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Mette Lubeck - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Production of leaf protein concentrates in green biorefineries as alternative feed for Monogastric animals
2020Co-Authors: Maria Santamaria-fernandez, Mette LubeckAbstract:Abstract Photosynthetic active green leaves from grasses, legumes and other plants contain in general high amounts of proteins, which can be utilized by ruminants or in many cases are wasted. Extraction of proteins from leaves represents an attractive solution to the increasing demand for protein-rich feed for Monogastric animals, while decreasing the dependency on soybean imports. Furthermore, there is an increasing demand for organic products produced without the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides or other artificial chemicals. Leaf proteins extracted from organically grown crops, especially legumes could be attractive as animal feed. Even though a lot of research was carried out in this field previously, recent technological development and biotechnological advances together with the increasing demand may facilitate the industrial implementation of leaf protein extraction processes nowadays. This review focuses on the concept of leaf protein and its history, the different methods for the extraction of proteins from leaves, and the nutritional value of the leaf protein concentrates for feeding Monogastric animals. Furthermore, the review focuses on the potential integration of leaf protein extraction within green biorefineries, where freshly harvested leafy plant material is processed into a broad range of products, including feed, food, chemicals, materials and biofuels. The integration of production of leaf protein concentrates within green biorefineries will encourage the establishment of production facilities, also focusing on utilization of the different residue streams. Thereby such green biorefineries can contribute to the development of more self-sufficient and sustainable agricultural systems in Europe.
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lactic acid fermentation for refining proteins from green crops and obtaining a high quality feed product for Monogastric animals
2017Co-Authors: Maria Santamariafernandez, Beatriz Molinuevosalces, Pauli Kiel, Sanna Steenfeldt, Hinrich Uellendahl, Mette LubeckAbstract:Nowadays, the organic farming sector is growing at a fast pace in Europe while needs to face the lack of organic protein sources and in particular, feeding Monogastric animals is becoming more and more urgent. Green biorefinery concepts might become the suitable solution for the production of organic protein-rich feeds from green crops. In this context, red clover, clover grass, alfalfa and oilseed radish were studied as possible feedstocks for the development of an organic biorefinery system in Northern Europe. For this purpose, the green crops were processed into a nitrogen-rich protein concentrate, a fiber-rich press cake, and a residual stream of soluble nutrients (brown juice). The process, which involved a novel protein refining technique using lactic acid fermentation, yielded between 6 and 13 kg of dry organic protein product per ton of fresh crop. The protein products of the different crops presented balanced amino acid composition compared to soybeans, which are commonly used in organic farming. Moreover, methionine contents between 7.8 and 9.1 g/kg DM were obtained in the protein products, which is more than the typical concentration found in animal feeds (5.2 g/kg DM in soybeans). This makes the organic protein product produced very promising as a feed ingredient for organic farming of Monogastric animals in Europe.
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influence of the development stage of the plant biomass for protein yield in a green biorefinery
2017Co-Authors: Maria Santamaria Fernandez, Nanna Karkov Ytting, Mette LubeckAbstract:The scarce availability of organic animal feed for Monogastric animals is hindering the development of organic farming in many regions. A green biorefinery platform called OrganoFinery aims at producing organic protein-rich animal feed based on organically grown green biomass. The freshly harvested green biomass is separated into a solid fraction (press cake) and a liquid fraction (green juice). Subsequently, the green juice is inoculated with specific lactic acid bacteria which ferment the soluble sugars into lactic acid triggering a pH drop and thus, the precipitation of proteins. Last, proteins are extracted by centrifugation and the organic protein concentrate is suitable for feeding Monogastric animals. Green perennial crops can be harvested several times during a season. In the present study, the impact of the development stage of the plant biomass, exemplified by red clover, at harvesting time for the protein extraction yield was assessed in order to develop a harvesting strategy. Red clover was harvested at different developmental stages i.e. early stem elongation, late stem elongation and heading. Right after harvest, the fresh biomass was processed to produce a protein concentrate as described above. The green juices presented higher concentration of soluble proteins and soluble sugars with increasing maturity. After 10 hours fermentation, the pH dropped from 5.9-6.0 to 3.9-4.0 in all green juice samples and the lactic acid concentration reached up to 20.6 g/L. The highest lactic acid concentration (20.6 g/L) was achieved for the late maturity stage and was 1.5 higher than in the early maturity stage. Differences due to the development stage were also observed in the recovery of proteins from the green juice into the protein concentrate. Indeed, the recovery of proteins from the green juice was between 70-80% of the content in the green juice and with the highest values obtained for the late maturity stage. The relevance of this study relies on the fact that the harvesting strategy is crucial in order to maximize the protein yield from green biomass and, to develop an economically viable green biorefinery platform to produce organic protein-rich feed for Monogastric animals.
M R Bedford - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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meta analysis explicit value of mono component proteases in Monogastric diets
2018Co-Authors: Sophie A Lee, M R Bedford, C L WalkAbstract:A meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of mono-component proteases on performance and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility (AIAAD, %) in Monogastrics. A total of 67 experimental trials were included in the meta-analysis from published and internal reports, contributing 467 lines of data. Poultry and swine data accounted for 81 and 19% of the dataset, respectively. Forty-four different proteases were included in the meta-analysis, accounting for commercial and non-commercial products. Mixed Model analysis was used to assess protease effect and the influence of inherent characteristics of the control on protease response. The mean performance response to protease was a reduction in feed conversion ratio (FCR) for poultry (1%, P 0.05). The mean relative effect of protease on AIAAD over the control was 1.6 ± 0.3%, ranging from 1.2% for Arg, Phe and Trp to 2.6% for Cys. For the majority of amino acids, inherent AIAAD of control diets influenced (P 0.05). These findings suggest that when other enzymes are already included in the diet, addition of protease requires further justification for use in Monogastric diets.
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super dosing effects of phytase in poultry and other Monogastrics
2011Co-Authors: A J Cowieson, P Wilcock, M R BedfordAbstract:Phytases have been used commercially since the early 1990s and have been the focus of considerable and sustained research for many decades. Despite this heroic effort there are still areas of persi...
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exogenous enzymes in Monogastric nutrition their current value and future benefits
2000Co-Authors: M R BedfordAbstract:Abstract Exogenous enzymes which, for the purpose of this paper, include carbohydrases and phytase, are now extensively used throughout the world as additives in non-ruminant diets. The chemical effects of these enzymes are well understood, but the manner in which their benefits to the animal are brought about is still under debate. Regardless, the overall effect of carbohydrase enzyme use is to reduce the variation between good and bad samples of a target ingredient substantially. The net benefit is that the nutrient requirements of the animal are met more frequently, and with diets of lower nutrient concentration. Variation in animal performance from flock to flock is also reduced. Phytase, on the other hand, was originally used for one express purpose — to increase the availability of plant phytate phosphorus, which reduces phosphorus pollution and allows reductions in the amount of inorganic phosphate used. Further benefits of phytase utilisation on energy and amino acid availability have recently been identified which will, with appropriate dietary modifications, allow for further improvements in resource utilisation. Current issues of concern for all enzymes include variability in response. Substrate variability and interactive factors significantly influence the response to exogenous enzymes. Currently, there are methods which take such factors into account and allow for prediction of optimum dose of carbohydrase enzymes in wheat and barley based diets and efforts are underway for maize based diets or for optimisation of the use of phytase. Future research in these areas will allow for more efficient use of the current enzymes and development of more efficient future products. Development of more thermotolerant enzymes will also allow their use in diets where they currently cannot be applied.
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enzyme applications for Monogastric feeds a review
1992Co-Authors: G L Campbell, M R BedfordAbstract:The potential for industrial enzyme products as animal feed additives has attracted substantial interest from feed manufacturers as a novel means of improving animal performance. Enzyme manufacturers have also targeted feed as an alternate outlet for their products, which have primarily been in the food, beverage, and detergent industries. Despite a history dating back 35 years or more, only recently has enzyme application been extensive and efforts in research intensified. The use of enzymes that degrade polysaccharides of the endosperm cell wall has become most prominent. The major cell wall polysaccharides are the β-glucans in barley and oats and arabinoxylans (pentosans) in rye, wheat, and triticale. In barley and rye particularly, the cell wall carbohydrates are prone to solubilization. The major enzymes are endolytic and achieve their beneficial effects by removal of diffusion constraints that interfere with nutrient absorption. Although most nutrients are affected, fat malabsorption may be severe i...
Peter H. Verburg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Accounting for Monogastric livestock as a driver in global land use and cover change assessments
2016Co-Authors: David A. Eitelberg, Jasper Van Vliet, Peter H. VerburgAbstract:ABSTRACTLand systems are described based on various characteristics, including land cover composition and agricultural production. However, it is uncertain to what extent livestock, particularly Monogastric livestock, determines land systems. We included Monogastrics in a land system classification, and statistically analyzed the land cover composition and agricultural production of otherwise similar land systems with and without Monogastric livestock. The results indicate that land systems with Monogastrics are statistically different from their counterparts in the classification without Monogastrics in terms of grassland area and crop yields, but are less different in terms of tree area, crop area, and ruminant livestock production. We then used a land systems map that includes Monogastrics in the classification and a similar map that does not include Monogastrics to project future changes in a novel manner that integrates livestock as a determinant of land systems. The results show that including monog...
Virginia Aurora Herreravalencia - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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production of a ruminal bacterial phytase in the green microalga chlamydomonas reinhardtii with potential applications in Monogastric animal feed
2021Co-Authors: Santy Perazaecheverria, Shirley Bernardocandelero, Fray Martin Baasespinola, Carlos Puchhau, Rodrigo Arturo Riverasolis, Ileana Echevarriamachado, Ileana Cecilia Borgesargaez, Virginia Aurora HerreravalenciaAbstract:Abstract Phytases are phosphatases employed in Monogastric animal feed to improve animal growth rates and protect the environment by reducing phosphorous in manure. In this study, the highly active phytase PhyAsr of the protein tyrosine phosphatase class, which was derived from the ruminal bacterium Selenomonas ruminantium, was successfully produced for the first time in the chloroplast of the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Two homoplasmic lines (C1 and C3) exhibited the highest level of PhyAsr expression, while the highest phytase activity was detected in the C1 line at 34 U/g dry weight. The results of this study indicate that C. reinhardtii is a suitable host for producing the phytase PhyAsr, which may be utilized as a supplement in the Monogastric animal diet.
M Choct - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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feed non starch polysaccharides for Monogastric animals classification and function
2015Co-Authors: M ChoctAbstract:This review outlines the importance of understanding the true fibre content, which is the sum of non-starch polysaccharides and lignin, of feed in order for animal nutritionists to improve the precision of feed formulation in the future. The continuing use of crude fibre in feed formulation means that up to a quarter of the feed components, mainly non-starch polysaccharides and oligosaccharides that are lost during acid and alkali extractions, are ignored for ingredients such as soybean meal. Furthermore, the values for acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre are not used for feed formulation. They also do not represent unique classes of chemically defined molecules. In some cases, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre values do not cover a large proportion of soluble fibre, for example, in leguminous crops that contain a high level of pectic polysaccharides. Non-starch polysaccharides and their associated lignin content represent the true fibre levels in ingredients and this is the basis from which structural and physicochemical elucidation of fibre can be attained. Only with such understanding will nutritional strategies be applied to target specific fractions/types of fibre in ingredients to produce desired nutritional and health outcomes in pigs and poultry. In this context, an example is given to illustrate how gut microbiota of animals can be manipulated to enhance production performance and immunity.
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soy oligosaccharides and soluble non starch polysaccharides a review of digestion nutritive and anti nutritive effects in pigs and poultry
2010Co-Authors: M Choct, Y Dersjantli, J Mcleish, M PeiskerAbstract:Soybean contains a high concentration of carbohydrates that consist mainly of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and oligosaccharides. The NSP can be divided into insoluble NSP (mainly cellulose) and soluble NSP (composed mainly of pectic polymers, which are partially soluble in water). Monogastric animals do not have the enzymes to hydrolyze these carbohydrates, and thus their digestion occurs by means of bacterial fermentation. The fermentation of soybean carbohydrates produces short chain fatty acids that can be used as an energy source by animals. The utilization efficiency of the carbohydrates is related to the chemical structure, the level of inclusion in the diet, species and age of the animal. In poultry, soluble NSP can increase digesta viscosity, reduce the digestibility of nutrients and depress growth performance. In growing pigs, these effects, in particular the effect on gut viscosity, are often not so obvious. However, in weaning piglets, it is reported that soy oligosaccharides and soluble NSP can cause detrimental effects on intestinal health. In Monogastrics, consideration must be given to the anti-nutritive effect of the NSP on nutrient digestion and absorption on one hand, as well as the potential benefits or detriments of intestinal fermentation products to the host. This mirrors the needs for i) increasing efficiency of utilization of fibrous materials in Monogastrics, and ii) the maintenance and improvement of animal health in antibiotic-free production systems, on the other hand. For example, ethanol/water extraction removes the low molecular weight carbohydrate fractions, such as the oligosaccharides and part of the soluble pectins, leaving behind the insoluble fraction of the NSP, which is devoid of anti-nutritive activities. The resultant product is a high quality soy protein concentrate. This paper presents the composition and chemical structures of carbohydrates present in soybeans and discusses their nutritive and anti-nutritive effects on digestion and absorption of nutrients in pigs and poultry.