO and YMO diets. The content of hepatic maleic dialdehyde (MDA) significantly decreased, while serum globulin (GLO) significantly increased in fish fed with BSFO and MIXO than fish fed with SWPO and YMO diets. Moreover, the transcription of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) was higher in liver of fish fed with BSFO and MIXO diets. Fish fed with SWPO diet significantly up-regulated the hepatic expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis-α (TNF-α) than fish fed with BSFO, YMO or MIXO diets. Overall, compared to others insect oils source (YMO and SWPO), inclusion of BSFO or the combination of the three oils (MIXO) in the diets positively influence growth performance, lipid metabolism of intra-peritoneal fat, liver antioxidant capacity and inflammatory response of juvenile Mirror Carp.
Erlong Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
pathological and immunological analyses of thelohanellus kitauei myxozoa myxosporea infection in the scattered Mirror Carp cyprinus Carpio
Scientific Reports, 2019Co-Authors: Tao Liu, Wenya Wei, Kaiyu Wang, Qia Yang, Erlong WangAbstract:Thelohanellus kitauei is a spore-forming myxosporean parasite prevalent in scattered Mirror Carp (Cyprinus Carpio) that generates numerous cysts in the intestine and causes mass mortality in fish. To investigate the infection and mortality induced by T. kitauei in pond-reared farms in Luo-Jiang (104°51’N, 31°31’E), southwest China, morphological and molecular analyses of infected fish were conducted. Natural and specific immune indicators were further evaluated to determine the immunological effects of response to parasitic infection. The infectious parasite was identified as Thelohanellus kitauei based on morphological, 18S rDNA and infectious characteristics. Scattered Mirror Carp was determined as the specific intermediate host of the parasite. However, T. kitauei still caused considerable damage to the fish, in particular, injury and blockage of the intestines, resulting in malnutrition and even death. The mature spores of T. kitauei colonize the intestinal submucosa of Carp and form cysts of various sizes that block the intestinal tract and release spores into the enteric cavity upon rupture, leading to the next phase of T. kitauei growth. Moreover, T. kitauei-infected Carp showed weaker innate immunity. IgM is involved in the fight against parasitic infection while cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α, had an impact on infection processes. To our knowledge, this is the first report to show that T. kitauei infects and causes death in scattered Mirror Carp. Our collective findings from systematic pathology, morphology and immunology experiments provide a foundation for further research on infections by this type of parasite and development of effective treatment strategies.
S J Davies - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
a comparison between marine and terrestrial invertebrate meals for Mirror Carp cyprinus Carpio diets impact on growth haematology and health
Aquaculture Research, 2017Co-Authors: Donna Snellgrove, S J DaviesAbstract:Invertebrate meals (e.g. polychaetes and insects) present novel and sustainable high-quality nutrient sources for use in fish feed formulations. To test this innovative source, an eleven-week feeding trial was conducted evaluating the effects of replacing the fishmeal (FM) component as an example of a superior protein source (FM CTRL) with ragworm meal (RW, Nereis virens) and/or silkworm pupae (SWP, Bombyx mori) in Mirror Carp (Cyprinus Carpio) diets. Three experimental diets with partial replacement of FM (diets: RW + FM, SWP + FM and RW + SWP + FM) were formulated. All diets were formulated to be iso-nitrogenous, iso-lipidic and iso-energetic. Growth performance and feed utilization indices were assessed, and the feeding trial concluded with the analysis of haematological parameters to provide an indication of Carp physiological and health status. Mean weight gain was greatest in Mirror Carp fed RW + FM (60.83 fish−1 day−1; P < 0.05 vs. all other diets) followed by SWP + FM (40.62 g fish−1 day−1; P < 0.05 vs. all other diets). The least weight gain was achieved in fish fed FM + SWP + RW+ and FM CTRL (34.34 and 33.96 g fish−1 day−1, respectively; not significantly different from each other). Fish fed on RW + FM diet had significantly lower plasma ammonia concentrations than any other dietary groups (P = 0.04). Mirror Carp fed on SWP + FM diet (111.52 units mL−1) were observed to have a marked enhancement in alternative complement activity than FM CTRL (79.21 units mL−1, P = 0.041). Both ragworm and silkworm pupae meal present attractive sustainable functional feed component in Carp diets, with benefits on enhancing growth performance and specific physiological parameters.
-
effects of dietary β 1 3 1 6 d glucan supplementation on growth performance intestinal morphology and haemato immunological profile of Mirror Carp cyprinus Carpio l
Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 2014Co-Authors: H Kuhlwei, Daniel L Merrifield, Mark D Rawling, Andrew D Foey, S J DaviesAbstract:In recent years, aquaculture research has focused on probiotics, prebiotics, and β-glucans, in order to improve health status and growth performance. Information regarding the effects of β-glucan on growth performance and intestinal immunity of Mirror Carp (Cyprinus Carpio L.) is scarce. An experiment was therefore conducted to investigate the effects of a yeast β-glucan preparation (MacroGard(®) ) on growth performance, intestinal morphology and haemato-immunological indices of Mirror Carp. Carp (initial weight 11.1 ± 0.0 g) were fed highly purified diets supplemented with 0% (control), 0.1%, 1% or 2% MacroGard(®) for 8 weeks. Fish fed diets containing 1% and 2% MacroGard(®) showed significant improvements in weight gain, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio compared to fish fed both the control and the 0.1% MacroGard(®) containing diet. Histological appraisal of the intestine showed a significantly higher infiltration of leucocytes into the epithelial layer of fish fed diets supplemented with 1% and 2% MacroGard(®) in the anterior intestine compared to fish fed the control and 0.1% MacroGard(®) diet. This effect was not observed in the posterior intestine. There were no significant differences in the intestinal absorptive surface area and number of goblet cells in either intestinal region. At the end of the experiment, the haematological status of the fish was examined. Compared to control fed fish, the haematocrit value was significantly elevated in fish fed the 2% MacroGard(®) diet. Furthermore, the blood monocyte fraction was significantly higher in fish fed the 1% and 2% MacroGard(®) diets. No significant changes were observed in the other blood parameters assessed. The present study shows that high dietary β-glucan inclusion increases growth performance without detrimental effects on the health indicators assessed. Increased intraepithelial leucocytes in the anterior intestine may indicate a localized immune response; no detrimental effects on intestinal morphology were observed.
-
dietary modulation of immune response and related gene expression profiles in Mirror Carp cyprinus Carpio using selected exotic feed ingredients
Aquaculture, 2014Co-Authors: Mark D Rawling, Daniel L Merrifield, D Snellgrove, H Kuhlwei, Giorgia Gioacchini, Oliana Carnevali, S J DaviesAbstract:Abstract An investigation was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding selected exotic ingredients on immune responses and expression of immune related genes in Mirror Carp ( Cyprinus Carpio ). Fish were fed diets for a total of 56 days. Fishmeal served as the main protein source in the control diet and two experimental diets consisted of fishmeal fixed at 34% provision of protein and the remaining 66% protein was provided either by earthworm meal (EW diet) or a combination of whey protein concentrate (8%) and casein (58%) (WPC diet). At the start of the trial fish were injected intraperitoneally with Aeromonas hydrophila bacterin and samples of Carp blood were taken for gene expression, haematological and serological analysis. Compared to fish fed fishmeal, a significant increase in mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β (24 h post injection) and TNFα (at 12 h and 48 h post injection) was observed in fish fed EW. Moreover a similar trend was observed for complement 3 (C3) gene, where fish fed EW showed significant elevations in mRNA expression values at both 12 and 48 h post injection compared to control fed fish. In contrast, fish fed WPC showed a significant decrease in C3 and TNF-α mRNA expression compared to fish fed fishmeal (48 h post injection). Fish fed EW and WPC showed a significant increase in peripheral leukocyte levels compared to fish fed fishmeal 14 d post injection. Fish fed fishmeal presented significantly higher circulatory IgM levels at 7 d post injection compared to fish fed EW and WPC. In contrast, fish fed EW and WPC showed a significant increase in IgM levels at 28 d post injection. The present study shows an up-regulation of all immune related genes in fish fed EW, compared to fish fed fish meal, which is indicative of an acute inflammatory response. In contrast it appears feeding WPC has an immunosuppressive effect towards TNFα and C3 expression in Carp blood. This may be offset by the fact that feeding WPC to Carp appears to aid in the increased production of circulatory IgM and leukocyte levels compared to fishmeal fed fish.
-
effects of a dietary β 1 3 1 6 d glucan supplementation on intestinal microbial communities and intestinal ultrastructure of Mirror Carp cyprinus Carpio l
Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2013Co-Authors: H Kuhlwei, Mark D Rawling, Daniel L Merrifield, M Emery, Gle M Harpe, S J DaviesAbstract:Aim To assess the effects of dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae β-(1,3)(1,6)-d-glucan supplementation (MacroGard®) on Mirror Carp (Cyprinus Carpio L.) intestinal microbiota and ultrastructure of the enterocyte apical brush border. Methods and Results Carp were fed either a control diet or diets supplemented with 0·1, 1 or 2% w/w MacroGard®. Culture-dependent microbiology revealed that aerobic heterotrophic bacterial levels were unaffected by dietary MacroGard® after 2 and 4 weeks. No effects were observed on the allochthonous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) populations at either time point; however, reduced autochthonous LAB populations were observed at week 4. PCR-DGGE confirmed these findings through a reduction in the abundance of autochthonous Lactococcus sp. and Vagococcus sp. in MacroGard®-fed fish compared with the control-fed fish. Overall, sequence analysis detected microbiota belonging to the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria and unidentified uncultured bacteria. DGGE analyses also revealed that dietary MacroGard® reduced the number of observed taxonomical units (OTUs) and the species richness of the allochthonous microbiota after 2 weeks, but not after 4 weeks. In contrast, dietary MacroGard® reduced the number of OTUs, the species richness and diversity of the autochthonous microbiota after 2 weeks, and those parameters remained reduced after 4 weeks. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that intestinal microvilli length and density were significantly increased after 4 weeks in fish fed diets supplemented with 1% MacroGard®. Conclusions This study indicates that dietary MacroGard® supplementation modulates intestinal microbial communities of Mirror Carp and influences the morphology of the apical brush border. Significance and Impact of the Study To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the effects of β-(1,3)(1,6)-d-glucans on fish gut microbial communities, using culture-independent methods, and the ultrastructure of the apical brush border of the enterocytes in fish. This prebiotic-type effect may help to explain the mechanisms in which β-glucans provide benefits when fed to fish.
-
haemato immunological and growth response of Mirror Carp cyprinus Carpio fed a tropical earthworm meal in experimental diets
Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2012Co-Authors: Mark D Rawling, Daniel L Merrifield, D Snellgrove, H Kuhlwei, Alexandra Adams, S J DaviesAbstract:Abstract An investigation was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding a tropical earthworm meal ( Perionyx escavatus ) on the haemato-immunological response and growth performance of Mirror Carp ( Cyprinus Carpio ). Fish were fed diets for a total of 88 days, fishmeal served as the main protein source in the control diet. Two remaining diets consisted of fishmeal fixed at 33.65% provision of protein and the remaining 66.35% protein was provided by soybean meal (SBM diet) or P. excavatus meal (EW diet). Compared to control and SBM fed fish (7.69 ± 0.28 and 5.92 ± 0.31 g/dl, respectively), a significant increase in haemoglobin was measured in EW fed fish (9.57 ± 0.24 g/dl). Consequently significant elevations were also observed in mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH; 79.13 ± 4.59 pg) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC; 22.69 ± 0.54 pg) in EW fed fish. On the contrary, compared to control and SBM fed Carp total leukocyte levels (2.72 ± 0.17 and 3.10 ± 0.17 × 10 4 /mm 3 , respectively) were significantly decreased in the EW group (2.15 ± 0.14 × 10 4 /mm 3 ). Moreover at day 14 and 21 post immunisation with bacterin isolated from Aeromonas hydrophila fish fed the EW diet displayed a significant reduction in respiratory burst activity (RBA) compared to control and SBM fed fish. After 60 days of feeding, fish fed EW diet showed a significant elevation in final body weight compared to fish fed a fishmeal based diet (control treatment) and fish fed a soybean meal based diet. Similar improvements were observed in feed utilisation efficiency. The present study shows that feeding P. excavatus meal to Mirror Carp decreases some aspects of the innate immune response, but at the same time gives rise to significant enhancement of growth and feed utilisation efficiency.