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A M K Elghonemy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • performance test of a sea water multi stage Flash Distillation plant case study
    alexandria engineering journal, 2017
    Co-Authors: A M K Elghonemy
    Abstract:

    Abstract Multi-Stage-Flash (MSF) Distillation is a large scale sea water desalination plants that are widely used in Gulf area. Most installations of MSF plants are operated in cogeneration with a power plant. Also, MSF plants can be combined with other desalination technologies such as Nano filtration and Reverse osmosis (RO) in new installation. However, the new MSF plants are recommended, where large amounts of cheap or waste energy are available (e.g. conventional power plants). Also, the plant location is playing an important role for economic operation due to cold or hot weather conditions. The present study is applied on the seawater Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) desalination plant that is currently under operation in Al-Khafji operations plant located in Saudi Arabia (KSA). The plant contains 20 evaporator stages at capacity of 600,000 gallon per day (GPD). The presented operating data has been collected during a visit of the plant. The objective is to present field results of this MSF plant operation in order to measure and evaluate the performance at 70% and 100% capacity during summer (case-1) and winter (case-2) operation. Then, the plant overall performance indicators are presented to compare between the studied two cases in terms of specific cooling water flowrates and performance ratio. Finally, the seasonal performance variation of the plant is included. The results showed that, for the same plant output, the main cooling water flow rates is decreased from 47.1% to 20.1% for case-1 and case-2 respectively, which in turns directly reduces the pumping power by the same ratio. Consequently, running the large scale thermal desalination MSF plant in cold regions is more economic than hot regions for pumping power energy saving considerations. This is to be considered in future large scale desalination plants.

Alimah Siti - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • PEMILIHAN TEKNOLOGI DESALINASI NUKLIR DI PROVINSI KALIMANTAN TIMUR
    'National Atomic Energy Agency of Indonesia (BATAN)', 2009
    Co-Authors: Alimah Siti, Ariyanto Sudi, Dewita Erlan, Budiarto Budiarto, Sunaryo, Geni Rina
    Abstract:

    ABSTRAKPEMILIHAN TEKNOLOGI DESALINASI NUKLIR DI PROVINSI KALIMANTAN TIMUR. Saat ini, kebutuhan listrik di Kalimantan Timur (Kaltim) meningkat dengan kecepatan 12% per tahun. Karena pasokan listrik yang dihasilkan PT. PLN meningkat 8,5% per tahun, maka mengakibatkan terjadinya krisis listrik di daerah tersebut. PLTN (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir) dapat merupakan salah satu alternatif untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut. Demikian pula halnya dengan ketersediaan air bersih, pasokannya juga lebih sedikit dari pada kebutuhan. Sehingga memerlukan suatu upaya yang serius. Desalinasi nuklir adalah suatu proses memisahkan garam terlarut dari air laut atau air payau, yang dikopel dengan PLTN untuk memproduksi air bersih. Ada beberapa jenis teknologi desalinasi yang umum digunakan di dunia, diantaranya MSF (Multi-Stage Flash Distillation), MED (Multi-Effect Distillation) and RO (Reverse Osmosis). Makalah ini menyajikan hasil studi suatu pemilihan teknologi desalinasi untuk memperoleh solusi yang optimal. Pemilihan dilakukan berdasarkan pada pertimbangan 13 parameter penting yang diperkirakan sangat berpengaruh dalam menentukan pemilihan teknologi desalinasi nuklir dengan faktor pembobotan yang mempunyai kisaran 1 sampai 4. Teknologi yang dipilih adalah yang mempunyai nilai bobot paling tinggi. Hasil studi memperlihatkan bahwa MED mempunyai nilai bobot yang paling tinggi yaitu 39, diikuti nilai bobot 36 untuk RO dan 33 untuk MSF. Karena diperlukan air dengan kualitas sekitar 1 ppm untuk memasok PLTN dan untuk memasok kebutuhan masyarakat diperlukan air dengan kualitas dibawah 1000 ppm maka sistem hibrid MED-RO merupakan pilihan optimum untuk memproduksi air bersih.Kata kunci : teknologi desalinasi, MSF, MED, RO, air bersih, kopel, PLTN ABSTRACTSELECTION OF NUCLEAR DESALINATION TECHNOLOGY IN EAST KALIMANTAN PROVINCE. Nowdays, electricity demand in East Kalimantan increases with a rate of 12% per annum. Since the electricity supply produced by PT.PLN increases 8,5% per annum, then it can consequently an occurrence of electricity shortage in the region. NPP may be regarded as one viable option to overcome the problem. In case of fresh water availability, the supply is also less than the demand. Therefore, a serious effort is necessary. Nuclear desalination, which is a process of separating dissolved salts of seawater or brackish water, can be coupled to the NPP to produce fresh water. There are some desalination technology commonly used in the world i.e.MSF (Multi-Stage Flash Distillation), MED (Multi-Effect Distillation) and RO (Reverse Osmosis). This paper shows the study result of selection for desalination technology to obtain the optimum solution. The selection is done based on the thirteen important parameters, which are estimated to affect on determine technology option on the nuclear desalination with a weighing factor with ranges from 1 to 4. The most favourable technology is that with the highest point. The result show that MED has highest weighing factor that is 39, followed 36 for RO and 33 for MSF. Since the water quality requirement to supply NPP is about 1 ppm and to supply public demand is below 1000 ppm, so a hybrid system of MED-RO is optimum option to produce fresh water.Keywords: desalination technology, MSF, MED, RO, fresh water, coupling, NP

  • ECONOMY ASPECT FOR NUCLEAR DESALINATION SELECTION IN MURIA PENINSULA
    'National Atomic Energy Agency of Indonesia (BATAN)', 2009
    Co-Authors: Ariyanto Sudi, Alimah Siti
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACTECONOMY ASPECT FOR NUCLEAR DESALINATION SELECTION IN MURIA PENINSULA. An assessment of economy aspect for nuclear desalination selection has been carried out. This study compares the costs of water production for the Multi Stage Flash Distillation (MSF), Multi Effect Distillation (MED) and Reverse Osmosis (RO) desalination process coupled to PWR. Economic analysis of water cost are performed using the DEEP-3.1. The results of the performed case study of Muria Peninsula showed that the water cost to desalination process coupled with PWR nuclear power plant (at 5% interest rate, 2750 m3/day capacity, 28oC temperature, 28.700 ppm TDS) with MSF plant is the highest (1.353 $/m3), compared to 0.885 $/m3 and 0.791 $/m3 with the MED and RO plants respectively. As for MSF process, water cost by RO are also sensitive to variables, such as the interest rate, temperature and total salinity. However, MED process is sensitive to interest rate and temperature based on the economic aspect. MSF and MED plants produce a high-quality product water with a range of 1.0 – 50 ppm TDS, while RO plants produce product water of 200 – 500 ppm TDS. Water requirements for reactor coolant system in PWR type is about 1 ppm. Based on economic aspect and water requirements for reactor coolant system in PWR type, so co-generation of PWR and MED may be a favourable option for being applied in Muria Peninsula.Keywords: desalination, RO, MSF, MED, coupling, nuclear power plant, economic ABSTRAKASPEK EKONOMI PADA PEMILIHAN DESALINASI NUKLIR DI SEMENANJUNG MURIA. Kajian aspek ekonomi pada pemilihan desalinasi nuklir telah dilakukan. Studi ini membandingkan biaya produksi air proses desalinasi Multi Stage Flash Distillation (MSF), Multi Effect Distillation (MED) and Reverse Osmosis (RO), yang dikopel dengan PWR. Analisis ekonomi biaya produksi air dilakukan menggunakan DEEP-3.1. Hasil studi kasus yang telah dilakukan di wilayah Semenanjung Muria memperlihatkan bahwa biaya produksi air untuk proses desalinasi yang dikopel dengan PLTN jenis PWR (pada interest rate 5%, kapasitas 2750 m3/hari, suhu 28oC, TDS 28.700 ppm) untuk instalasi MSF adalah paling tinggi (1,353$/m3) dibanding instalasi MED (0,885 $/m3) dan RO (0,791 $/m3). Sebagaimana proses MSF, biaya produksi air RO juga sensitif terhadap variabel, seperti interest rate, suhu dan total salinitas. Namun, proses MED hanya sensitif terhadap interest rate dan suhu. Instalasi MSF dan MED menghasilkan air produk dengan kualitas tinggi dengan kisaran TDS 1-50 ppm, sedangkan RO menghasilkan air produk dengan TDS 200-500 ppm. Persyaratan air untuk sistem pendingin reaktor jenis PWR adalah sekitar 1 ppm. Berdasarkan aspek ekonomi dan persyaratan air untuk sistem pendingin reaktor PWR, maka kogenerasi PWR dan MED dapat menjadi pilihan yang tepat untuk diaplikasikan di Semenanjung Muria.Kata Kunci: desalinasi, RO, MSF, MED, kopel, PLTN, ekonom

  • FENOMENA KERAK DALAM DESALINASI DENGAN MULTI STAGE Flash Distillation (MSF)
    Pusat Kajian Sistem Energi Nuklir Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional, 2006
    Co-Authors: Alimah Siti
    Abstract:

    ABSTRAK FENOMENA KERAK DALAM DESALINASI DENGAN MULTI STAGE Flash Distillation (MSF). Telah dilakukan kajian fenomena kerak dalam desalinasi MSF. Kerak adalah salah satu masalah yang dominan dalam instalasi desalinasi MSF. Jenis utama kerak dalam MSF adalah kalsium karbonat (CaC03), magnesium hidroksida (Mg(OH)2) dan kalsium sulfat (CaS04). Kerak CaC03 dan Mg(OH)2 sebagai hasil dari dekomposisi panas dari ion bikarbonat, sedangkan kerak kalsium sulfat sebagai hasil dari reaksi ion kalsium dan ion sulfat yang ada dalam air laut. Kecepatan pembentukan kerak dalam air laut tergantung pada temperatur, pH, konsentrasi ion, larutan super jenuh, nukleasi dan difusi. Kerak dalam instalasi MSF dapat terjadi di bagian dalam pipa perpindahan panas, pipa pemanas brine, water boxes, permukaan tube sheets dan demister pads. Kerak mengurangi keefektifan (produksi dan konsumsi panas) dari proses. Untuk menghindari pengurangan unjuk kerja yang disebabkan pengendapan kerak, unit desalinasi menggunakan kontrol kerak. Untuk mengontrol problem kerak ini, metode yang dapat digunakan adalah penambahan asam, penambahan aditif (inhibitor kerak) dan pembersihan mekanik. Asam yang ditambahkan ke air laut harus stoikiometri (tepat), karena penambahan yang berlebihan akan meningkatkan problem korosi. Penggunaan inhibitor kerak seperti jenis polifosfat, fosfonat, poliakrilat dan poliamaleat, masing-masing mempunyai keuntungan dan kerugian. Kata kunci: Kerak, MSF Desalination, Inhibitor.   ABSTRACT SCALING PHENOMENA IN DESALINATION WITH MULTI STAGE Flash Distillation (MSF). Assessment of scaling phenomena in MSF desalination has been carried out. Scale is one of predominantly problem in multi stage Flash (MSF) desalination installation. The main types of scale in MSF are carbonat calcium (CaC03), hydroxide magnesium (Mg(OH)2) dan sulphate calcium (CaS04). CaC03 dan Mg(OH)2 scales result from the thermal decomposition of bicarbonate ion, however sulphate calcium scale result from reaction of calcium ion and sulfat ion present in seawater. The rate of formation scale in seawater depends on temperature, pH, concentration of ions, supersaturated solution, nucleation and diffusion. The scales in MSF installation can occur inside heat exchanger tube, brine heater tubes, water boxes, on the face of tube sheets and demister pads. Scaling reduces effectiveness (production and heat consumption) of the process. To avoid the reductions in performance caused by scale precipitation, desalination units employ scale control. To control this scaling problem, the following methods can be used; acid, additive (scale inhibitors) and mechanical cleaning. Stoichiometric amounts of acid must be added to seawater, because addition excess of acid will increase corrosion problems. Using of scale inhibitors as polyphosphates, phosphonates, polyacrylates and polymaleates have advantage and disadvantage. Keywords: Scale, MSF Desalination, Inhibitor

Alimah S. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Economy Aspect For Nuclear Desalination Selection In Muria Peninsula
    National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia, 2009
    Co-Authors: Ariyanto S., Alimah S.
    Abstract:

    ECONOMY ASPECT FOR NUCLEAR DESALINATION SELECTION IN MURIA PENINSULA. An assessment of economy aspect for nuclear desalination selection has been carried out. This study compares the costs of water production for the Multi Stage Flash Distillation (MSF), Multi Effect Distillation (MED) and Reverse Osmosis (RO) desalination process coupled to PWR. Economic analysis of water cost are performed using the DEEP-3.1. The results of the performed case study of Muria Peninsula showed that the water cost to desalination process coupled with PWR nuclear power plant (at 5% interest rate, 2750 m3/day capacity, 28oC temperature, 28.700 ppm TDS) with MSF plant is the highest (1.353 $/m3), compared to 0.885 $/m3 and 0.791 $/m3 with the MED and RO plants respectively. As for MSF process, water cost by RO are also sensitive to variables, such as the interest rate, temperature and total salinity. However, MED process is sensitive to interest rate and temperature based on the economic aspect. MSF and MED plants produce a high-quality product water with a range of 1.0 – 50 ppm TDS, while RO plants produce product water of 200 – 500 ppm TDS. Water requirements for reactor coolant system in PWR type is about 1 ppm. Based on economic aspect and water requirements for reactor coolant system in PWR type, so co-generation of PWR and MED may be a favourable option for being applied in Muria Peninsula

  • Pemilihan Teknologi Desalinasi Nuklir di Provinsi Kalimantan Timur
    National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia, 2009
    Co-Authors: Alimah S., Ariyanto S., Dewita E., Budiarto B., Sunaryo G. R.
    Abstract:

    PEMILIHAN TEKNOLOGI DESALINASI NUKLIR DI PROVINSI KALIMANTAN TIMUR. Saat ini, kebutuhan listrik di Kalimantan Timur (Kaltim) meningkat dengan kecepatan 12% per tahun. Karena pasokan listrik yang dihasilkan PT. PLN meningkat 8,5% per tahun, maka mengakibatkan terjadinya krisis listrik di daerah tersebut. PLTN (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir) dapat merupakan salah satu alternatif untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut. Demikian pula halnya dengan ketersediaan air bersih, pasokannya juga lebih sedikit dari pada kebutuhan. Sehingga memerlukan suatu upaya yang serius. Desalinasi nuklir adalah suatu proses memisahkan garam terlarut dari air laut atau air payau, yang dikopel dengan PLTN untuk memproduksi air bersih. Ada beberapa jenis teknologi desalinasi yang umum digunakan di dunia, diantaranya MSF (Multi-Stage Flash Distillation), MED (Multi-Effect Distillation) and RO (Reverse Osmosis). Makalah ini menyajikan hasil studi suatu pemilihan teknologi desalinasi untuk memperoleh solusi yang optimal. Pemilihan dilakukan berdasarkan pada pertimbangan 13 parameter penting yang diperkirakan sangat berpengaruh dalam menentukan pemilihan teknologi desalinasi nuklir dengan faktor pembobotan yang mempunyai kisaran 1 sampai 4. Teknologi yang dipilih adalah yang mempunyai nilai bobot paling tinggi. Hasil studi memperlihatkan bahwa MED mempunyai nilai bobot yang paling tinggi yaitu 39, diikuti nilai bobot 36 untuk RO dan 33 untuk MSF. Karena diperlukan air dengan kualitas sekitar 1 ppm untuk memasok PLTN dan untuk memasok kebutuhan masyarakat diperlukan air dengan kualitas dibawah 1000 ppm maka sistem hibrid MED-RO merupakan pilihan optimum untuk memproduksi air bersih

  • Fenomena Kerak dalam Desalinasi dengan Multi Stage Flash Distillation (Msf)
    National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia, 2006
    Co-Authors: Alimah S.
    Abstract:

    FENOMENA KERAK DALAM DESALINASI DENGAN MULTI STAGE Flash Distillation (MSF). Telah dilakukan kajian fenomena kerak dalam desalinasi MSF. Kerak adalah salah satu masalah yang dominan dalam instalasi desalinasi MSF. Jenis utama kerak dalam MSF adalah kalsium karbonat (CaC03), magnesium hidroksida (Mg(OH)2) dan kalsium sulfat (CaS04). Kerak CaC03 dan Mg(OH)2 sebagai hasil dari dekomposisi panas dari ion bikarbonat, sedangkan kerak kalsium sulfat sebagai hasil dari reaksi ion kalsium dan ion sulfat yang ada dalam air laut. Kecepatan pembentukan kerak dalam air laut tergantung pada temperatur, pH, konsentrasi ion, larutan super jenuh, nukleasi dan difusi. Kerak dalam instalasi MSF dapat terjadi di bagian dalam pipa perpindahan panas, pipa pemanas brine, water boxes, permukaan tube sheets dan demister pads. Kerak mengurangi keefektifan (produksi dan konsumsi panas) dari proses. Untuk menghindari pengurangan unjuk kerja yang disebabkan pengendapan kerak, unit desalinasi menggunakan kontrol kerak. Untuk mengontrol problem kerak ini, metode yang dapat digunakan adalah penambahan asam, penambahan aditif (inhibitor kerak) dan pembersihan mekanik. Asam yang ditambahkan ke air laut harus stoikiometri (tepat), karena penambahan yang berlebihan akan meningkatkan problem korosi. Penggunaan inhibitor kerak seperti jenis polifosfat, fosfonat, poliakrilat dan poliamaleat, masing-masing mempunyai keuntungan dan kerugian

Jean-philippe Croué - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Tracing disinfection byproducts in full-scale desalination plants
    Desalination, 2015
    Co-Authors: Julien Le Roux, Nabil Nada, Muhammad Khan, Jean-philippe Croué
    Abstract:

    The aim of this study was to assess the formation and the behavior of halogenated byproducts (regulated THMs and HAAs, as well as nitrogenous, brominated and iodinated DBPs including the emerging iodo-THMs) along the treatment train of full-scale desalination plants. One thermal Multi-Stage Flash Distillation (MSF) plant and two reverse osmosis (RO) plants located on the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. DBPs formed during the prechlorination step were efficiently removed along the treatment processes (MSF or RO). Desalination plants fed with good seawater quality and using intermittent chlorine injection did not show high DBP formation and discharge. One RO plant with a lower raw water quality and using continuous chlorination at the intake formed more DBPs. In this plant, some non-regulated DBPs (e.g., dibromoacetonitrile and iodo-THMs) reached the product water in low concentrations (< 1.5 μg/L). Regulated THMs and HAAs were far below their maximum contamination levels set by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Substantial amounts of DBPs are disposed to the sea, low concentrations of DBPs were indeed detected in the water on shore of the desalination plants.

  • Tracing disinfection byproducts in desalination plants
    2013
    Co-Authors: Julien Le Roux, Nabil Nada, Jean-philippe Croué
    Abstract:

    Prechlorination is used in seawater desalination processes to control the biofouling in both thermal desalination plants and membrane desalination plants. A large diversity of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) is formed during seawater pretreatment processes using chlorination, including the regulated trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). Nitrogenous DBPs (N-DBPs) generally form in much smaller amounts than regulated DBPs, but have been a growing concern over the past decade because of their greater health risk. High levels of nitrogen-containing compounds in algal organic matter (AOM) can lead to the formation of significant quantities of N-DBPs during algal bloom events. Moreover, the presence of high concentrations of bromide and iodide ion in seawater favors the formation of brominated and iodinated byproducts that are often more toxic than their chlorinated analogues. The aim of this work is to assess the formation and the behavior of halogenated byproducts along the treatment train of full-scale desalination plants. In the first campaign of this work, one thermal Multi-Stage Flash Distillation (MSF) plant and one reverse osmosis (RO) plant were studied, both located on the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. Results show that DBPs formed during the pre-chlorination step are efficiently removed along the treatment processes (MSF or RO). Future work will focus on DBPs produced during algal bloom events.

A.r. Khan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Comparative study of two anti-scale agents Belgard EVN and Belgard EV 2000 in Multi-Stage Flash Distillation plants in Kuwait
    Desalination, 1994
    Co-Authors: S.a. Al-saleh, A.r. Khan
    Abstract:

    Abstract The performance of MSF distiller depends on scale formation inside the condenser tubes since scale impairs heat transfer and adversely affects the production of the main utility. In the past three decades a great deal of research activity has focussed on the development and testing of anti-scale agents. Three basic methods are commonly applied in inhibition of scale formation. The first method involves the prevention of scale deposition through pH adjustment by acid addition. The second method controls scale precipitation through the addition of special chemicals either alone or coupled with sponge ball cleaning. The third method is a combination of additive and acid addition. In 1988, a comparative performance study was carried out using two polymer-based chemicals as anti-scale agents in the two identical units of Doha East desalination plants. Both units were Multi-Stage Flash, low temperature, cross-tubed and brine recirculation with a nominal capacity of 6.0 migdp (27,276 m 3 /d). The test period was 92 days. Both distillers exhibited excellent performance and demonstrated a steady successful operation. The results of the comparative study show that Belgard EV 2000 and Belgard EVN are effective in controlling alkaline scale deposition on critical heat transfer surfaces of the evaporators. The results show a remarkable improvement in heater overall heat transfer coefficient, reducing significantly the heater fouling factor, increasing the Gained Output Ratio (GOR) and Performance Ratio (PR) values, maintaining the distillate production and steam consumption. Belgard EV 2000 showed better performance and was slightly more effective than Belgard EVN. The results of Belgard EV 2000 show an insignificant difference in the values of Overall H.T. coefficient and fouling factor of heat gain section.