The Experts below are selected from a list of 21894 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Athina Markou - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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neurobiology of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome
Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 2001Co-Authors: Paul J Kenny, Athina MarkouAbstract:The aversive aspects of withdrawal from chronic nicotine exposure are thought to be an important Motivational Factor contributing to the maintenance of the tobacco habit in human smokers. Much emphasis has been placed on delineating the underlying neurobiological mechanisms mediating different components of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome. Recent studies have shown that both central and peripheral populations of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are involved in mediating somatic signs of nicotine withdrawal as measured by the rodent nicotine abstinence scale. However, only central populations of nAChRs are involved in mediating affective aspects of nicotine withdrawal, as measured by elevations in brain-stimulation reward thresholds and conditioned place aversion. Nicotine interacts with several neurotransmitter systems, including acetylcholine, dopamine, opioid peptides, serotonin, and glutamate systems. Evidence so far suggests that these neurotransmitters play a role in nicotine dependence and withdrawal processes. The available evidence also suggests that different underlying neurochemical deficits mediate somatic and affective components of nicotine withdrawal. The aim of the present review is to discuss preclinical findings concerning the neuroanatomical and neurochemical substrates involved in these different aspects of nicotine withdrawal.
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dramatic decreases in brain reward function during nicotine withdrawal
Nature, 1998Co-Authors: Mark P Eppingjordan, Shelly S. Watkins, George F. Koob, Athina MarkouAbstract:Tobacco smoking is a worldwide public health problem. In the United States alone, over 400,000 deaths and $50 billion in medical costs annually are directly attributed to smoking. Accumulated evidence indicates that nicotine is the component of tobacco smoke that leads to addiction, but the means by which nicotine produces addiction remain unclear. Nicotine is less effective as a positive reinforcer than other drugs of abuse in non-dependent animals. Nevertheless, nicotine-withdrawal symptoms, including depressed mood, anxiety, irritability and craving in dependent subjects may contribute to the addictive liability of nicotine. We show here that spontaneous nicotine withdrawal in rats resulted in a significant decrease in brain reward function, as measured by elevations in brain reward thresholds, which persisted for four days. Further, systemic injections of a competitive nicotinic-receptor antagonist led to a dose-dependent increase in brain reward thresholds in chronic nicotine-treated rats. The decreased function in brain reward systems during nicotine withdrawal is comparable in magnitude and duration to that of other major drugs of abuse, and may constitute an important Motivational Factor that contributes to craving, relapse and continued tobacco consumption in humans.
Paulo A L D Nunes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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identifying the warm glow effect in contingent valuation
Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 2003Co-Authors: Paulo A L D Nunes, Erik SchokkaertAbstract:Abstract This paper reports the results from a contingent valuation study designed to investigate the influence of warm glow in willingness to pay (WTP) responses. Interindividual differences in warm glow motivation are measured through a Factor analysis, performed on a list of attitudinal items. The reported (WTP) measures fail to pass the scope test. Both socioeconomic variables and Motivational Factor scores are significant in the explanation of the individual WTP measures. We compute “cold” WTP measures by taking out the effect of the warm glow motivation. These “cold” measures satisfy both the scope test and Hausman's adding-up property.
Erik Schokkaert - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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identifying the warm glow effect in contingent valuation
Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 2003Co-Authors: Paulo A L D Nunes, Erik SchokkaertAbstract:Abstract This paper reports the results from a contingent valuation study designed to investigate the influence of warm glow in willingness to pay (WTP) responses. Interindividual differences in warm glow motivation are measured through a Factor analysis, performed on a list of attitudinal items. The reported (WTP) measures fail to pass the scope test. Both socioeconomic variables and Motivational Factor scores are significant in the explanation of the individual WTP measures. We compute “cold” WTP measures by taking out the effect of the warm glow motivation. These “cold” measures satisfy both the scope test and Hausman's adding-up property.
Daria J Kuss - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Motivational processes and dysfunctional mechanisms of social media use among adolescents a qualitative focus group study
Computers in Human Behavior, 2019Co-Authors: Melina A Throuvala, Mark D Griffiths, Mike Rennoldson, Daria J KussAbstract:Abstract Childhood and adolescent experiences have undergone a major transition in interaction with digital technologies since the advent of smartphones. Following a needs assessment study, adolescent online uses and motivations for social networking site use were explored. Six focus groups (comprising 42 adolescent students of secondary schools in the UK) were recruited. Transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. Six Motivational themes emerged from the analysis, reflecting interactivity and need for control of content and relationships, exhibiting the dynamic nature of engagement with social networking sites: (i) symbiotic relationship with peers online via social media and smartphone attachment, (ii) digital omnipresence related to the need for control and loss of control, (iii) emotional regulation and enhancement, (iv) idealization versus normalization of self and others, (v) peer comparison and ego validation, and (vi) functionality - facilitation of communication functions. These findings offer an understanding of the key drivers of normative adolescent social media behaviour that go beyond the theoretical associations with Uses and Gratifications Theory and Self-Determination Theory, suggesting an additional alternative Motivational Factor for social media use, that of need to control relationships, content, presentation and impressions. This need may be underlying FoMO and nomophobia and could therefore be responsible for increasing engagement or compulsive use. These findings shed light on cognitive-emotive aspects that may be implicated in problematic use and may inform interventions targeting excessive or problematic screen time and specific social media use aspects that merit scientific attention.
Allen J Taylor - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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impact of electron beam tomography with or without case management on motivation behavioral change and cardiovascular risk profile a randomized controlled trial
JAMA, 2003Co-Authors: Patrick G Omalley, Irwin M Feuerstein, Allen J TaylorAbstract:ContextAlthough the use of electron beam tomography (EBT) as a Motivational tool to change behavior is practiced, its efficacy has not been studied.ObjectiveTo assess the effects of incorporating EBT as a Motivational Factor into a cardiovascular screening program in the context of either intensive case management (ICM) or usual care by assessing its impact over 1 year on a composite measure of projected risk.DesignRandomized controlled trial with a 2 × 2 Factorial design and 1 year of follow-up.Setting and ParticipantsA consecutive sample of 450 asymptomatic active-duty US Army personnel aged 39 to 45 years stationed within the Washington, DC, area and scheduled to undergo a periodic Army-mandated physical examination were enrolled between January 1999 and March 2001 (mean age, 42 years; 79% male; 66 [15%] had coronary calcification; mean [SD] predicted 10-year coronary risk, 5.85% [3.85%]).InterventionsPatients were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 intervention arms: EBT results provided in the setting of either ICM (n = 111) or usual care (n = 119) or EBT results withheld in the setting of either ICM (n = 124) or usual care (n = 96).Main Outcome MeasureThe primary outcome measure was change in a composite measure of risk, the 10-year Framingham Risk Score (FRS).ResultsComparing the groups who received EBT results with those who did not, the mean absolute risk change in 10-year FRS was +0.30 vs +0.36 (P = .81). Comparing the groups who received ICM with those who received usual care, the mean absolute risk change in 10-year FRS was −0.06 vs +0.74 (P = .003). Improvement or stabilization of cardiovascular risk was noted in 157 patients (40.2%). In multivariable analyses predicting change in FRS, after controlling for knowledge of coronary calcification, motivation for change, and multiple psychological variables, only the number of risk Factors (odds ratio, 1.42; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-1.75 for each additional risk Factor) and receipt of ICM (odds ratio, 1.62; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-2.52) were associated with improved or stabilized projected risk.ConclusionsUsing coronary calcification screening to motivate patients to make evidence-based changes in risk Factors was not associated with improvement in modifiable cardiovascular risk at 1 year. Case management was superior to usual care in the management of risk Factors.
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impact of electron beam tomography with or without case management on motivation behavioral change and cardiovascular risk profile a randomized controlled trial
JAMA, 2003Co-Authors: Patrick G Omalley, Irwin M Feuerstein, Allen J TaylorAbstract:ContextAlthough the use of electron beam tomography (EBT) as a Motivational tool to change behavior is practiced, its efficacy has not been studied.ObjectiveTo assess the effects of incorporating EBT as a Motivational Factor into a cardiovascular screening program in the context of either intensive case management (ICM) or usual care by assessing its impact over 1 year on a composite measure of projected risk.DesignRandomized controlled trial with a 2 × 2 Factorial design and 1 year of follow-up.Setting and ParticipantsA consecutive sample of 450 asymptomatic active-duty US Army personnel aged 39 to 45 years stationed within the Washington, DC, area and scheduled to undergo a periodic Army-mandated physical examination were enrolled between January 1999 and March 2001 (mean age, 42 years; 79% male; 66 [15%] had coronary calcification; mean [SD] predicted 10-year coronary risk, 5.85% [3.85%]).InterventionsPatients were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 intervention arms: EBT results provided in the setting of either ICM (n = 111) or usual care (n = 119) or EBT results withheld in the setting of either ICM (n = 124) or usual care (n = 96).Main Outcome MeasureThe primary outcome measure was change in a composite measure of risk, the 10-year Framingham Risk Score (FRS).ResultsComparing the groups who received EBT results with those who did not, the mean absolute risk change in 10-year FRS was +0.30 vs +0.36 (P = .81). Comparing the groups who received ICM with those who received usual care, the mean absolute risk change in 10-year FRS was −0.06 vs +0.74 (P = .003). Improvement or stabilization of cardiovascular risk was noted in 157 patients (40.2%). In multivariable analyses predicting change in FRS, after controlling for knowledge of coronary calcification, motivation for change, and multiple psychological variables, only the number of risk Factors (odds ratio, 1.42; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-1.75 for each additional risk Factor) and receipt of ICM (odds ratio, 1.62; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-2.52) were associated with improved or stabilized projected risk.ConclusionsUsing coronary calcification screening to motivate patients to make evidence-based changes in risk Factors was not associated with improvement in modifiable cardiovascular risk at 1 year. Case management was superior to usual care in the management of risk Factors.