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Ute J. Bayen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Metacognitive Aspects of Source Monitoring
Oxford Handbooks Online, 2015Co-Authors: Beatrice G. Kuhlmann, Ute J. BayenAbstract:Source Monitoring involves attributing remembered information to a Source, such as determining who told you something. Source-Monitoring is a highly inferential process, involving the evaluation of memory for contextual features but also drawing onto more general knowledge and beliefs (Johnson, Hashtroudi, and Lindsay, 1993). After an introduction to the typical laboratory paradigm of Source Monitoring and the measurement of the cognitive states involved through multinomial modeling, we review research on metacognitive influences on this inferential Source-Monitoring process. We also consider means of metacognitive control over Source encoding through encoding strategies. Moving on to metacognitive Monitoring processes, we review research on predictions of later Source memory (judgments of Source) and on the Monitoring of Source-attribution accuracy at test. The chapter concludes with questions for future research.
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Source Monitoring deficits for self generated stimuli in schizophrenia multinomial modeling of data from three Sources
Schizophrenia Research, 2002Co-Authors: Richard S.e. Keefe, Ute J. Bayen, Miriam C Arnold, Joseph Patrick Mcevoy, William H WilsonAbstract:Abstract Introduction : Schizophrenia patients, particularly those with specific types of hallucinations and delusions, may have a deficit in Monitoring the generation of thought. This deficit, termed autonoetic agnosia , may result in the conclusion that self-generated thoughts come from an external Source. Methods : This study assessed autonoetic agnosia in 29 schizophrenic patients and 19 controls by applying a recently developed technique from cognitive science: multinomial modeling of Source-Monitoring data. Results : Schizophrenic patients demonstrated deficits in Monitoring the Source of self-generated information, yet performed similarly to controls in Monitoring the Source of visual and auditory information. Schizophrenic patients with specific “target” symptoms such as auditory hallucinations and thought insertion had greater deficits than other patients in recognizing self-generated information. Conclusion : This study offers partial support for the notion that schizophrenic patients manifest autonoetic agnosia.
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When is schematic knowledge used in Source Monitoring
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 2002Co-Authors: Julia Spaniol, Ute J. BayenAbstract:Source Monitoring involves judgments regarding the origin of information (M. K. Johnson, S. Hashtroudi, & D. S. Lindsay, 1993). When participants cannot remember the Source in a Source-Monitoring task, they may guess according to their prior schematic knowledge (U. J. Bayen, G. V. Nakamura, S. E. Dupuis, & C.-L. Yang, 2000). The present study aimed at specifying conditions under which schematic knowledge is used in Source Monitoring. The authors examined the time course of schema-based guesses with a response-signal technique (A. V. Reed, 1973), and multinomial models that separate memory and guessing bias. Use of schematic knowledge was observed only when asymptotic old-new recognition was low. The time course of schematic-knowledge retrieval followed an exponential growth function. Implications for theories of Source Monitoring are discussed.
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The use of schematic knowledge about Sources in Source Monitoring
Memory & Cognition, 2000Co-Authors: Ute J. Bayen, Glenn V. Nakamura, Susan E. Dupuis, Chin-lung YangAbstract:Source Monitoring refers to mental processes leading to attributions regarding the origin of information. We tested Johnson, Hashtroudi, and Lindsay’s (1993) assumption that prior Source-relevant knowledge is used in some Source-Monitoring tasks. In two experiments using different domains of schematic knowledge, two Sources presented information that was expected for one Source and somewhat unexpected for the other. In a later Source-Monitoring test, participants decided whether items had been presented by Source A, by Source B, or were new. The results of both experiments show that Source identification is better for expected items than for somewhat unexpected items. Multinomial modeling analyses revealed that when participants do not remember the Source of information, they guess that it was presented by the expected Source. These results provide evidence for the claim that Source Monitoring can be based on prior knowledge and support a guessing hypothesis.
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Aging and Source Monitoring of Characters in Literary Texts
Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition, 1999Co-Authors: Ute J. BayenAbstract:This research examines adult age differences in Source Monitoring for literary texts. Source Monitoring refers to processes that lead to attributions regarding the Source or origin of information (Johnson, Hashtroudi, & Lindsay, 1993). Young and older adults read a literary play (Experiment 1) or short story (Experiment 2). In a later Source-Monitoring test, participants decided whether statements originated from Character A, Character B, Character C, or none of them. Recognition memory for statements was lower for older adults. Age differences in Source Monitoring were also consistently observed in both experiments, suggesting that older adults are impaired in everyday Source-Monitoring tasks that involve written discourse.
Marcia K. Johnson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Source Monitoring 15 years later what have we learned from fmri about the neural mechanisms of Source memory
Psychological Bulletin, 2009Co-Authors: Karen J. Mitchell, Marcia K. JohnsonAbstract:Focusing primarily on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), this article reviews evidence regarding the roles of subregions of the medial temporal lobes, prefrontal cortex, posterior representational areas, and parietal cortex in Source memory. In addition to evidence from standard episodic memory tasks assessing accuracy for neutral information, the article considers studies assessing the qualitative characteristics of memories, the encoding and remembering of emotional information, and false memories, as well as evidence from populations that show disrupted Source memory (older adults, individuals with depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, or schizophrenia). Although there is still substantial work to be done, fMRI is advancing understanding of Source memory and highlighting unresolved issues. A continued 2-way interaction between cognitive theory, as illustrated by the Source Monitoring framework (M. K. Johnson, S. Hashtroudi, & D. S. Lindsay, 1993), and evidence from cognitive neuroimaging studies should clarify conceptualization of cognitive processes (e.g., feature binding, retrieval, Monitoring), prior knowledge (e.g., semantics, schemas), and specific features (e.g., perceptual and emotional information) and of how they combine to create true and false memories.
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aging and Source Monitoring cognitive processes and neuropsychological correlates
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 1998Co-Authors: Linda A Henkel, Marcia K. Johnson, Doreen M. De LeonardisAbstract:This study shows that relative to younger adults, older adults are more adversely influenced by similar items when judging a memory's Source, and the phenomenal features of their correctly and incorrectly attributed memories have greater overlap. The authors argue in accordance with the Source Monitoring framework that this age-related impairment in Source accuracy is related to processes involved in binding features into complex memories and those involved in accessing and evaluating contextual features of memories. These processes are linked to medial temporal and frontal brain regions, respectively, as evidenced by correlations in older adults between Source accuracy and neuropsychological tests often used to assess medial temporal and frontal function. The results suggest that adequate feature binding is particularly important when items from different Sources share similar features and access-evaluation processes are particularly important after a delay. Memories derived from imagination can be vivid and detailed, sometimes leading people to mistakenly believe that events that were only imagined actually had occurred. Errors of this sort range from minor confusions, such as mistakenly believing you put the wash in the dryer when you only thought about doing it, to confusions with serious
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Aging and single versus multiple cues in Source Monitoring
Psychology and Aging, 1995Co-Authors: Marcia K. Johnson, S Hashtroudi, Doreen M. De Leonardis, Susan A. FergusonAbstract:Participants heard words said by 2 speakers and later decided who said each word. The authors varied the perceptual distinctiveness of the speakers and the distinctiveness of the cognitive operations participants performed on the words. Relative to younger adults, older adults had significantly lower Source Monitoring scores when perceptual or cognitive operations conditions were similar but not when either cue was more distinctive. Combining cues did not affect Source Monitoring of younger adults but hurt older adults' performance relative to the distinctive perceptual condition. Evidently, older adults generate cognitive cues at the expense of encoding perceptual cues ; any deficit in binding perceptual and semantic information disadvantages them more in Source Monitoring than in old/new recognition. There was no correlation between neuropsychological tests assessing frontal function and Source Monitoring in older adults.
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Developmental Changes in Memory Source Monitoring.
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1991Co-Authors: D. Stephen Lindsay, Marcia K. Johnson, Paul KwonAbstract:Abstract Previous research suggests that children are more likely than adults to confuse memories of actions they imagined themselves performing with memories of actions they actually performed (Realization Judgments), but are not more likely to confuse memories of actions they had imagined performing with memories of actions they saw another person perform (Reality Monitoring). We approach these findings in terms of a theory about the processes by which people identify the Sources of their recollections (Source Monitoring). This approach suggests that children may be more likely than adults to confuse memories from different Sources whenever the Sources are highly similar to one another. Experiments 1 and 2 tested this hypothesis by manipulating the perceptual and semantic similarity of two Sources of information and testing 4- and 6-year-old and adult subjects' recollection of the Sources of particular pieces of information. Experiment 3 tested the hypothesis that children are more likely than adults to mistakenly identify memories of things they imagined another person doing as memories of things they witnessed that person doing. The findings indicate that (a) people are more likely to confuse memories from similar than dissimilar Sources, (b) Source Monitoring improves during the preschool and childhood years, and (c) children may be especially vulnerable to the effects of Source similarity.
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Recognition memory and Source Monitoring
Bulletin of the psychonomic society, 1991Co-Authors: D. Stephen Lindsay, Marcia K. JohnsonAbstract:This study demonstrates a manipulation that has opposite effects on old/new recognition and Source Monitoring. Deep processing of target items improved performance on an old/new recognition test in which subjects were to discriminate between targets and new distractors, but it impaired performance on a Source Monitoring test in which subjects were to discriminate between targets and distractors that had also been deeply processed during the experimental session. We argue that the relationship between old/new recognition and Source Monitoring varies with the specifics of the situation. The aspects of memories that support recognition judgments are not necessarily the same as those that support Source Monitoring judgments, and memory performance is the joint product of what is stored in memory and how memory is tested.
Louise Dye - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance are associated with word memory Source Monitoring recollection deficits but not simple recognition familiarity deficits following water low glycaemic load and high glycaemic load breakfasts
Physiology & Behavior, 2014Co-Authors: Daniel J Lamport, Clare L Lawton, M W Mansfield, Chris A J Moulin, Louise DyeAbstract:Abstract Background It has been established that type 2 diabetes, and to some extent, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), are associated with general neuropsychological impairments in episodic memory. However, the effect of abnormalities in glucose metabolism on specific retrieval processes such as Source Monitoring has not been investigated. The primary aim was to investigate the impact of type 2 diabetes and IGT on simple word recognition (familiarity) and complex Source Monitoring (recollection). A secondary aim was to examine the effect of acute breakfast glycaemic load manipulations on episodic memory. Method Data are presented from two separate studies; (i) 24 adults with type 2 diabetes and 12 controls aged 45–75 years, (ii) 18 females with IGT and 47 female controls aged 30–50 years. Controls were matched for age, IQ, BMI, waist circumference, and depression. Recognition of previously learned words and memory for specifically which list a previously learned word had appeared in (Source Monitoring) was examined at two test sessions during the morning after consumption of low glycaemic load, high glycaemic load and water breakfasts according to a counterbalanced, crossover design. Results Type 2 diabetes (p Conclusions Isolated Source Monitoring recollection deficits indicate that abnormalities in glucose metabolism are not detrimental for global episodic memory processes. This enhances our understanding of how metabolic disorders are associated with memory impairments.
William H Wilson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Source Monitoring deficits for self generated stimuli in schizophrenia multinomial modeling of data from three Sources
Schizophrenia Research, 2002Co-Authors: Richard S.e. Keefe, Ute J. Bayen, Miriam C Arnold, Joseph Patrick Mcevoy, William H WilsonAbstract:Abstract Introduction : Schizophrenia patients, particularly those with specific types of hallucinations and delusions, may have a deficit in Monitoring the generation of thought. This deficit, termed autonoetic agnosia , may result in the conclusion that self-generated thoughts come from an external Source. Methods : This study assessed autonoetic agnosia in 29 schizophrenic patients and 19 controls by applying a recently developed technique from cognitive science: multinomial modeling of Source-Monitoring data. Results : Schizophrenic patients demonstrated deficits in Monitoring the Source of self-generated information, yet performed similarly to controls in Monitoring the Source of visual and auditory information. Schizophrenic patients with specific “target” symptoms such as auditory hallucinations and thought insertion had greater deficits than other patients in recognizing self-generated information. Conclusion : This study offers partial support for the notion that schizophrenic patients manifest autonoetic agnosia.
Richard S.e. Keefe - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Optimization of a multinomial model for investigating hallucinations and delusions with Source Monitoring
Schizophrenia Research, 2006Co-Authors: Todd S. Woodward, Xiangen Hu, Mahesh Menon, Richard S.e. KeefeAbstract:Studies of Source Monitoring have played an important role in cognitive investigations of the inner/outer confusions that characterize hallucinations and delusions in schizophrenia, and multinomial modelling is a statistical/cognitive modelling technique that provides a powerful method for analyzing Source Monitoring data. The purpose of the current work is to describe how multinomial models can be optimized to answer direct questions about hallucinations and delusions in schizophrenia research. To demonstrate this, we present a reanalysis of previously published Source Monitoring data, comparing a group of patients with schneiderian first rank symptoms to a group without schneiderian first rank symptoms. The main findings of this analysis were (1) impaired recognition of self-generated items and (2) evidence that impaired Source discrimination of perceived items is accompanied by an internalization bias in the target symptom group. Statistical and cognitive interpretations of the findings are discussed.
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Source Monitoring deficits for self generated stimuli in schizophrenia multinomial modeling of data from three Sources
Schizophrenia Research, 2002Co-Authors: Richard S.e. Keefe, Ute J. Bayen, Miriam C Arnold, Joseph Patrick Mcevoy, William H WilsonAbstract:Abstract Introduction : Schizophrenia patients, particularly those with specific types of hallucinations and delusions, may have a deficit in Monitoring the generation of thought. This deficit, termed autonoetic agnosia , may result in the conclusion that self-generated thoughts come from an external Source. Methods : This study assessed autonoetic agnosia in 29 schizophrenic patients and 19 controls by applying a recently developed technique from cognitive science: multinomial modeling of Source-Monitoring data. Results : Schizophrenic patients demonstrated deficits in Monitoring the Source of self-generated information, yet performed similarly to controls in Monitoring the Source of visual and auditory information. Schizophrenic patients with specific “target” symptoms such as auditory hallucinations and thought insertion had greater deficits than other patients in recognizing self-generated information. Conclusion : This study offers partial support for the notion that schizophrenic patients manifest autonoetic agnosia.
