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Romuald Polczyk - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Memory Training as a Method for Reducing the Misinformation Effect
Current Psychology, 2019Co-Authors: Malwina Szpitalak, Adrianna Woltmann, Romuald Polczyk, Magdalena KękuśAbstract:The two experiments presented in this study investigate the impact of memory training on the Misinformation Effect. This Effect is particularly important in the forensic context as exposing a witness to Misinformation may adversely affect the content of their testimony. During the training, the participants were acquainted with seven (Experiment 1) or six (Experiment 2) types of memory errors. It was expected that knowledge of the unreliability of human memory would reduce the Misinformation Effect and therefore improve the quality of testimony. These hypotheses were confirmed in both experiments. The efficacy of both the complete and reduced training courses was not statistically different. Additionally, in Experiment 1 the Effectiveness of warning against Misinformation was replicated: respondents warned about Misinformation were more resistant to it than those not warned. The tainted truth Effect was also present: people warned against non-existent Misinformation had lower correctness in the memory test than non-warned ones. Finally, immediate recall of the content of the original information had no impact on the Misinformation Effect.
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how to induce resistance to the Misinformation Effect characteristics of positive feedback in the reinforced self affirmation procedure
Psychology Crime & Law, 2019Co-Authors: Malwina Szpitalak, Romuald PolczykAbstract:ABSTRACTThe memory Misinformation Effect consists in the inclusion in witness testimonies of information from sources other than the given event. In the present article, research which aims to make people resistant to Misinformation is presented. It is based on reinforced self-affirmation (RSA), a method designed to enhance participants’ self-confidence and therefore make them more willing to rely on their own memories instead of external sources. RSA includes self-affirmation and positive feedback. In the present research, the efficacy of various kinds of positive feedback was explored. The results of Experiment 1 suggested that positive feedback relating to memory (MemRSA) is Effective in reducing the Misinformation Effect, while positive feedback relating to general cognitive ability is not. In Experiment 2, the superiority of MemRSA over inefficient feedback relating to attention was demonstrated. In Experiment 3, MemRSA was again Effective, and more Effective than inducing convictions about the indep...
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inducing resistance to the Misinformation Effect by means of reinforced self affirmation the importance of positive feedback
PLOS ONE, 2019Co-Authors: Malwina Szpitalak, Romuald PolczykAbstract:The Misinformation Effect is one of the major threats for the quality of witness testimony. It involves including of information that is inconsistent with the course of an event, and which originates from sources other than the event itself, into a witness's report of the event. In the present article research is presented aiming at reducing the tendency to rely on Misinformation. After viewing a video clip, participants received a post-event narrative describing the events in the film which in the misled group included some incorrect information about the clip. They were then administered reinforced self-affirmation (RSA), a technique aiming at boosting self-confidence in order to increase the tendency to rely on own memory instead of external cues. This technique consists of self-affirmation by means of writing down one’s greatest achievements in life and manipulated positive feedback. Feedback about memory, perception and independence of judgements was analyzed. All types of feedback Effectively reduced the Misinformation Effect. Mediation analyzes confirmed that RSA operates via increased self-confidence or self-independence.
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Toward a Non-memory Misinformation Effect: Accessing the Original Source Does Not Prevent Yielding to Misinformation
Current Psychology, 2016Co-Authors: Mateusz Polak, Malwina Szpitalak, Karolina Dukała, Romuald PolczykAbstract:The Misinformation Effect is regarded by many to be fully memory-related. The paper presents results demonstrating that it may occur without memory distortions or source monitoring errors. Three experiments were conducted, in which the participants were allowed to access the original and post-event source while answering. All experiments used a discrepancy detection test in order to see whether participants aware of discrepancies and having access to the original source, still provide answers consistent with Misinformation. In Experiments 2 and 3, the participants’ actions in the modified procedure were recorded, ensuring that subjects actively access the original source. A Misinformation Effect was obtained in all experiments. Moreover, awareness of discrepancies did not fully protect against the Misinformation Effect. Results demonstrate that existing memory-related explanations of the Misinformation Effect, including source misattribution, may not be enough to fully understand it.
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reinforced self affirmation as a method for reducing the eyewitness Misinformation Effect
Psychology Crime & Law, 2015Co-Authors: Malwina Szpitalak, Romuald PolczykAbstract:The Misinformation Effect occurs when an eyewitness includes information in their account that is incongruent with the event they witnessed, and stems from being exposed to incorrect external sources. Yet little research has been undertaken on techniques that could protect eyewitnesses from the influence of Misinformation, despite the dangerous consequences of distorted testimony. In this article, a method of enhancing self-confidence, called reinforced self-affirmation (RSA), was proven to reduce the Misinformation Effect in five experiments. First, participants watched or heard an original event take place. They were then exposed to post-event material containing false information about that event, and finally they were given a memory test about the original material. The RSA, which took place either before the post-event material or before the final test, consisted of self-affirmation (recalling the greatest achievements in life) and external positive feedback (simulated ‘good’ results in a memory test...
Hartmut Blank - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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how to protect eyewitness memory against the Misinformation Effect a meta analysis of post warning studies
Journal of applied research in memory and cognition, 2014Co-Authors: Hartmut Blank, Celine LaunayAbstract:Four decades of research and hundreds of studies speak to the power of post-event Misinformation to bias eyewitness accounts of events (see e.g., Loftus’ summary, 2005). A subset of this research has explored if the adverse influence of Misinformation on remembering can be undone or at least reduced through a later warning about its presence. We meta-analyzed 25 such post-warning studies (including 155 Effect sizes) to determine the Effectiveness of different types of warnings and to explore moderator Effects. Key findings were that (1) post-warnings are surprisingly Effective, reducing the Misinformation Effect to less than half of its size on average. (2) Some types of post-warning (following a theoretical classification) seem to be more Effective than others, particularly studies using an enlightenment procedure ( Blank, 1998). (3) The post-warning reduction in the Misinformation Effect reflects a specific increase in misled performance (relative to no warning), at negligible cost for control performance. We conclude with a discussion of theoretical and practical implications.
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false memory false memory drm errors are unrelated to the Misinformation Effect
PLOS ONE, 2013Co-Authors: James Ost, Hartmut Blank, Joanna Davies, Georgina Jones, Katie Lambert, Kelly SalmonAbstract:The DRM method has proved to be a popular and powerful, if controversial, way to study ‘false memories’. One reason for the controversy is that the extent to which the DRM Effect generalises to other kinds of memory error has been neither satisfactorily established nor subject to much empirical attention. In the present paper we contribute data to this ongoing debate. One hundred and twenty participants took part in a standard Misinformation Effect experiment, in which they watched some CCTV footage, were exposed to misleading post-event information about events depicted in the footage, and then completed free recall and recognition tests. Participants also completed a DRM test as an ostensibly unrelated filler task. Despite obtaining robust Misinformation and DRM Effects, there were no correlations between a broad range of Misinformation and DRM Effect measures (mean r = −.01). This was not due to reliability issues with our measures or a lack of power. Thus DRM ‘false memories’ and Misinformation Effect ‘false memories’ do not appear to be equivalent.
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undoing suggestive influence on memory the reversibility of the eyewitness Misinformation Effect
Cognition, 2012Co-Authors: Aileen Oeberst, Hartmut BlankAbstract:Presenting inconsistent postevent information about a witnessed incident typically decreases the accuracy of memory reports concerning that event (the Misinformation Effect). Surprisingly, the reversibility of the Effect (after an initial occurrence) has remained largely unexplored. Based on a memory conversion theoretical framework and associated refined assessment strategy, we report three experiments to demonstrate that suggestive influence can be completely undone. Initially established Misinformation Effects were eliminated – even after a period of 5 weeks (Exp. 3) – through (a) an enlightenment procedure ensuring an adequate representation of the memory task as a search for potentially two contradictory items (instead of “the” single “correct” answer) and (b) using a memory state test that unconfounds the performance contributions of item and source memory by assessing them separately. Specifically, memory for original event details that were the target of Misinformation was restored to the level of non-misled control performance, and even beyond (Exp. 3). This remarkable reversibility of Misinformation influence highlights the central role of memory conversion processes in the Misinformation Effect (but does not principally exclude the contribution of traditional interference processes). We discuss the compatibility of our findings with previous research and make suggestions for real-world eyewitness interrogation.
Malwina Szpitalak - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Memory Training as a Method for Reducing the Misinformation Effect
Current Psychology, 2019Co-Authors: Malwina Szpitalak, Adrianna Woltmann, Romuald Polczyk, Magdalena KękuśAbstract:The two experiments presented in this study investigate the impact of memory training on the Misinformation Effect. This Effect is particularly important in the forensic context as exposing a witness to Misinformation may adversely affect the content of their testimony. During the training, the participants were acquainted with seven (Experiment 1) or six (Experiment 2) types of memory errors. It was expected that knowledge of the unreliability of human memory would reduce the Misinformation Effect and therefore improve the quality of testimony. These hypotheses were confirmed in both experiments. The efficacy of both the complete and reduced training courses was not statistically different. Additionally, in Experiment 1 the Effectiveness of warning against Misinformation was replicated: respondents warned about Misinformation were more resistant to it than those not warned. The tainted truth Effect was also present: people warned against non-existent Misinformation had lower correctness in the memory test than non-warned ones. Finally, immediate recall of the content of the original information had no impact on the Misinformation Effect.
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how to induce resistance to the Misinformation Effect characteristics of positive feedback in the reinforced self affirmation procedure
Psychology Crime & Law, 2019Co-Authors: Malwina Szpitalak, Romuald PolczykAbstract:ABSTRACTThe memory Misinformation Effect consists in the inclusion in witness testimonies of information from sources other than the given event. In the present article, research which aims to make people resistant to Misinformation is presented. It is based on reinforced self-affirmation (RSA), a method designed to enhance participants’ self-confidence and therefore make them more willing to rely on their own memories instead of external sources. RSA includes self-affirmation and positive feedback. In the present research, the efficacy of various kinds of positive feedback was explored. The results of Experiment 1 suggested that positive feedback relating to memory (MemRSA) is Effective in reducing the Misinformation Effect, while positive feedback relating to general cognitive ability is not. In Experiment 2, the superiority of MemRSA over inefficient feedback relating to attention was demonstrated. In Experiment 3, MemRSA was again Effective, and more Effective than inducing convictions about the indep...
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inducing resistance to the Misinformation Effect by means of reinforced self affirmation the importance of positive feedback
PLOS ONE, 2019Co-Authors: Malwina Szpitalak, Romuald PolczykAbstract:The Misinformation Effect is one of the major threats for the quality of witness testimony. It involves including of information that is inconsistent with the course of an event, and which originates from sources other than the event itself, into a witness's report of the event. In the present article research is presented aiming at reducing the tendency to rely on Misinformation. After viewing a video clip, participants received a post-event narrative describing the events in the film which in the misled group included some incorrect information about the clip. They were then administered reinforced self-affirmation (RSA), a technique aiming at boosting self-confidence in order to increase the tendency to rely on own memory instead of external cues. This technique consists of self-affirmation by means of writing down one’s greatest achievements in life and manipulated positive feedback. Feedback about memory, perception and independence of judgements was analyzed. All types of feedback Effectively reduced the Misinformation Effect. Mediation analyzes confirmed that RSA operates via increased self-confidence or self-independence.
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Toward a Non-memory Misinformation Effect: Accessing the Original Source Does Not Prevent Yielding to Misinformation
Current Psychology, 2016Co-Authors: Mateusz Polak, Malwina Szpitalak, Karolina Dukała, Romuald PolczykAbstract:The Misinformation Effect is regarded by many to be fully memory-related. The paper presents results demonstrating that it may occur without memory distortions or source monitoring errors. Three experiments were conducted, in which the participants were allowed to access the original and post-event source while answering. All experiments used a discrepancy detection test in order to see whether participants aware of discrepancies and having access to the original source, still provide answers consistent with Misinformation. In Experiments 2 and 3, the participants’ actions in the modified procedure were recorded, ensuring that subjects actively access the original source. A Misinformation Effect was obtained in all experiments. Moreover, awareness of discrepancies did not fully protect against the Misinformation Effect. Results demonstrate that existing memory-related explanations of the Misinformation Effect, including source misattribution, may not be enough to fully understand it.
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reinforced self affirmation as a method for reducing the eyewitness Misinformation Effect
Psychology Crime & Law, 2015Co-Authors: Malwina Szpitalak, Romuald PolczykAbstract:The Misinformation Effect occurs when an eyewitness includes information in their account that is incongruent with the event they witnessed, and stems from being exposed to incorrect external sources. Yet little research has been undertaken on techniques that could protect eyewitnesses from the influence of Misinformation, despite the dangerous consequences of distorted testimony. In this article, a method of enhancing self-confidence, called reinforced self-affirmation (RSA), was proven to reduce the Misinformation Effect in five experiments. First, participants watched or heard an original event take place. They were then exposed to post-event material containing false information about that event, and finally they were given a memory test about the original material. The RSA, which took place either before the post-event material or before the final test, consisted of self-affirmation (recalling the greatest achievements in life) and external positive feedback (simulated ‘good’ results in a memory test...
Rachel Sutherland - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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psychotropic placebos create resistance to the Misinformation Effect
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2007Co-Authors: Seema L Clifasefi, Maryanne Garry, David N Harper, Stefanie J Sharman, Rachel SutherlandAbstract:Can a placebo for a psychotropic drug help participants resist the Misinformation Effect? To answer this question, we gave participants a mixture of baking soda and water and told half of them that the mixture was a cognition-enhancing drug called R273 and told the other half that it was an inactive version of the drug. Shortly thereafter, all participants took part in a three-stage Misinformation experiment. Compared with participants who were told that they had taken the placebo, the participants who were told that they had taken the drug reported improved cognitive abilities and were less susceptible to the Misinformation Effect. We provide sourcemonitoring and mindfulness accounts of our findings.
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age related changes in the Misinformation Effect
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 2001Co-Authors: Rachel Sutherland, Harlene HayneAbstract:In these experiments, we examined the relation between age-related changes in retention and age-related changes in the Misinformation Effect. Children (5- and 6- and 11- and 12-year-olds) and adults viewed a video, and their memory was assessed immediately, 1 day, or 6 weeks later (Experiment 1). There were large age-related differences in retention when participants were interviewed immediately and after 1 day, but after the 6-week delay, age-related differences in retention were minimal. In Experiment 2, 11- and 12-year-olds and adults were exposed to neutral, leading, and misleading postevent information 1 day or 6 weeks after they viewed the video. Exposure to misleading information increased the number of commission errors, particularly when participants were asked about peripheral aspects of the video. At both retention intervals, children were more likely than adults to incorporate the misleading postevent information into their subsequent verbal accounts. These findings indicate that age-related changes in the Misinformation Effect are not predicted by age-related changes in retention.
Maryanne Garry - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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whatever gave you that idea false memories following equivalence training a behavioral account of the Misinformation Effect
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2011Co-Authors: Danna M Challies, Maryanne Garry, Maree Hunt, David N HarperAbstract:The Misinformation Effect is a term used in the cognitive psychological literature to describe both experimental and real-world instances in which misleading information is incorporated into an account of an historical event. In many real-world situations, it is not possible to identify a distinct source of Misinformation, and it appears that the witness may have inferred a false memory by integrating information from a variety of sources. In a stimulus equivalence task, a small number of trained relations between some members of a class of arbitrary stimuli result in a large number of untrained, or emergent relations, between all members of the class. Misleading information was introduced into a simple memory task between a learning phase and a recognition test by means of a match-to-sample stimulus equivalence task that included both stimuli from the original learning task and novel stimuli. At the recognition test, participants given equivalence training were more likely to misidentify patterns than those who were not given such training. The Misinformation Effect was distinct from the Effects of prior stimulus exposure, or partial stimulus control. In summary, stimulus equivalence processes may underlie some real-world manifestations of the Misinformation Effect.
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psychotropic placebos reduce the Misinformation Effect by increasing monitoring at test
Memory, 2008Co-Authors: Sophie Parker, David N Harper, Maryanne Garry, Randall W Engle, Seema L ClifasefiAbstract:A psychotropic placebo can help people resist the Misinformation Effect, an Effect thought to be caused by a shift to more stringent source monitoring. When this shift occurs has been unclear. To address this issue we gave some people - but not others - a phoney cognitive-enhancing drug we called R273. Shortly afterwards, everyone took part in a Misinformation Effect experiment. To gather evidence about source monitoring we surreptitiously recorded time to read the misleading postevent narrative, and response time at test. Our findings suggest that people shifted to more stringent source monitoring at test. Moreover, people with higher working memory capacity (WMC) performed better than people with lower WMC - but only when they were told they had received R273, a finding that fits with research showing that WMC can confer advantages in situations demanding effortful control, but not when automatic heuristics suffice.
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psychotropic placebos create resistance to the Misinformation Effect
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2007Co-Authors: Seema L Clifasefi, Maryanne Garry, David N Harper, Stefanie J Sharman, Rachel SutherlandAbstract:Can a placebo for a psychotropic drug help participants resist the Misinformation Effect? To answer this question, we gave participants a mixture of baking soda and water and told half of them that the mixture was a cognition-enhancing drug called R273 and told the other half that it was an inactive version of the drug. Shortly thereafter, all participants took part in a three-stage Misinformation experiment. Compared with participants who were told that they had taken the placebo, the participants who were told that they had taken the drug reported improved cognitive abilities and were less susceptible to the Misinformation Effect. We provide sourcemonitoring and mindfulness accounts of our findings.
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modernising the Misinformation Effect the development of a new stimulus set
Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2006Co-Authors: Melanie K T Takarangi, Sophie Parker, Maryanne GarryAbstract:Researchers studying the Misinformation Effect tend to present the event in one of two formats: slides or video. Both have their advantages and disadvantages. Videos capture much more information than slides, but slides permit easy counterbalancing of event details. We capitalised on digital technology to create a Misinformation event that resolves many of the limitations inherent in earlier formats. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
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the power of the spoken word sociolinguistic cues influence the Misinformation Effect
Memory, 2003Co-Authors: Lana A Vornik, Stefanie J Sharman, Maryanne GarryAbstract:We investigated whether the sociolinguistic information delivered by spoken, accented postevent narratives would influence the Misinformation Effect. New Zealand subjects listened to misleading postevent information spoken in either a New Zealand (NZ) or North American (NA) accent. Consistent with earlier research, we found that NA accents were seen as more powerful and more socially attractive. We found that accents per se had no influence on the Misinformation Effect but sociolinguistic factors did: both power and social attractiveness affected subjects' susceptibility to misleading postevent suggestions. When subjects rated the speaker highly on power, social attractiveness did not matter; they were equally misled. However, when subjects rated the speaker low on power, social attractiveness did matter: subjects who rated the speaker high on social attractiveness were more misled than subjects who rated it lower. There were similar Effects for confidence. These results have implications for our understanding of social influences on the Misinformation Effect.