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R L Brandenburg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparative toxicity and efficacy of selected insecticides in field and greenhouse assays against tawny and southern Mole Crickets orthoptera gryllotalpidae
Journal of Entomological Science, 2005Co-Authors: R L Brandenburg, Yulu Xia, B WatsonAbstract:The toxicity of thiamethoxam against nymphs and adults of the tawny Mole Cricket, Scaptericus vicinus Scudder, and the southern Mole Cricket, S. borellii Giglio-Tos, was evaluated in the field and ...
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effect of soil moisture and time of year on Mole Cricket orthoptera gryllotalpidae surface tunneling
Environmental Entomology, 2002Co-Authors: P. T. Hertl, R L BrandenburgAbstract:Abstract The damage caused by two species of introduced Mole Cricket pests (Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder and Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos) was studied during 1995, 1996, and 1997 in Brunswick County, NC. Surface tunneling activity in bermudagrass was quantified weekly starting in late July or early August using a modification of the damage grid evaluation method of Cobb and Mack (1989). Soil moisture was monitored in three depth ranges (0–10.2, 10.2–20.3, and 20.3–30.5 cm) and percentage soil moisture based on dry soil weight was determined gravimetrically. Most sites had a higher percentage of S. borellii than S. vicinus, with the percentage of S. borellii ranging from 42–95%. The percentage soil moisture ranged from 1.2–24.9, 1.3–19.3, and 1.3–20.4% at 0–10.2, 10.2–20.3, and 20.3–30.5-cm, respectively. Moisture percentages in the 10.2–20.3- and 20.3–30.5-cm ranges were not significantly different. Mean percentage soil moisture in the 0–10.2 cm range was significantly greater than for the 10.2–20.3 a...
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use of radiography and tunnel castings for observing Mole Cricket orthoptera gryllotalpidae behavior in soil
American Entomologist, 2002Co-Authors: Michael G Villani, Yulu Xia, Leslie L Allee, Luann Prestonwilsey, Nancy Consolie, R L BrandenburgAbstract:The behavior of Mole Crickets, serious pests of turfgrass, is poorly understood and has been rarely studied, predominantly because these insects dwell deep in the soil and are highly mobile. To better understand how the tawny Mole Cricket, Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder, and the southern Mole Cricket, S. borellii Giglio-Tos, behave in the soil, we used nondestructive x-ray techniques and wax and fiberglass resin castings to study the tunneling patterns and interactions of these Mole Crickets with their environment. Both species typically constructed Y-shaped tunnels to facilitate feeding and escape routes. Herbivorous tawny Mole Crickets tended to have more extensive and deeper tunnel systems than predatory southern Mole Crickets. Mole Crickets maintained Y-shaped tunnels when subsoil density increased but often bent or terminated tunnels to avoid compacted areas. Both species maintained separate tunnels in the presence of other individuals of the same species. However, southern Mole Crickets exhibited more extreme separation, suggesting an avoidance behavior that may have been mediated by chemical, vibrational, or auditory cues. Although tawny Mole Crickets did not alter the shape of their Y-shaped tunnels in the presence of southern Mole Crickets, they sometimes would wall-off a tunnel, presumably in defense. Tawny Mole Crickets avoided contact with the entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) and Metarhizium anisopliae (Melchnikoff). This behavior suggests the potential of finding biologically active compounds that inhibit soil insect movement and could be used in the management of soil insect pests.
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effect of soil moisture on ovipositional behavior in the southern Mole Cricket orthoptera gryllotalpidae
Environmental Entomology, 2001Co-Authors: P. T. Hertl, R L Brandenburg, Mary E BarbercheckAbstract:The relationship between soil moisture and oviposition in an edaphic insect pest, the southern Mole Cricket, Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos, was studied in a series of greenhouse experiments. Adults were captured in acoustic calling traps and associated pitfall traps during spring flights in southeastern North Carolina in 1996, 1997, and 1998. Female Mole Crickets were individually confined in chambers containing 2, 4, 7, 10, and 12% soil moisture. Oviposition and mortality were monitored daily. A significant linear relationship between oviposition and soil moisture was indicated by an increase in the number of Crickets ovipositing in response to higher soil moisture levels. Additionally, a delay in oviposition was observed as a response to low soil moisture. There were no significant differences in the number of eggs per ovipositing female, indicating that when oviposition does take place, the individual response of the female is to lay a similar number of eggs regardless of moisture levels. The ovipositional response to a rapid increase in soil moisture was also examined. The rapid increase in moisture resulted in a significantly greater percentage of females ovipositing, as seen in the previous experiments.
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effect of irrigation on the efficacy of insecticides for controlling two species of Mole Crickets orthoptera gryllotalpidae on golf courses
Journal of Economic Entomology, 2000Co-Authors: Yulu Xia, R L BrandenburgAbstract:Effects of irrigation regimen, quantity, and timing on the efficacy of three insecticides for controlling nymphs of the southern Mole Cricket, Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos, and the tawny Mole Cricket, Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder, were studied on golf courses in 1997, 1998, and 1999. Two irrigation regimen tests using two rates of bifenthrin and lambda-cyhalothrin produced inconclusive results. Mole Cricket damage ratings after the applications of bifenthrin (60 g [AI]/ha) and lambda-cyhalothrin (76 g [AI]/ha) were not significantly different among the four irrigation regimens (non-irrigation, irrigation before treatment, irrigation after treatment, and irrigation before and after treatment). Mole Cricket damage rating after the application of bifenthrin (120 g [AI]/ha) under irrigation before and after irrigation was significantly better than those under other irrigation regimens at 14 and 21 d after treatment (DAT). Different irrigation quantity and irrigation timing (after insecticide treatment) did not significantly affect the performance of imidacloprid (434 g [AI]/ha) in the 1998 tests. However, the results from the 1999 test indicated that Mole Cricket damage ratings from the imidacloprid-treated plots were significantly different between 2 and 0.5 cm irrigation water after treatment at 21 and 28 DAT. Application of bifenthrin at a rate of 120 g (AI)/ha with 0.5 cm of irrigation water after treatment resulted in significantly lower Mole Cricket damage ratings than those of 1.0 and 2.0 cm of irrigation water after treatment at 30 DAT only in the 1998 test. Bifenthrin with irrigation at 1 h after insecticide treatment provided better Mole Cricket control than that of irrigation at 5 min after treatment at 30 DAT only in the 1998 test. Mole Cricket damage ratings after application of bifenthrin were not significantly different between either irrigation quantity treatment or irrigation timing treatment in the 1999 tests. Possible effects of application timing, environmental conditions, irrigation practice, and insecticide physical properties on the results are discussed.
Adler R. Dillman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Microbial associates of the southern Mole Cricket (Scapteriscus borellii) are highly pathogenic
Journal of invertebrate pathology, 2017Co-Authors: Sudarshan K. Aryal, Derreck Carter-house, Jason E. Stajich, Adler R. DillmanAbstract:We report the isolation and identification of seven bacterial strains and one fungal strain from dead and diseased Scapteriscus borellii Mole Crickets collected from a golf course in southern California. Using 16S and 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis we identified the microbes as Serratia marcescens (red), S. marcescens (white), S. marcescens (purple), Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Chryseobacterium sp., Ochrobactrum anthropi, Tsukamurella tryosinosolvens, and Beauveria bassiana. We performed a dose response curve for each of these Cricket-associated microbial strains (except T. tryosinosolvens) and two other strains of S. marcescens (DB1140 and ATCC 13880). We found that all of these microbes except O. anthropi were highly pathogenic to D. melanogaster compared to the other strains of S. marcescens. Injecting the Mole Cricket associated strains of Serratia into flies killed all infected flies in ≤24h. For all other strains, the median time to death of injected flies varied in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo growth assessments of these microbes suggested that the host immune system was quickly overcome. We used disease tolerance curves to better understand the host-microbe interactions. Further studies are necessary to understand in mechanistic detail the virulence mechanisms of these Mole Cricket associated microbes and how this association may have influenced the evolution of Mole Cricket immunity.
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a modified Mole Cricket lure and description of scapteriscus borellii orthoptera gryllotalpidae range expansion and calling song in california
Environmental Entomology, 2014Co-Authors: Adler R. Dillman, Christopher J Cronin, Joseph Tang, David A Gray, Paul W SternbergAbstract:Invasive Mole Cricket species in the genus Scapteriscus have become significant agricultural pests and are continuing to expand their range in North America. Though largely subterranean, adults of some species, such as Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos 1894, are capable of long dispersive flights and phonotaxis to male calling songs to find suitable habitats and mates. Mole Crickets in the genus Scapteriscus are known to be attracted to and can be caught by audio lure traps that broadcast synthesized or recorded calling songs. We report improvements in the design and production of electronic controllers for the automation of semipermanent Mole Cricket trap lures as well as highly portable audio trap collection designs. Using these improved audio lure traps, we collected the first reported individuals of the pest Mole Cricket S. borellii in California. We describe several characteristic features of the calling song of the California population including that the pulse rate is a function of soil temperature, similar to Florida populations of S. borellii. Further, we show that other calling song characteristics (carrier frequency, intensity, and pulse rate) are significantly different between the populations.
Yan Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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structure mechanics and material properties of claw cuticle from Mole Cricket gryllotalpaorientalis
PLOS ONE, 2019Co-Authors: Zhifeng Zhang, Jun Xia Zhang, Yan Zhang, Yueying ZhuAbstract:Powerful shovel-like forelimbs with special shape, structure and biological materials enable Mole Cricket to digging efficiently. During digging, the tip of the claw needs to wedge into the soil, and the base needs to withstand considerable anti-shear force. In this study, we analysed the structural characteristics, material composition and mechanical properties of the claw teeth using scanning electron microscopy, plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, nanoindentation and finite element analysis. The results show that the tips of claw teeth have a dense and homogeneous structure and a higher hardness and contents of Mn and Zn compared with the base. The structure of the base of claw teeth has an obvious laminar structure and higher fracture resistance. Moreover, it is speculated from the simulation results that basal position of the claw teeth is tough enough to withstand high stress, and the presence of the ribs effectively improves the mechanical stability and load-bearing capacity of the teeth during excavation. The results of this study can provide inspiration for the design of efficient mechanical components and agricultural implements.
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The terrestrial locomotion of a Mole Cricket with foreleg amputation
Science China Technological Sciences, 2015Co-Authors: Yan Zhang, Jun Xia Zhang, Luquan RenAbstract:Mole Cricket is a unique insect, it not only can dig and excavate under ground with its specialized forelimb, but also can achieve terrestrial locomotion. This study focused on the difference of kinematics between Mole Crickets and normal insects in terrestrial walking. In order to study the function of the specialized foreleg, the adjustments made to the foreleg amputation were discussed by analyzing the motion ability, gait, and body posture of the Mole Cricket with and without forelegs. The results show that Mole Crickets walk in terrestrial locomotion by using a special tripod gait, with the clumsy foreleg not as functional as normal hexapods. Mole Cricket can make corresponding adjustments for the situation of missing forelegs, and achieve required motion stability with remained four legs.
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friction and wear properties of the tergum surface of Mole Cricket gryllotalpa orientalis
Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2013Co-Authors: Yan Zhang, Jun Xia Zhang, He Huang, Si Bo ZhangAbstract:Mole Cricket is typical insect living under the ground, which tergum is the main component that suffers the wear and tear from the soil particles. In order to adapt this environment, Mole Crickets have anatomically evolved well-suited tergum with wear-resistance property, which can protect the body from abrasion and damage. In this study, the surface morphology and structure of the tergum of Mole Cricket were studied and analyzed by stereomicroscope (SM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). By using a Universal Micro-Tribotester (UMT), the friction-wear properties and the performances of the tergum surface were tested along with the head direction, tail direction and lateral direction of body, respectively. The result shows that the setae have obvious influence on the friction characteristic of Mole Crickets tergum. By comparing with other direction, the tergum surface has better friction properties on the setae growth direction. This study can be a reference for the design of novel wear resistance surface.
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Kinematics of Terrestrial Locomotion in Mole Cricket Gryllotalpa orientalis
Journal of Bionic Engineering, 2011Co-Authors: Yan Zhang, He Huang, Xiangyang Liu, Luquan RenAbstract:The fore leg of Mole Cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) has developed into claw for digging and excavating. As the result of having a well-suited body and appendages for living underground, Mole Cricket still needs to manoeuvre on land in some cases with some kinds of gait. In this paper, the three-dimensional kinematics information of Mole Cricket in terrestrial walking was recorded by using a high speed 3D video recording system. The mode and the gait of the terrestrial walking Mole Cricket were investigated by analyzing the kinematics parameters, and the kinematics coupling disciplines of each limb and body were discussed. The results show that the locomotion gait of Mole Cricket in terrestrial walking belongs to a distinctive alternating tripod gait. We also found that the fore legs of a Mole Cricket are not as effective as that of common hexapod insects, its middle legs and body joints act more effective in walking and turning which compensate the function of fore legs. The terrestrial locomotion of Mole Cricket is the result of biological coupling of three pairs of legs, the distinctive alternating tripod gait and the trunk locomotion.
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biology coupling characteristics of Mole Crickets soil engaging components
Journal of Bionic Engineering, 2008Co-Authors: Yan Zhang, Changhai Zhou, Luquan RenAbstract:Mole Cricket (Gryllotalpa orientalis) is a typical animal living under ground. The soil-engaging components of Mole Cricket have the capacity of wear resistance against soil. In this paper, the foreleg, tergum and forewing of Mole Cricket were chosen as soil-engaging components and were observed by stereomicroscope (SM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The functions of the components were analyzed from the viewpoints of both entomology and bionics. The factors for function realization were found, and the single effect and coupling effect of these factors were investigated. Results show that the wear resistance characteristic of Mole Cricket is realized by biology coupling. The research of biology coupling provides a foundation to the technology of bionic coupling.
Rick L. Brandenburg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Mole Cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) Mating Calls: Characteristics in Recently Expanded Geographic Areas
Journal of Entomological Science, 2015Co-Authors: Diane Silcox Reynolds, A. S. Schoeman, L. Verburgt, Rick L. BrandenburgAbstract:Abstract Mole Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) damage warm-season turfgrasses throughout the southeastern United States. The two most destructive species are the southern Mole Cricket, Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos, and the tawny Mole Cricket, S. vicinus Scudder. Both species use mating calls to attract and locate potential mates. Male mating calls have often been used to distinguish among different species of Crickets. Calling characteristics can vary within a species due to numerous factors, including climate. There has been no research conducted on the call characteristics of Mole Crickets as they have expanded their range of inhabitance to North Carolina. Male calls of southern and tawny Mole Crickets were recorded at night in 2009 and 2010. Analysis of the calls indicated that there was little change in the calling characteristics from previous research. This allows us to continue to expand our management plans for this pest and coordinate our efforts with other regions where Mole Crickets a...
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Quantifying Efficacy and Avoidance Behavior by Tawny Mole Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae: Scapteriscus vicinus) to Three Synthetic Insecticides
Florida Entomologist, 2012Co-Authors: D. E. Silcox, Clyde E. Sorenson, Rick L. BrandenburgAbstract:ABSTRACT Mole Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) are among the most economically important turf-grass insect pests in the southeastern United States. The tawny Mole Cricket Scapteriscus vicinus (Scudder) causes damage by feeding on the roots and shoots of turfgrass and by creating surface tunnels. Previous research on Mole Cricket control showed behavior modification, including reduced surface tunneling and avoidance of the treated soil, when a control agent was applied. The objectives of these studies were: a) to determine the mortality of 3 synthetic insecticides and their residues against small and large Mole Cricket nymphs in 2 bioassays and b) to monitor Mole Cricket behavioral responses to these insecticides. We used 3 synthetic insecticides (bifenthrin, chlorantraniliprole, and fipronil) to conduct 2 mortality bioassays and 2 behavioral studies, where we quantified surface tunneling, to determine the scope of this modified behavior. We found that, in general, the greater the efficacy of the prod...
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Entomopathogenic Fungi Detection and Avoidance by Mole Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae)
Environmental entomology, 2007Co-Authors: Sarah R. Thompson, Rick L. Brandenburg, Gary T. RobersonAbstract:A chamber to monitor Mole Cricket behavior was designed using two different soil-filled containers and photosensors constructed from infrared emitters and detectors. Mole Crickets (Scapteriscus spp.) were introduced into a center tube that allowed them to choose whether to enter and tunnel in untreated soil or soil treated with Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin. Each time the Cricket passed through the photosensor located near the entrance of soil-filled containers, the infrared light was blocked and the exact moment that this occurred was logged onto a computer using custom-written software. Data examined included the first photosensor trigger, total number of sensor triggers, presence of tunneling, and final location of the Cricket after 18 h. These behaviors were analyzed to discern differences in Mole Cricket behavior in the presence of different treatments and to elucidate the mechanism that Mole Crickets use to detect fungal pathogens. The first study examined substrate selection and tunneling behavior of the southern Mole Cricket, Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos, to the presence of five strains of B. bassiana relative to a control. There were no differences between the first sensor trigger and total number of triggers, indicating the Mole Crickets are not capable of detecting B. bassiana at a distance of 8 cm. Changes in Mole Cricket tunneling and residence time in treated soil occurred for some strains of B. bassiana but not others. One of the strains associated with behavioral changes in the southern Mole Cricket was used in a second experiment testing behavioral responses of the tawny Mole Cricket, S. vicinus Scudder. In addition to the formulated product of this strain, the two separate components of that product (conidia and carrier) and bifenthrin, an insecticide commonly used to control Mole Crickets, were tested. There were no differences in Mole Cricket behavior between treatments in this study. The differences in behavioral responses between the two species could suggest a more sensitive chemosensory recognition system for southern Mole Crickets.
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Effect of Combining Imidacloprid and Diatomaceous Earth with Beauveria bassiana on Mole Cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) Mortality
Journal of economic entomology, 2006Co-Authors: Sarah R. Thompson, Rick L. BrandenburgAbstract:Abstract Sublethal doses of three orthopteran-derived strains of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin were topically applied to adult southern Mole Crickets, Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae), and tested in combination with substrate treatments of diatomaceous earth (DE) and imidacloprid. Crickets treated only with the high doses (108 conidia per Cricket) of each of the three B. bassiana strains exhibited the shortest survival times as well as the highest percentage mortality at 28 d after treatment. However, these treatments did not differ significantly from any of the diatomaceous earth combination treatments. Two of the strains tested, 5977 and 3622, exhibited synergistic interactions with DE, whereas the third strain, GHA, was not significant for synergy. Mortality caused by the combination treatment was still greater than the expected additive effect. DE abrades the insect cuticle and absorbs cuticular lipids, aiding the entry of germinating conidia into the Mole Cricket...
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Impact of fipronil residues on Mole Cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) behavior and mortality in bermudagrass.
Florida Entomologist, 2006Co-Authors: Hennen D. Cummings, Rick L. Brandenburg, Ross B. Leidy, Fred H. YelvertonAbstract:Abstract In a greenhouse experiment, fipronil was applied at 0.014 kg ai/ha to bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon L., in plastic 5-liter containers 120, 90, 60, 30, and 0 days before adding one tawny Mole Cricket nymph, Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder to the container. After the exposure period, soil in the containers was divided into depth increments of 0-4, 4-8, and 8-18 cm, and Cricket status was recorded as dead, absent, or alive by thoroughly examining soil. Soil in the 0-4 cm-increment was analyzed for fipronil and four fipronil metabolite residues. Fipronil residue concentrations decreased with time (C = 0.00002x2 - 0.0053x + 0.3675, R2 = 0.9998 where C = fipronil concentration (μg/g of soil) and x = days after treatment). Concentrations of two metabolites, fipronil sulfone and fipronil sulfide, increased as fipronil residues decreased. Each treatment’s affect on late instar Mole Crickets was significantly different from the non-treated; however, there were no significant differences in nymph status among...
P. T. Hertl - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of soil moisture and time of year on Mole Cricket orthoptera gryllotalpidae surface tunneling
Environmental Entomology, 2002Co-Authors: P. T. Hertl, R L BrandenburgAbstract:Abstract The damage caused by two species of introduced Mole Cricket pests (Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder and Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos) was studied during 1995, 1996, and 1997 in Brunswick County, NC. Surface tunneling activity in bermudagrass was quantified weekly starting in late July or early August using a modification of the damage grid evaluation method of Cobb and Mack (1989). Soil moisture was monitored in three depth ranges (0–10.2, 10.2–20.3, and 20.3–30.5 cm) and percentage soil moisture based on dry soil weight was determined gravimetrically. Most sites had a higher percentage of S. borellii than S. vicinus, with the percentage of S. borellii ranging from 42–95%. The percentage soil moisture ranged from 1.2–24.9, 1.3–19.3, and 1.3–20.4% at 0–10.2, 10.2–20.3, and 20.3–30.5-cm, respectively. Moisture percentages in the 10.2–20.3- and 20.3–30.5-cm ranges were not significantly different. Mean percentage soil moisture in the 0–10.2 cm range was significantly greater than for the 10.2–20.3 a...
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effect of soil moisture on ovipositional behavior in the southern Mole Cricket orthoptera gryllotalpidae
Environmental Entomology, 2001Co-Authors: P. T. Hertl, R L Brandenburg, Mary E BarbercheckAbstract:The relationship between soil moisture and oviposition in an edaphic insect pest, the southern Mole Cricket, Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos, was studied in a series of greenhouse experiments. Adults were captured in acoustic calling traps and associated pitfall traps during spring flights in southeastern North Carolina in 1996, 1997, and 1998. Female Mole Crickets were individually confined in chambers containing 2, 4, 7, 10, and 12% soil moisture. Oviposition and mortality were monitored daily. A significant linear relationship between oviposition and soil moisture was indicated by an increase in the number of Crickets ovipositing in response to higher soil moisture levels. Additionally, a delay in oviposition was observed as a response to low soil moisture. There were no significant differences in the number of eggs per ovipositing female, indicating that when oviposition does take place, the individual response of the female is to lay a similar number of eggs regardless of moisture levels. The ovipositional response to a rapid increase in soil moisture was also examined. The rapid increase in moisture resulted in a significantly greater percentage of females ovipositing, as seen in the previous experiments.
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comparison of surface and subsurface application of an experimental insecticide for the control of Mole Cricket nymphs in turf 1998
Arthropod Management Tests, 1999Co-Authors: P. T. Hertl, R L Brandenburg, Y XiaAbstract:COMPARISON OF SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE APPLICATION OF AN EXPERIMENTAL INSECTICIDE FOR THE CONTROL OF Mole Cricket NYMPHS IN TURF, 1998: A field efficacy trial was performed to evaluate rate and application placement of an experimental insecticide (CGA-293343) for the control of Mole Cricket nymphs. Plots 16 ft x 85 ft were established on a heavily infested bermudagrass driving range at Oyster Bay Golf Links near Sunset Beach in Brunswick Co., NC. Treatments were replicated four times and randomly assigned to the plots. The timing of application was targeted to coincide with peak hatch for the control of small nymphs. Two of the treatments (Dursban Pro 2E, subsurface appliedand surface-applied Merit 75 WP) were applied on 25 Jun. All subsurface treatments were applied using a tractor-drawn ToroR Subsurface Liquid Injector delivering a volume of 150 gpa of liquid insecticide mixture at 150 psi. All broadcast applications were applied using a John Deere Turf Gator-mounted research sprayer delivering 23 gpa. The fairway irrigation system was used to apply 0.25 inch of water to the entire test site immediately after application. All other treatments (CGA-293343 25WG) were applied on 28 Jun. Soapy water flush sampling of the test site indicated that the population was approximately 79% MC and 21% TMC. The first evaluation of the plots on 14 Jul involved flushing three separate one m2 previously damaged areas of each plot with soapy water and counting the number of nymphs that came to the surface. The average number of nymphs found in each plot is reported in the Table. Plots were evaluated for fresh damage on 21 Jul, and 5, 20 Aug using a 1 m2 grid. The grid, divided into nine subsections, was placed randomly in each plot and a damage rating (0-9) was given depending on the number of subsections in which fresh damage was observed (with 0 = no damage and 9 = severe damage). Ten damage ratings were taken in each plot on each sampling date. Actual damage means are presented in the Table. All data were transformed (check)X + 0.5 prior to ANOVA and Tukey's Studentized Range Test (HSD).
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Control of Mole Cricket Nymphs with Insecticide-Treated Baits, 1997
Arthropod Management Tests, 1998Co-Authors: P. T. Hertl, Rick L. BrandenburgAbstract:Abstract The efficacy of several bait formulations was evaluated for the control of Mole Cricket nymphs in a field test on a bermudagrass fairway at the Fox Squirrel Country Club in Brunswick Co, NC. Plots 16 X 16 ft were established in an area heavily infested with Mole Crickets. Treatments with four replicates were randomly assigned to the plots in a CRBD. All insecticides were applied late in the day on 17 Sep under sunny skies. The 4-inch soil temperature was 83°F and all formulations tested were applied using a Republic EZ Handspreader®. The fairway irrigation system was used to moisten the soil in the test area prior to application. The Talstar 0.2 G was applied to the appropriate plots and then the entire test site received 0.25 inch of water as post-irrigation for this treatment. The turf surface was allowed to dry before appropriate amounts of each bait were applied to the plots. The fairway irrigation system was turned off to prevent irrigation of the area on the first night of the test. Soil at the test site is classified as Kureb fine sand with a pH of 5.8 and 0.56% humic matter. Soapy water flush sampling indicate that the fairway population was approximately 85% Southern and 15% Tawny Mole Crickets. Plots were evaluated for fresh damage on 23 Sep (6 DAT) and 1 Oct (14 DAT) using the damage grid evaluation method of Mack and Cobb (1989). A m2 grid divided into nine sections was randomly placed in each plot and a damage rating (0-9) given based on the occurrence of fresh damage in the nine subsections (with 0 = no damage and 9 = severe damage). Five damage ratings were made in each plot on each sampling date. The actual damage means are reported in the Table. All data were transformed x + 0.5 prior to ANOVA and Tukey’s Studentized Range Test.
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Evaluation of Adjuvants for Mole Cricket Control in North Carolina, 1993
Arthropod Management Tests, 1994Co-Authors: Rick L. Brandenburg, P. T. HertlAbstract:Abstract Two rates of Orthene 75S and four adjuvants were evaluated for tawny Mole Cricket control on a bermudagrass fairway at Ocean Harbour Golf Course in Brunswick Co. Plots 15 ft x 80 ft were established in areas where fresh Mole Cricket damage was evident. Treatments were randomly assigned with four replications. Soil had 0.38 humic matter and a pH of 6.1. Spray water had a pH of 7.5. The plots were preirrigated with 0.25 inch of water and treated on 23 Sep. Soil temperature was 78°F, air temperature 84°F. The chemicals were applied late in the day with a Broyhill® fairway sprayer delivering 114 gal/acre. The chemicals were not watered-in. Plots were evaluated by taking 5 random damage grid samples/replicate. The grid was placed randomly and fresh damage observed in each of the 9 subgrids (0 = no damage, 9 = severe damage) was recorded. Evaluations were conducted on 29 Sep (6 DAT) and 7 Oct (14 DAT). All data were transformed VX + 0.5 prior to analysis. Actual means are presented in the table.
