The Experts below are selected from a list of 20994 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Kenro Kusumi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Regeneration: Lessons from the Lizard
Innovations in Molecular Mechanisms and Tissue Engineering, 2016Co-Authors: Elizabeth Hutchins, Jeanne Wilson-rawls, Kenro KusumiAbstract:While regeneration of appendages is observed in a number of vertebrates, including teleost fish, amphibians, and squamate reptiles, birds and mammals, including humans, have very limited capacity. The combination of cellular and tissue-based studies together with high throughput sequencing technologies now permit investigations into the molecular mechanisms underlying regeneration of appendages in vertebrates. As the first squamate reptile with a fully sequenced and annotated genome, the green anole lizard, Anolis carolinensis, has yielded insights into both the cellular and molecular programs for regeneration. RNA-Seq based studies have identified both Developmental and repair mechanisms in anole tail regeneration, particularly pathways regulating formation of the wound epithelium, modulation of the immune response, Musculoskeletal Development, remodeling of the extracellular matrix, and activation of Wnt/β-catenin and FGF signaling pathways. Additionally, both conserved and novel microRNAs have been identified in tail regeneration in the anole, giving insights into upstream regulators of the regenerative process. Ongoing comparative studies of lizard regeneration could potentially be translated into future regenerative therapeutics for appendage biological prosthetics.
-
Differential expression of conserved and novel microRNAs during tail regeneration in the lizard Anolis carolinensis
BMC Genomics, 2016Co-Authors: Elizabeth D. Hutchins, Walter L. Eckalbar, Justin M. Wolter, Marco Mangone, Kenro KusumiAbstract:Background Lizards are evolutionarily the most closely related vertebrates to humans that can lose and regrow an entire appendage. Regeneration in lizards involves differential expression of hundreds of genes that regulate wound healing, Musculoskeletal Development, hormonal response, and embryonic morphogenesis. While microRNAs are able to regulate large groups of genes, their role in lizard regeneration has not been investigated. Results MicroRNA sequencing of green anole lizard ( Anolis carolinensis ) regenerating tail and associated tissues revealed 350 putative novel and 196 known microRNA precursors. Eleven microRNAs were differentially expressed between the regenerating tail tip and base during maximum outgrowth (25 days post autotomy), including miR-133a , miR-133b , and miR-206 , which have been reported to regulate regeneration and stem cell proliferation in other model systems. Three putative novel differentially expressed microRNAs were identified in the regenerating tail tip. Conclusions Differentially expressed microRNAs were identified in the regenerating lizard tail, including known regulators of stem cell proliferation. The identification of 3 putative novel microRNAs suggests that regulatory networks, either conserved in vertebrates and previously uncharacterized or specific to lizards, are involved in regeneration. These findings suggest that differential regulation of microRNAs may play a role in coordinating the timing and expression of hundreds of genes involved in regeneration.
-
Activation of Musculoskeletal Development and repair mechanisms in the regenerating lizard tail (344.7)
The FASEB Journal, 2014Co-Authors: Elizabeth Hutchins, Minami A. Tokuyama, Walter L. Eckalbar, Rebecca E. Fisher, Alan Rawls, Jeanne Wilson-rawls, Kenro KusumiAbstract:Uniquely among amniote vertebrates, lizards can lose their tails and regrow a functional replacement. These regenerated tails, which have an organization distinct from the original tail, contain ne...
Vicente Gilsanz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Relevance of brown adipose tissue in infancy and adolescence
Pediatric Research, 2013Co-Authors: Vicente Gilsanz, Houchun H. Hu, Shingo KajimuraAbstract:Brown adipose tissue (BAT) was thought to disappear after infancy. Recent findings of BAT in patients undergoing positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) have renewed the interest in deciphering the relevance of this tissue in humans. Available data suggest that BAT is more prevalent in children than in adults and that its activation during adolescence is associated with significantly lower gains in weight and adiposity. Data also show that pediatric patients with metabolically active BAT on PET/CT examinations have significantly greater muscle volume than patients without identifiable BAT. Both the activity and the amount of BAT increase during puberty. The magnitude of the increase is higher in boys as compared with girls and is closely related to gains in muscle volume. Hence, concurrent with the gains in skeletal muscle during infancy and puberty, all infants and adolescents accumulate large amounts of BAT. These observations are consistent with in vitro investigations suggesting close interactions between brown adipocytes, white adipocytes, and myocytes. In this review, we discuss the potential role of this tissue in regulating weight and Musculoskeletal Development in children.
-
low level high frequency mechanical signals enhance Musculoskeletal Development of young women with low bmd
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 2006Co-Authors: Vicente Gilsanz, Tishya A L Wren, Monique Sanchez, Frederick Dorey, Stefan Judex, Clinton T RubinAbstract:The potential for brief periods of low-magnitude, high-frequency mechanical signals to enhance the Musculoskeletal system was evaluated in young women with low BMD. Twelve months of this noninvasive signal, induced as whole body vibration for at least 2 minutes each day, increased bone and muscle mass in the axial skeleton and lower extremities compared with controls. Introduction: The incidence of osteoporosis, a disease that manifests in the elderly, may be reduced by increasing peak bone mass in the young. Preliminary data indicate that extremely low-level mechanical signals are anabolic to bone tissue, and their ability to enhance bone and muscle mass in young women was inves- tigated in this study. Materials and Methods: A 12-month trial was conducted in 48 young women (15-20 years) with low BMD and a history of at least one skeletal fracture. One half of the subjects underwent brief (10 minutes requested), daily, low-level whole body vibration (30 Hz, 0.3g); the remaining women served as controls. Quantitative CT performed at baseline and at the end of study was used to establish changes in muscle and bone mass in the weight-bearing skeleton. Results: Using an intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis, cancellous bone in the lumbar vertebrae and cortical bone in the femoral midshaft of the experimental group increased by 2.1% ( p 0.025) and 3.4% ( p < 0.001), respectively, compared with 0.1% ( p 0.74) and 1.1% ( p 0.14), in controls. Increases in cancellous and cortical bone were 2.0% ( p 0.06) and 2.3% ( p 0.04) greater, respectively, in the experimental group compared with controls. Cross-sectional area of paraspinous musculature was 4.9% greater ( p 0.002) in the experimental group versus controls. When a per protocol analysis was considered, gains in both muscle and bone were strongly correlated to a threshold in compliance, where the benefit of the mechanical intervention compared with controls was realized once subjects used the device for at least 2 minute/day (n 18), as reflected by a 3.9% increase in cancellous bone of the spine ( p 0.007), 2.9% increase in cortical bone of the femur ( p 0.009), and 7.2% increase in musculature of the spine ( p 0.001) compared with controls and low compliers (n 30). Conclusions: Short bouts of extremely low-level mechanical signals, several orders of magnitude below that associated with vigorous exercise, increased bone and muscle mass in the weight-bearing skeleton of young adult females with low BMD. Should these Musculoskeletal enhancements be preserved through adulthood, this intervention may prove to be a deterrent to osteoporosis in the elderly.
-
Low‐Level, High‐Frequency Mechanical Signals Enhance Musculoskeletal Development of Young Women With Low BMD
Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, 2006Co-Authors: Vicente Gilsanz, Tishya A L Wren, Monique Sanchez, Frederick Dorey, Stefan Judex, Clinton T RubinAbstract:The potential for brief periods of low-magnitude, high-frequency mechanical signals to enhance the Musculoskeletal system was evaluated in young women with low BMD. Twelve months of this noninvasive signal, induced as whole body vibration for at least 2 minutes each day, increased bone and muscle mass in the axial skeleton and lower extremities compared with controls. Introduction: The incidence of osteoporosis, a disease that manifests in the elderly, may be reduced by increasing peak bone mass in the young. Preliminary data indicate that extremely low-level mechanical signals are anabolic to bone tissue, and their ability to enhance bone and muscle mass in young women was inves- tigated in this study. Materials and Methods: A 12-month trial was conducted in 48 young women (15-20 years) with low BMD and a history of at least one skeletal fracture. One half of the subjects underwent brief (10 minutes requested), daily, low-level whole body vibration (30 Hz, 0.3g); the remaining women served as controls. Quantitative CT performed at baseline and at the end of study was used to establish changes in muscle and bone mass in the weight-bearing skeleton. Results: Using an intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis, cancellous bone in the lumbar vertebrae and cortical bone in the femoral midshaft of the experimental group increased by 2.1% ( p 0.025) and 3.4% ( p < 0.001), respectively, compared with 0.1% ( p 0.74) and 1.1% ( p 0.14), in controls. Increases in cancellous and cortical bone were 2.0% ( p 0.06) and 2.3% ( p 0.04) greater, respectively, in the experimental group compared with controls. Cross-sectional area of paraspinous musculature was 4.9% greater ( p 0.002) in the experimental group versus controls. When a per protocol analysis was considered, gains in both muscle and bone were strongly correlated to a threshold in compliance, where the benefit of the mechanical intervention compared with controls was realized once subjects used the device for at least 2 minute/day (n 18), as reflected by a 3.9% increase in cancellous bone of the spine ( p 0.007), 2.9% increase in cortical bone of the femur ( p 0.009), and 7.2% increase in musculature of the spine ( p 0.001) compared with controls and low compliers (n 30). Conclusions: Short bouts of extremely low-level mechanical signals, several orders of magnitude below that associated with vigorous exercise, increased bone and muscle mass in the weight-bearing skeleton of young adult females with low BMD. Should these Musculoskeletal enhancements be preserved through adulthood, this intervention may prove to be a deterrent to osteoporosis in the elderly.
-
Bone, Muscle, and Fat: Sex-related Differences in Prepubertal Children
Radiology, 2002Co-Authors: Kiumars Arfai, Pisit Pitukcheewanont, Michael I. Goran, C. Jane Tavare, Linda Heller, Vicente GilsanzAbstract:PURPOSE: To determine whether there are sex-related differences in vertebral cross-sectional dimensions, in paraspinous muscle area, and in the amount of fat in the subcutaneous and visceral compartments of prepubertal boys and girls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subcutaneous fat, visceral fat, paraspinous musculature, and vertebral cross-sectional dimensions were studied in 31 pairs of prepubertal healthy white girls and boys 5–10 years of age, rigorously matched for age, height, and weight. Data were analyzed with the Student t test and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: Sex had a differential effect on fat accumulation and Musculoskeletal Development. Compared with boys, girls had, on average, 28% greater total fat and 30% higher subcutaneous fat (P < .001 for both), but 10% less paraspinous musculature (P = .002) and 15% smaller vertebral cross-sectional dimensions (P < .001). In contrast, the sexes were monomorphic for visceral fat (P = .24). Stepwise regression analysis indicated that only 22% of the ...
Elizabeth Hutchins - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Regeneration: Lessons from the Lizard
Innovations in Molecular Mechanisms and Tissue Engineering, 2016Co-Authors: Elizabeth Hutchins, Jeanne Wilson-rawls, Kenro KusumiAbstract:While regeneration of appendages is observed in a number of vertebrates, including teleost fish, amphibians, and squamate reptiles, birds and mammals, including humans, have very limited capacity. The combination of cellular and tissue-based studies together with high throughput sequencing technologies now permit investigations into the molecular mechanisms underlying regeneration of appendages in vertebrates. As the first squamate reptile with a fully sequenced and annotated genome, the green anole lizard, Anolis carolinensis, has yielded insights into both the cellular and molecular programs for regeneration. RNA-Seq based studies have identified both Developmental and repair mechanisms in anole tail regeneration, particularly pathways regulating formation of the wound epithelium, modulation of the immune response, Musculoskeletal Development, remodeling of the extracellular matrix, and activation of Wnt/β-catenin and FGF signaling pathways. Additionally, both conserved and novel microRNAs have been identified in tail regeneration in the anole, giving insights into upstream regulators of the regenerative process. Ongoing comparative studies of lizard regeneration could potentially be translated into future regenerative therapeutics for appendage biological prosthetics.
-
transcriptomic analysis of tail regeneration in the lizard anolis carolinensis reveals activation of conserved vertebrate Developmental and repair mechanisms
PLOS ONE, 2014Co-Authors: Elizabeth Hutchins, Minami A. Tokuyama, Walter L. Eckalbar, Glenn J Markov, Rajani M George, Jesse M King, Lauren A Geiger, Nataliya Emmert, Michael J Ammar, April N AllenAbstract:Lizards, which are amniote vertebrates like humans, are able to lose and regenerate a functional tail. Understanding the molecular basis of this process would advance regenerative approaches in amniotes, including humans. We have carried out the first transcriptomic analysis of tail regeneration in a lizard, the green anole Anolis carolinensis, which revealed 326 differentially expressed genes activating multiple Developmental and repair mechanisms. Specifically, genes involved in wound response, hormonal regulation, Musculoskeletal Development, and the Wnt and MAPK/FGF pathways were differentially expressed along the regenerating tail axis. Furthermore, we identified 2 microRNA precursor families, 22 unclassified non-coding RNAs, and 3 novel protein-coding genes significantly enriched in the regenerating tail. However, high levels of progenitor/stem cell markers were not observed in any region of the regenerating tail. Furthermore, we observed multiple tissue-type specific clusters of proliferating cells along the regenerating tail, not localized to the tail tip. These findings predict a different mechanism of regeneration in the lizard than the blastema model described in the salamander and the zebrafish, which are anamniote vertebrates. Thus, lizard tail regrowth involves the activation of conserved Developmental and wound response pathways, which are potential targets for regenerative medical therapies.
-
Activation of Musculoskeletal Development and repair mechanisms in the regenerating lizard tail (344.7)
The FASEB Journal, 2014Co-Authors: Elizabeth Hutchins, Minami A. Tokuyama, Walter L. Eckalbar, Rebecca E. Fisher, Alan Rawls, Jeanne Wilson-rawls, Kenro KusumiAbstract:Uniquely among amniote vertebrates, lizards can lose their tails and regrow a functional replacement. These regenerated tails, which have an organization distinct from the original tail, contain ne...
Walter L. Eckalbar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Differential expression of conserved and novel microRNAs during tail regeneration in the lizard Anolis carolinensis
BMC Genomics, 2016Co-Authors: Elizabeth D. Hutchins, Walter L. Eckalbar, Justin M. Wolter, Marco Mangone, Kenro KusumiAbstract:Background Lizards are evolutionarily the most closely related vertebrates to humans that can lose and regrow an entire appendage. Regeneration in lizards involves differential expression of hundreds of genes that regulate wound healing, Musculoskeletal Development, hormonal response, and embryonic morphogenesis. While microRNAs are able to regulate large groups of genes, their role in lizard regeneration has not been investigated. Results MicroRNA sequencing of green anole lizard ( Anolis carolinensis ) regenerating tail and associated tissues revealed 350 putative novel and 196 known microRNA precursors. Eleven microRNAs were differentially expressed between the regenerating tail tip and base during maximum outgrowth (25 days post autotomy), including miR-133a , miR-133b , and miR-206 , which have been reported to regulate regeneration and stem cell proliferation in other model systems. Three putative novel differentially expressed microRNAs were identified in the regenerating tail tip. Conclusions Differentially expressed microRNAs were identified in the regenerating lizard tail, including known regulators of stem cell proliferation. The identification of 3 putative novel microRNAs suggests that regulatory networks, either conserved in vertebrates and previously uncharacterized or specific to lizards, are involved in regeneration. These findings suggest that differential regulation of microRNAs may play a role in coordinating the timing and expression of hundreds of genes involved in regeneration.
-
transcriptomic analysis of tail regeneration in the lizard anolis carolinensis reveals activation of conserved vertebrate Developmental and repair mechanisms
PLOS ONE, 2014Co-Authors: Elizabeth Hutchins, Minami A. Tokuyama, Walter L. Eckalbar, Glenn J Markov, Rajani M George, Jesse M King, Lauren A Geiger, Nataliya Emmert, Michael J Ammar, April N AllenAbstract:Lizards, which are amniote vertebrates like humans, are able to lose and regenerate a functional tail. Understanding the molecular basis of this process would advance regenerative approaches in amniotes, including humans. We have carried out the first transcriptomic analysis of tail regeneration in a lizard, the green anole Anolis carolinensis, which revealed 326 differentially expressed genes activating multiple Developmental and repair mechanisms. Specifically, genes involved in wound response, hormonal regulation, Musculoskeletal Development, and the Wnt and MAPK/FGF pathways were differentially expressed along the regenerating tail axis. Furthermore, we identified 2 microRNA precursor families, 22 unclassified non-coding RNAs, and 3 novel protein-coding genes significantly enriched in the regenerating tail. However, high levels of progenitor/stem cell markers were not observed in any region of the regenerating tail. Furthermore, we observed multiple tissue-type specific clusters of proliferating cells along the regenerating tail, not localized to the tail tip. These findings predict a different mechanism of regeneration in the lizard than the blastema model described in the salamander and the zebrafish, which are anamniote vertebrates. Thus, lizard tail regrowth involves the activation of conserved Developmental and wound response pathways, which are potential targets for regenerative medical therapies.
-
Activation of Musculoskeletal Development and repair mechanisms in the regenerating lizard tail (344.7)
The FASEB Journal, 2014Co-Authors: Elizabeth Hutchins, Minami A. Tokuyama, Walter L. Eckalbar, Rebecca E. Fisher, Alan Rawls, Jeanne Wilson-rawls, Kenro KusumiAbstract:Uniquely among amniote vertebrates, lizards can lose their tails and regrow a functional replacement. These regenerated tails, which have an organization distinct from the original tail, contain ne...
Richard D. Lewis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Skeletal muscle and pediatric bone Development.
Current opinion in endocrinology diabetes and obesity, 2015Co-Authors: Joseph M. Kindler, Richard D. Lewis, Mark W. HamrickAbstract:PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent clinical findings surrounding the muscle-bone relationships in children, while considering muscle adiposity, endocrine factors, and lifestyle influences (i.e., diet and exercise) involved in pediatric Musculoskeletal Development. RECENT FINDINGS Positive relationships between cortical bone geometry and muscle mass, size and function have been reported. Prospective studies in particular have helped clarify some of the inconsistent relationships between muscle and cortical bone volumetric density. Muscle fat is associated with impaired glucose handling and muscular functionality, which may in turn have a downstream effect on cortical bone growth during adolescence. Lifestyle factors such as healthful diets and higher impact physical activities can promote optimal skeletal Development by improving the muscular phenotype and endocrine profile. SUMMARY Muscle and bone are two intricately-related tissue types; however, factors such as sex, maturation, study design, and outcome measures studied can modify this relationship. Further research is warranted to understand the impact of muscle adiposity on cardiometabolic health, muscle function and, subsequently, pediatric Musculoskeletal Development and fracture risk. Following age-specific diet and physical activity recommendations should be a major focus in obtaining optimal muscle and bone Development throughout maturation.
-
in vivo validation of whole body composition estimates from dual energy x ray absorptiometry
Journal of Applied Physiology, 1997Co-Authors: Barry M. Prior, Mark A Sloniger, Michael J Saunders, Kirk J. Cureton, Christopher M. Modlesky, Ellen M Evans, Richard D. LewisAbstract:Prior, Barry M., Kirk J. Cureton, Christopher M. Modlesky, Ellen M. Evans, Mark A. Sloniger, Michael Saunders, and Richard D. Lewis. In vivo validation of whole body composition estimates from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(2): 623–630, 1997.—We validated whole body composition estimates from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) against estimates from a four-component model to determine whether accuracy is affected by gender, race, athletic status, or Musculoskeletal Development in young adults. Measurements of body density by hydrostatic weighing, body water by deuterium dilution, and bone mineral by whole body DEXA were obtained in 172 young men (n = 91) and women (n = 81). Estimates of body fat (%Fat) from DEXA (%FatDEXA) were highly correlated with estimates of body fat from the four-component model [body density, total body water, and total body mineral (%Fatd,w,m);r = 0.94, standard error of the estimante (SEE) = 2.8% body mass (BM)] with no significant difference between ...
