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Enrique Abad Monllor - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Nagele un continuo laboratorio urbano reinterpretando el proyecto urbano hoy Nagele an urban lab in progress reviewing the urban plan nowadays
Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo | XI Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo | Junio 2019 | Barcelona - Santiago d, 2019Co-Authors: Luis Palacios Labrador, Enrique Abad MonllorAbstract:La presente investigacion supone la revision critica de la ciudad utopica de Nagele, asentamiento holandes ubicado en la nueva tierra del Noordoostpolder y disenado de 1947 a 1955 por los grupos de arquitectos De 8 en Opbouw. Entre ellos, Gerrit Rietveld vislumbro el planeamiento de una ciudad acabada desde su origen y Aldo van Eyck la formulo como prototipo de su teoria de configuracion urbana, hecho que ensalza el proceso de diseno urbano, objeto de esta investigacion. Revisitar Nagele 70 anos despues permite entender la transformacion que ha sufrido a lo largo del tiempo debido a la crisis del modelo de explotacion agricola y la necesidad de nueva vivienda. Para ello, despues de introducir la singularidad del diseno del todo, de las partes, y de su crecimiento, se lleva a cabo un analisis de la situacion actual de la ciudad, para concluir con aportaciones recientes, llevadas a cabo desde ambitos de investigacion y docencia en Holanda y Espana, reinterpretando el proyecto en la actualidad. A traves del caso de estudio, la investigacion aporta una reflexion sobre el futuro del patrimonio del urbanismo moderno de posguerra, abriendo el debate sobre su intencion de mantener el diseno urbano original o permitir su reinterpretacion, crecimiento y densificacion atendiendo a las demandas agricolas y residenciales de la ciudad contemporanea. ----------ABSTRACT---------- This research proposes a critical review of Nagele, a Dutch settlement located in the new land of the Noordoostpolder and designed in the 50s by the groups of architects De 8 en Opbouw. Among them, Gerrit Rietveld defined a plan unable to be expanded from its origin and Aldo van Eyck formulated Nagele as a prototype of his configurative theory; this fact praises the process of urban design, main goal of the research.Revisiti ng Nagele 70 years later allows understanding the transformation it has suffered over time due to the evolution of the agricultural model and the need for new housing. The research analyzes the singularity of the urban design of the whole and the parts, its growth and the current situation of the city. It concludes with recent contributions, carried out from different researching and teaching areas in the Netherlands and Spain.Throughout the case study, the research provides a discussion on the future of post-war modern urban heritage, the debate on its intention to either maintain the original urban design or allow its reinterpretation, growth and densification in response to the agricultural and residential demands of the contemporary city.
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Nagele: un nuevo asentamiento en un paisaje artificial
2016Co-Authors: Enrique Abad MonllorAbstract:Nagele es un asentamiento urbano situado en el Noordoostpolder, territorio neerlandes ganado al mar. Fue disenado por arquitectos de los grupos De 8 en Opbouw entre los que destacaron Rietveld, Van Eesteren, Van Eyck, Bakema, Stam y Ruys. El proyecto se desarrollo entre 1947 y 1956, un periodo de tiempo con formas de proyectar muy ricas en interpretaciones. Los arquitectos pusieron en crisis los planteamientos historicistas de las nuevas poblaciones de los polderes. Propusieron un nuevo prototipo, una morfologia compacta y concentrica que transmitiria igualdad a una comunidad agricola, entendida como una sociedad urbana del siglo XX. La administracion apoyo la propuesta que convertiria el proyecto en un arriesgado reto por su falta de antecedentes. La vigencia de las formulaciones permanece hoy en dia en la ciudad construida, aunque con alteraciones. En los dibujos del proceso se encuentran los principales enunciados teoricos que este trabajo pretende descubrir. El trabajo aborda aspectos no suficientemente explorados, como su relacion con el polder, la evolucion de las estrategias proyectivas, la ordenacion paisajista y los elementos urbanos. El Noordoostpolder es la culminacion de una serie de experiencias multidisciplinares en el reclamo de tierras a gran escala. Se estudia su estructura urbana policentrica, la parcelacion agricola que origina el proyecto urbano y la vinculacion de la vegetacion con la infraestructura, proporcionando orientacion, proteccion climatica y escala humana, conceptos que impregnan las estrategias del proyecto urbano. La primera fase de la ordenacion configuro areas monofuncionales que respondian a cada una de las cuatro necesidades basicas del metodo cientifico de la ciudad higienista. El acontecimiento que marco el final de la primera fase fue su presentacion en el septimo CIAM de 1949, cuyo titulo fue Aplicacion de la Carta de Atenas. El programa residencial se dividio en clusters organizados en torno a una pradera vecinal central, vinculandose el orden vecinal, urbano y territorial. La segunda fase fue un catalizador de nuevos planteamientos. El proyecto se transformo en un In-between Realm, un escenario teorico donde coexisten fenomenos tradicionalmente antagonicos que Van Eyck denomino Twin Phenomena, convirtiendose la ciudad en una replica formal de la ambivalencia de la mente humana. La indefinicion espacial no programada en la propuesta anterior se transformo en un conjunto de espacios urbanos, con limites y dimensiones adaptados a la escala humana. El proyecto es anterior a la obra escrita de Van Eyck por lo que estimulo sus enunciados teoricos. Unas ideas tambien reconocidas en los tres CIAM posteriores en los que tambien se expuso el proyecto. El diseno paisajista se integra en el proyecto urbano desde sus origenes. El limite se compone de una barrera boscosa que protege climaticamente, proporciona escala humana y control visual frente a las llanuras infinitas del polder. Van Eyck sintetizo el proyecto como una habitacion verde sin techo, afirmacion que dilucida su equivalencia con el de un interior domestico. Exteriormente la ciudad se convierte en una unidad autonoma del territorio. Interiormente, un sistema jerarquizado de vegetacion vinculado a la arquitectura y la infraestructura constituye espacios urbanos de diferentes escalas. La propuesta fue transformada por Boer y Ruys en un nuevo espacio urbano unico, no asimilando los conceptos anteriores. El proyecto y construccion de los primeros elementos urbanos consistio en un reparto de tareas a De 8 en Opbouw, hecho que estimula estudiar su relacion con el proyecto urbano. La estructura policentrica organiza las aulas de las escuelas de Van Eyck, las diferentes areas confesionales del cementerio de Ruys y las unidades residenciales, disenadas por Stam, Rietveld y Stam-Besse. Los Twin Phenomena alcanzan un acuerdo en el corredor comercial, disenado por Bakema y Van der Broek. La generacion de espacios dentro de otros aparece tambien en el cementerio, a traves de una nueva barrera boscosa y en el sistema de pliegues del muro que configura la iglesia de Bakema y Van der Broek. El proyecto se vincula a un planteamiento holistico, mediante el que el diseno de cada uno de sus elementos tiene en cuenta las estrategias proyectivas del todo del cual forma parte, convirtiendose, al igual que las obras de De Stijl, en parte de una composicion infinita que acerca arte y diseno en la vida cotidiana de la sociedad. La diversidad generacional e ideologica de estos arquitectos convirtio el proyecto en un tablero de juego sobre el que se aplicaron diferentes formas de proyectar la ciudad, ubicando a Nagele en un punto de inflexion del Movimiento Moderno. ABSTRACT The research focuses on the Nagele project, a Dutch urban settlement located in the Noordoostpolder, a territory which was entirely reclaimed from the IJsselmeer lake. It was designed by a group of architects from the De 8 and Opbouw teams, the leading protagonists being Rietveld, Van Eesteren, Van Eyck, Bakema, Stam y Ruys. It was designed from 1947 to 1956, a fruitful period in urban planning. These architects questioned the traditionalist urban design applied to the new populations in the IJsselmeer polders. Facing their principles, the work group proposed a new prototype; a compact and concentric urban pattern to foster equality in a new community of farm labourers, which was recognized by the architects as a twentieth century urban society. The government supported their new proposals. The lack of implementation of the innovatory conceptual statements subjected the project into a high-risk challenge. However, in spite of these difficulties, the basic concepts remain though partially transformed, in the actual city. The project drawings reflect the principle concepts that this work aims to discover. Some approaches that have not been sufficiently studied are tackled in this thesis. Firstly, the project´s relationship with the polder. Secondly, the evolution of projective strategies during the period of urban planning, the landscape design and the design of urban elements. The Noordoostpolder is the culmination of a series of multi-disciplinary experiences in large scale land reclamation, whose polycentric urban structure and agricultural subdivision provide the framework of Nagele. Linking the vegetation to infrastructure fostered orientation, climate protection and human scale; strategies which were repeated, though on a smaller scale, in the actual city. The first phase of the project was composed of mono-functional urban areas which responded to each of the four basic human needs indicated by the scientific method of the functional city. The presentation of the project at the seventh CIAM in 1949 was the event which marked the end of the first phase of the planning. This congress was entitled Implementation of the Athens Charter. The residential program was divided into housing clusters surrounding a central prairie, a pattern which was related to its urban and territorial whole. The second phase of the plan was subjected to a new theoretical approach. The urban planning became an In-between Realm, a theoretical scenario where traditionally antagonistic concepts coexist. Van Eyck named these concepts Twin Phenomena. The city thus conceived of as a counterform of the ambivalence of the human mind where spatial indefinition in the previous proposals was transformed into a Bunch of Places with defined boundaries and dimensions, all of which reflecting human scale. The landscape design was integrated into the urban project from its inception. The limits consist of a green wind-barrier which not only provides climate protection but also provides human scale and visual control towards the unlimited plains of the polder. Van Eyck summarised the project as a green room without a roof. This statement elucidates its equivalence to a domestic interior. Outwardly, the city becomes an autonomous unit on the territory. Inwardly a hierarchical vegetation system is linked to architecture and infrastructure. Together, they configure different scales of urban spaces. The proposal was transformed by Boer and Ruys into a unique urban space without assimilating Van Eyck´s concepts. The study of the Nagele landscape project of Nagele and the writings of Van Eyck verify the fact that many of his theoretical foundations (In-between Realm, Twin Phenomena, Bunch of Places, Right Scale) can be applied not only to architecture and city but also to landscape design. The application of these principles led the Nagele project to become a counterform of Van Eyck´s thinking. The design and construction of the first urban elements involved a distribution of tasks to De 8 en Opbouw, which stimulated their relationship with the urban project. The polycentric structure organised the school classrooms outlined by Van Eyck, the different areas of the cemetery planned by Ruys and the housing clusters designed by Stam, Rietveld and Stam-Besse. The Twin Phenomena concept can be applied in Van der Broek´s shopping corridor. The concept space within another space is also implemented in the cemetery surrounded by a new green barrier, and in the church built by Van der Broek and Bakema, whose spaces are configured by a folding wall. The project takes a holistic approach, which considers the design of each element within the strategies of the whole, where they become parts of an infinite composition, as in the art works of De Stijl fostering art and design to ordinary people´s daily lives. The generational and ideological diversity of these architects turned the project into a game board on which different ways of planning the city were played, obtaining Nagele the distinction of being a turning point of Modernism.
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Nagele, a green building without a roof
2014Co-Authors: Enrique Abad MonllorAbstract:The paper shows the design process of Nagele, a Dutch modernist agrarian settlement designed during the Post-Second World War period by the internationally recognized group of architects De 8 en Opbouw: Rietveld, Van Eesteren, Merkelbach, van Eyck, Bakema, Stam, Ruys, etc. It is located in the Noordoostpolder (NOP), in the Flevoland province, which was entirely reclaimed from the sea. The country planning of the Noodoostpolder reveals a high rationalization in the disposal of roads, canals, cities, agrarian land and forests, which can be an inspiration for the cities of today. The configurational elements of Nagele must be understood in terms of their relationship to the overall system of the polder. Important territorial principles in structure, form and landscape can be seen in the project of Nagele. This relationship is an additional example of the continuing transformation that the entire length and breadth of The Netherlands in subjected to. The research developed to date reveals a plan which shows the evolution of functionalistic paradigm at the CIAM postwar congresses. The particular case of Nagele points to the incorporation of human scale, green design and social co-existence. The source of these theories mainly came from Aldo van Eyck, who played an important role during the second phase of design. The research will be developed analyzing his drawings and texts and will show the way his theories appear in the project. Can Nagele be a materialization of Van Eyck?s ideas? Nagele constitutes one of the most outstanding contributions to modern urban planning as far as both urbanism and landscape, are at the service of human well-being. Not only were urban independently designed parts, but their relationships also formed a perfect urban whole.
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Nagele 1947 1954 un nuevo asentamiento de viviendas en un nuevo paisaje neerlandes
Jornadas Internacionales de Investigación en Construcción: Vivienda: pasado presente y futuro. Resúmenes y actas | 12º Jornadas Internacionales de Inv, 2013Co-Authors: Enrique Abad MonllorAbstract:El trabajo que presento muestra el proceso de proyecto de Nagele, unico asentamiento agricola de la Nueva Objetividad neerlandesa, disenado en la segunda posguerra por los grupos de arquitectos De 8 en Opbouw, reconocidos internacionalmente: Rietveld, van Eesteren, van Eyck, Bakema, Stam, Ruys, etc. Esta ubicado en el Noordoostpolder, provincia de Flevolanda, completamente ganada al mar. La investigacion desarrollada hasta el momento, muestra el esfuerzo del grupo De 8 en Opbouw por proponer un nuevo modelo urbanistico que dilucida la evolucion del paradigma funcionalista iniciada en los congresos CIAM de la posguerra dedicados al tema de la vivienda. En el caso concreto de Nagele, apunta hacia la incorporacion de la disciplina del paisaje, la sostenibilidad y una nueva sensibilidad social. El trabajo recoge este analisis desde tres escalas de aproximacion al territorio y se centra en el estudio de los dibujos desarrollados durante el proceso, que responden a la ? nalidad de generar las mejores condiciones residenciales para el bienestar individual y comunitario. Esta propuesta constituye una de las aportaciones mas relevantes de la modernidad, en cuanto al planteamiento de las disciplinas del urbanismo y paisaje, ambas al servicio de la vivienda social.
Abad Monllor Enrique - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Nagele, un continuo laboratorio urbano : reinterpretando el proyecto urbano, hoy = Nagele, an urban lab in progress : reviewing the urban plan nowadays
'Iniciativa Digital Politecnica', 2019Co-Authors: Palacios Labrador Luis, Abad Monllor EnriqueAbstract:La presente investigación supone la revisión crítica de la ciudad utópica de Nagele, asentamiento holandés ubicado en la nueva tierra del Noordoostpolder y diseñado de 1947 a 1955 por los grupos de arquitectos De 8 en Opbouw. Entre ellos, Gerrit Rietveld vislumbró el planeamiento de una ciudad acabada desde su origen y Aldo van Eyck la formuló como prototipo de su teoría de configuración urbana, hecho que ensalza el proceso de diseño urbano, objeto de esta investigación. Revisitar Nagele 70 años después permite entender la transformación que ha sufrido a lo largo del tiempo debido a la crisis del modelo de explotación agrícola y la necesidad de nueva vivienda. Para ello, después de introducir la singularidad del diseño del todo, de las partes, y de su crecimiento, se lleva a cabo un análisis de la situación actual de la ciudad, para concluir con aportaciones recientes, llevadas a cabo desde ámbitos de investigación y docencia en Holanda y España, reinterpretando el proyecto en la actualidad. A través del caso de estudio, la investigación aporta una reflexión sobre el futuro del patrimonio del urbanismo moderno de posguerra, abriendo el debate sobre su intención de mantener el diseño urbano original o permitir su reinterpretación, crecimiento y densificación atendiendo a las demandas agrícolas y residenciales de la ciudad contemporánea. ----------ABSTRACT---------- This research proposes a critical review of Nagele, a Dutch settlement located in the new land of the Noordoostpolder and designed in the 50s by the groups of architects De 8 en Opbouw. Among them, Gerrit Rietveld defined a plan unable to be expanded from its origin and Aldo van Eyck formulated Nagele as a prototype of his configurative theory; this fact praises the process of urban design, main goal of the research.Revisiti ng Nagele 70 years later allows understanding the transformation it has suffered over time due to the evolution of the agricultural model and the need for new housing. The research analyzes the singularity of the urban design of the whole and the parts, its growth and the current situation of the city. It concludes with recent contributions, carried out from different researching and teaching areas in the Netherlands and Spain.Throughout the case study, the research provides a discussion on the future of post-war modern urban heritage, the debate on its intention to either maintain the original urban design or allow its reinterpretation, growth and densification in response to the agricultural and residential demands of the contemporary city
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Nagele, an urban lab in progress: reviewing the urban plan nowadays
'Iniciativa Digital Politecnica', 2019Co-Authors: Abad Monllor Enrique, Palacios Labrador LuisAbstract:La presente investigación supone la revisión crítica de la ciudad utópica de Nagele, asentamiento holandésubicado en la nueva tierra del Noordoostpolder y diseñado de 1947 a 1955 por los grupos de arquitectos De 8 en Opbouw. Entre ellos, Gerrit Rietveld vislumbró el planeamiento de una ciudad acabada desde su origen y Aldo van Eyck la formuló como prototipo de su teoría de configuración urbana, hecho que ensalza el proceso de diseño urbano, objeto de esta investigación.Revisitar Nagele 70 años después permite entender la transformación que ha sufrido a lo largo del tiempodebido a la crisis del modelo de explotación agrícola y la necesidad de nueva vivienda. Para ello, después de introducir la singularidad del diseño del todo, de las partes, y de su crecimiento, se lleva a cabo un análisis de la situación actual de la ciudad, para concluir con aportaciones recientes, llevadas a cabo desde ámbitos de investigación y docencia en Holanda y España, reinterpretando el proyecto en la actualidad. A través del caso de estudio, la investigación aporta una reflexión sobre el futuro del patrimonio del urbanismo moderno de posguerra, abriendo el debate sobre su intención de mantener el diseño urbano original o permitir su reinterpretación, crecimiento y densificación atendiendo a las demandas agrícolas y residenciales de la ciudad contemporánea.This research proposes a critical review of Nagele, a Dutch settlement located in the new land of the Noordoostpolder and designed in the 50s by the groups of architects De 8 en Opbouw. Among them, Gerrit Rietveld defined a plan unable to be expanded from its origin and Aldo van Eyck formulated Nagele as a prototype of his configurative theory; this fact praises the process of urban design, main goal of the research.Revisiti ng Nagele 70 years later allows understanding the transformation it has suffered over time due to the evolution of the agricultural model and the need for new housing. The research analyzes the singularity of the urban design of the whole and the parts, its growth and the current situation of the city. It concludes with recent contributions, carried out from different researching and teaching areas in the Netherlands and Spain.Throughout the case study, the research provides a discussion on the future of post-war modern urban heritage, the debate on its intention to either maintain the original urban design or allow its reinterpretation, growth and densification in response to the agricultural and residential demands of the contemporary city.Peer Reviewe
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Nagele: un nuevo asentamiento en un paisaje artificial
E.T.S. Arquitectura (UPM), 2015Co-Authors: Abad Monllor EnriqueAbstract:Nagele es un asentamiento urbano situado en el Noordoostpolder, territorio neerlandés ganado al mar. Fue diseñado por arquitectos de los grupos De 8 en Opbouw entre los que destacaron Rietveld, Van Eesteren, Van Eyck, Bakema, Stam y Ruys. El proyecto se desarrolló entre 1947 y 1956, un periodo de tiempo con formas de proyectar muy ricas en interpretaciones. Los arquitectos pusieron en crisis los planteamientos historicistas de las nuevas poblaciones de los pólderes. Propusieron un nuevo prototipo, una morfología compacta y concéntrica que transmitiría igualdad a una comunidad agrícola, entendida como una sociedad urbana del siglo XX. La administración apoyó la propuesta que convertiría el proyecto en un arriesgado reto por su falta de antecedentes. La vigencia de las formulaciones permanece hoy en día en la ciudad construida, aunque con alteraciones. En los dibujos del proceso se encuentran los principales enunciados teóricos que este trabajo pretende descubrir. El trabajo aborda aspectos no suficientemente explorados, como su relación con el pólder, la evolución de las estrategias proyectivas, la ordenación paisajista y los elementos urbanos. El Noordoostpolder es la culminación de una serie de experiencias multidisciplinares en el reclamo de tierras a gran escala. Se estudia su estructura urbana policéntrica, la parcelación agrícola que origina el proyecto urbano y la vinculación de la vegetación con la infraestructura, proporcionando orientación, protección climática y escala humana, conceptos que impregnan las estrategias del proyecto urbano. La primera fase de la ordenación configuró áreas monofuncionales que respondían a cada una de las cuatro necesidades básicas del método científico de la ciudad higienista. El acontecimiento que marcó el final de la primera fase fue su presentación en el séptimo CIAM de 1949, cuyo título fue Aplicación de la Carta de Atenas. El programa residencial se dividió en clusters organizados en torno a una pradera vecinal central, vinculándose el orden vecinal, urbano y territorial. La segunda fase fue un catalizador de nuevos planteamientos. El proyecto se transformó en un In-between Realm, un escenario teórico donde coexisten fenómenos tradicionalmente antagónicos que Van Eyck denominó Twin Phenomena, convirtiéndose la ciudad en una réplica formal de la ambivalencia de la mente humana. La indefinición espacial no programada en la propuesta anterior se transformó en un conjunto de espacios urbanos, con límites y dimensiones adaptados a la escala humana. El proyecto es anterior a la obra escrita de Van Eyck por lo que estimuló sus enunciados teóricos. Unas ideas también reconocidas en los tres CIAM posteriores en los que también se expuso el proyecto. El diseño paisajista se integra en el proyecto urbano desde sus orígenes. El límite se compone de una barrera boscosa que protege climáticamente, proporciona escala humana y control visual frente a las llanuras infinitas del pólder. Van Eyck sintetizó el proyecto como una habitación verde sin techo, afirmación que dilucida su equivalencia con el de un interior doméstico. Exteriormente la ciudad se convierte en una unidad autónoma del territorio. Interiormente, un sistema jerarquizado de vegetación vinculado a la arquitectura y la infraestructura constituye espacios urbanos de diferentes escalas. La propuesta fue transformada por Boer y Ruys en un nuevo espacio urbano único, no asimilando los conceptos anteriores. El proyecto y construcción de los primeros elementos urbanos consistió en un reparto de tareas a De 8 en Opbouw, hecho que estimula estudiar su relación con el proyecto urbano. La estructura policéntrica organiza las aulas de las escuelas de Van Eyck, las diferentes áreas confesionales del cementerio de Ruys y las unidades residenciales, diseñadas por Stam, Rietveld y Stam-Besse. Los Twin Phenomena alcanzan un acuerdo en el corredor comercial, diseñado por Bakema y Van der Broek. La generación de espacios dentro de otros aparece también en el cementerio, a través de una nueva barrera boscosa y en el sistema de pliegues del muro que configura la iglesia de Bakema y Van der Broek. El proyecto se vincula a un planteamiento holístico, mediante el que el diseño de cada uno de sus elementos tiene en cuenta las estrategias proyectivas del todo del cual forma parte, convirtiéndose, al igual que las obras de De Stijl, en parte de una composición infinita que acerca arte y diseño en la vida cotidiana de la sociedad. La diversidad generacional e ideológica de estos arquitectos convirtió el proyecto en un tablero de juego sobre el que se aplicaron diferentes formas de proyectar la ciudad, ubicando a Nagele en un punto de inflexión del Movimiento Moderno. ABSTRACT The research focuses on the Nagele project, a Dutch urban settlement located in the Noordoostpolder, a territory which was entirely reclaimed from the IJsselmeer lake. It was designed by a group of architects from the De 8 and Opbouw teams, the leading protagonists being Rietveld, Van Eesteren, Van Eyck, Bakema, Stam y Ruys. It was designed from 1947 to 1956, a fruitful period in urban planning. These architects questioned the traditionalist urban design applied to the new populations in the IJsselmeer polders. Facing their principles, the work group proposed a new prototype; a compact and concentric urban pattern to foster equality in a new community of farm labourers, which was recognized by the architects as a twentieth century urban society. The government supported their new proposals. The lack of implementation of the innovatory conceptual statements subjected the project into a high-risk challenge. However, in spite of these difficulties, the basic concepts remain though partially transformed, in the actual city. The project drawings reflect the principle concepts that this work aims to discover. Some approaches that have not been sufficiently studied are tackled in this thesis. Firstly, the project´s relationship with the polder. Secondly, the evolution of projective strategies during the period of urban planning, the landscape design and the design of urban elements. The Noordoostpolder is the culmination of a series of multi-disciplinary experiences in large scale land reclamation, whose polycentric urban structure and agricultural subdivision provide the framework of Nagele. Linking the vegetation to infrastructure fostered orientation, climate protection and human scale; strategies which were repeated, though on a smaller scale, in the actual city. The first phase of the project was composed of mono-functional urban areas which responded to each of the four basic human needs indicated by the scientific method of the functional city. The presentation of the project at the seventh CIAM in 1949 was the event which marked the end of the first phase of the planning. This congress was entitled Implementation of the Athens Charter. The residential program was divided into housing clusters surrounding a central prairie, a pattern which was related to its urban and territorial whole. The second phase of the plan was subjected to a new theoretical approach. The urban planning became an In-between Realm, a theoretical scenario where traditionally antagonistic concepts coexist. Van Eyck named these concepts Twin Phenomena. The city thus conceived of as a counterform of the ambivalence of the human mind where spatial indefinition in the previous proposals was transformed into a Bunch of Places with defined boundaries and dimensions, all of which reflecting human scale. The landscape design was integrated into the urban project from its inception. The limits consist of a green wind-barrier which not only provides climate protection but also provides human scale and visual control towards the unlimited plains of the polder. Van Eyck summarised the project as a green room without a roof. This statement elucidates its equivalence to a domestic interior. Outwardly, the city becomes an autonomous unit on the territory. Inwardly a hierarchical vegetation system is linked to architecture and infrastructure. Together, they configure different scales of urban spaces. The proposal was transformed by Boer and Ruys into a unique urban space without assimilating Van Eyck´s concepts. The study of the Nagele landscape project of Nagele and the writings of Van Eyck verify the fact that many of his theoretical foundations (In-between Realm, Twin Phenomena, Bunch of Places, Right Scale) can be applied not only to architecture and city but also to landscape design. The application of these principles led the Nagele project to become a counterform of Van Eyck´s thinking. The design and construction of the first urban elements involved a distribution of tasks to De 8 en Opbouw, which stimulated their relationship with the urban project. The polycentric structure organised the school classrooms outlined by Van Eyck, the different areas of the cemetery planned by Ruys and the housing clusters designed by Stam, Rietveld and Stam-Besse. The Twin Phenomena concept can be applied in Van der Broek´s shopping corridor. The concept space within another space is also implemented in the cemetery surrounded by a new green barrier, and in the church built by Van der Broek and Bakema, whose spaces are configured by a folding wall. The project takes a holistic approach, which considers the design of each element within the strategies of the whole, where they become parts of an infinite composition, as in the art works of De Stijl fostering art and design to ordinary people´s daily lives. The generational and ideological diversity of these architects turned the project into a game board on which different ways of planning the city were played, obtaining Nagele the distinction of being a turning point of Modernism
Chengtie Wu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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in vitro assessment of three dimensionally plotted nagelschmidtite bioceramic scaffolds with varied macropore morphologies
Acta Biomaterialia, 2014Co-Authors: Mengchi Xu, Jiang Chang, Dong Zhai, Chengtie WuAbstract:Abstract It is known that porous scaffolds play an important role in bone/periodontal tissue engineering. A new nagelschmidtite (NAGEL, Ca 7 Si 2 P 2 O 16 ) ceramic has recently been prepared which shows excellent apatite mineralization ability and osteo-/cementostimulation properties in vitro. However, up to now porous NAGEL scaffolds have not been developed yet. There has been no systematic study of the effect of macropore morphology of bioceramic scaffolds on their physico-chemical and biological properties. The aim of this study was to prepare NAGEL scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. We applied a modified three-dimensional (3-D) plotting method to prepare highly controllable NAGEL scaffolds and investigated the effect of macropore morphology on the physico-chemical and biological properties. The results showed that the macropore size and morphology of 3-D plotted NAGEL scaffolds could be effectively controlled. Compared with β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffolds NAGEL scaffolds possess a significantly enhanced compressive strength, a higher modulus and better degradability. Nagel scaffolds with a square pore morphology presented a higher compressive strength, a higher modulus and greater weight loss rate than those with triangular and parallelogram pore morphologies. In addition, all of the NAGEL scaffolds with the three macropore morphologies supported the attachment and proliferation of MC3T3 cells. The proliferation of MC3T3 cells on NAGEL scaffolds with triangular and parallelogram structures was higher than that on β-TCP scaffolds with the same pore structure. Cells on all three groups of NAGEL scaffolds revealed higher alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity compared with cells on β-TCP scaffolds, and among the three NAGEL scaffolds groups those with a parallelogram pore structure showed the highest ALP activity. Furthermore, the angiogenic cell experiments showed that the ionic products from NAGEL scaffolds promoted tube formation, expression of pro-angiogenic factors and their receptors on human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVECs) compared with β-TCP scaffolds, indicating that NAGEL scaffolds possessed improved angiogenesis capacity. Our results suggest that 3-D plotted NAGEL scaffolds are a promising bioactive material for bone tissue engineering by virtue of their highly controllable macropore structure, excellent mechanical strength, degradability and in vitro biological response to osteogenic/angiogenic cells.
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porous nagelschmidtite bioceramic scaffolds with improved in vitro and in vivo cementogenesis for periodontal tissue engineering
RSC Advances, 2013Co-Authors: Chengtie Wu, Jiang Chang, Lei Chen, Dong Chen, Yufeng ZhangAbstract:Bioactive scaffolds play an important role in periodontal tissue engineering. Nagelschmidtite (NAGEL:Ca7P2Si2O16) is a newly synthesized bioceramic which can stimulate the proliferation and osteogenic/cementogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) for potential periodontal regeneration. The aim of this study is to prepare porous NAGEL scaffolds and to systematically investigate their in vitro and in vivo osteogenesis/cementogenesis. The NAGEL scaffold with highly porous structure and large pores was successfully prepared by a spongy-templated method. The interaction of the NAGEL scaffold with PDLCs was studied by investigating cell attachment, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of PDLCs. NAGEL scaffolds were implanted into the periodontal defects of beagle dogs to evaluate their in vivo osteogenesis/cementogenesis. The results showed that NAGEL scaffolds supported the attachment and proliferation of PDLCs, and significantly enhanced osteogenesis/cementogenesis-related gene expression of PDLCs, compared to β-TCP scaffolds. The in vivo study showed that the rate of new bone formation in NAGEL scaffolds was higher than that in conventional β-TCP scaffolds, which was evidenced by the significantly improved BSP and OPN expression at both 4 and 8 weeks. The results suggested that NAGEL scaffolds could be used for periodontal tissue engineering with significantly improved in vitro and in vivo osteogenesis/cementogenesis.
David Espen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Die Versorgung distaler Radiusfrakturen mit der „Nagel-Platte“
Operative Orthopädie und Traumatologie, 2009Co-Authors: David EspenAbstract:Objective Stable fixation of unstable distal radius fractures by means of a "nail-plate" with the distal plate section lying on the dorsal surface of the distal radius fragment, and the proximal nail section inside the diaphysis of the radius. Indications Unstable extraarticular fractures of the distal radius AO types A2 and A3, which can be managed by closed or indirect reduction. Intraarticular fractures of the distal radius showing a nondisplaced articular component. Also indicated in patients with osteoporosis. Contraindications Extraarticular distal radius fractures with a distal fragment too small for placement of the distal locking pegs and/or a comminution extending into the diaphyseal portion of the radius. Displaced intraarticular fractures of the distal radius. Nascent malunions of the distal radius. Surgical Technique Closed reduction of the fracture, straight dorsal incision of 3–4 cm length centered over Lister’s tubercle. The extensor pollicis longus tendon is released and retracted toward the radial side. Lister’s tubercle is exposed subperiosteally and removed with a rongeur. This creates a flat surface for seating the head of the implant. Proximal dissection is carried out to expose the fracture site and the dorsal ridge on the proximal fragment. The medullary canal is opened with an awl. The radiocarpal joint line is located by inserting a needle. The silhouette of the head of the implant is drawn with a marker pen, with its distal edge resting 4–6 mm proximal to the joint line. This is done to carve a notch on the distal edge of the proximal fragment in line with the third extensor compartment with the purpose of receiving the neck of the device. The insertion jig is assembled to the implant. The implant is then introduced in a retrograde fashion, through the fracture site, into the proximal fragment and advanced with gentle rotational motion. The head of the device is seated flush on the distal fragment. Under fluoroscopic guidance, in an anatomic lateral view, the tract for the central peg is drilled and the peg is applied in the central hole. This peg fixes the palmar tilt. By use of the jig, the proximal unicortical holes are drilled, and the proximal locking screws, which fix the radial length, are applied. After removal of the insertion jig, the remaining distal pegs are applied. During drilling, the distal fragment must be pushed up against the implant to assure that the head is flush with its surface. After application, the extensor pollicis longus tendon will course proximal to the head of the implant in the subcutaneous position while the tendons of the second and fourth extensor compartments will travel on each side of the implant, thereby avoiding tendon impingement. Postoperative Management Use of a palmar synthetic splint for 10 days. Active range of motion of the fingers is allowed immediately after surgery. On the 11th postoperative day, a custom-formed short arm splint is provided and active wrist motion is started. Radiologic control 4 weeks postoperatively. Results In the time between April 2005 and October 2006, 32 distal radius fractures were treated at the author’s institution using the "nail-plate". Two complications were observed: loosening of a locking screw, and rupture of the extensor pollicis longus tendon 4 months postoperatively. In a study of more than 200 cases, only few complications were reported: a wound hematoma in a dialysis patient, loss of fixation of an articular fracture that was poorly indicated, and hypertrophic scar formation. In one patient complaining of persistent discomfort at the implantation site, the implant was removed. Operationsziel Übungsstabile Osteosynthese distaler Radiusfrakturen mittels einer „Nagel-Platte“, deren distaler "Plattenanteil" streckseitig auf dem distalen Radiusfragment platziert wird und deren proximaler "Nagelanteil" intramedullär in der Radiusdiaphyse liegt. Indikationen Instabile distale extraartikuläre Radiusfrakturen loco classico (Typ AO A2 und A3), die geschlossen oder durch indirekte instrumentelle Hilfe reponiert werden können. Intraartikuläre distale Radiusfrakturen, die keine repositionsbedürftige Stufen- oder Spaltbildung der Gelenkfläche aufweisen. Auch bei Patienten mit Osteoporose geeignet. Kontraindikationen Extraartikuläre distale Radiusfrakturen, bei denen das distale Fragment zu klein ist, um die winkelstabilen Stifte darin zu platzieren, und/oder die Trümmerzone zu groß ist, so dass die drei Verriegelungsschrauben des "Nagelanteils" in der Trümmerzone und nicht proximal davon zu liegen kommen. Gelenkfrakturen, die einer offenen, direkten Reposition bedürfen. Veraltete distale Radiusfrakturen, die sich nicht mehr reponieren lassen. Operationstechnik Geschlossene Reposition der Fraktur, 3–4 cm langer gerader Zugang über dem Tuberculum Listeri. Eröffnen des dritten Strecksehnenfachs und Retraktion der langen Daumenstrecksehne, die am Ende der Operation subkutan verbleibt. Schaffen einer ebenen Auflagefläche für den Plattenanteil der „Nagel-Platte“ durch Resektion des Lister- Tuberculums. Vorbereitung des Markkanals mittels eines Pfriems, der durch den Frakturspalt geführt wird. Bildwandlerkontrolle der Reposition und ggf. Korrektur. Einführung des Nagels mit Hilfe einer kombinierten Halte-Ziel-Vorrichtung unter Bildwandlerkontrolle. Bohren und Einbringen des zentralen, senkrecht zur Längsund Querachse des Radius ausgerichteten winkelstabilen Stifts in den Plattenanteil. Nagelverriegelung proximal des Frakturspalts mittels dreier monokortikaler Schrauben unter Verwendung der Halte-Ziel-Vorrichtung. Einbringen der beiden nach radial bzw. ulnar verlaufenden winkelstabilen Stifte in den Plattenanteil. Dynamische Prüfung der Stabilität unter Bildwandlerkontrolle. Subkutane Verlagerung der Extensor-pollicis-longus-Sehne unter Verschluss des Retinaculum extensorum zur Vermeidung eines direkten Kontakts mit dem Implantat. Weiterbehandlung Ruhigstellung des Handgelenks für 10 Tage mit einer palmaren Kunststoffschiene. Sofortige freie aktive Fingerbewegung. Ab dem 11. postoperativen Tag aktive Mobilisierung des Handgelenks. Röntgenkontrolle 4 Wochen postoperativ. Ergebnisse In der Zeit von April 2005 bis Oktober 2006 wurden an der eigenen Institution 32 distale Radiusfrakturen mit der „Nagel-Platte“ versorgt, wobei zwei Komplikationen auftraten: eine Lockerung einer Verriegelungsschraube und eine Ruptur der langen Daumenstrecksehne 4 Monate postoperativ. In einer Studie mit mehr als 200 Fällen wurden nur selten Komplikationen beobachtet: Ein Wundhämatom bei einem Dialyse patienten, eine sekundäre Dislokation einer Fraktur mit Gelenkbeteiligung (fehlerhafte Operationsindikation) und eine Keloidbildung der Narbe. Nur ein Patient beklagte persistierende Beschwerden an der Implantationsstelle, worauf der Nagel entfernt wurde.
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Die Versorgung distaler Radiusfrakturen mit der „Nagel-Platte“
Operative Orthopadie Und Traumatologie, 2009Co-Authors: David EspenAbstract:ObjectiveStable fixation of unstable distal radius fractures by means of a "nail-plate" with the distal plate section lying on the dorsal surface of the distal radius fragment, and the proximal nail section inside the diaphysis of the radius.IndicationsUnstable extraarticular fractures of the distal radius AO types A2 and A3, which can be managed by closed or indirect reduction.Intraarticular fractures of the distal radius showing a nondisplaced articular component.Also indicated in patients with osteoporosis.ContraindicationsExtraarticular distal radius fractures with a distal fragment too small for placement of the distal locking pegs and/or a comminution extending into the diaphyseal portion of the radius.Displaced intraarticular fractures of the distal radius.Nascent malunions of the distal radius.Surgical TechniqueClosed reduction of the fracture, straight dorsal incision of 3-4 cm length centered over Lister’s tubercle. The extensor pollicis longus tendon is released and retracted toward the radial side. Lister’s tubercle is exposed subperiosteally and removed with a rongeur. This creates a flat surface for seating the head of the implant. Proximal dissection is carried out to expose the fracture site and the dorsal ridge on the proximal fragment. The medullary canal is opened with an awl. The radiocarpal joint line is located by inserting a needle. The silhouette of the head of the implant is drawn with a marker pen, with its distal edge resting 4-6 mm proximal to the joint line. This is done to carve a notch on the distal edge of the proximal fragment in line with the third extensor compartment with the purpose of receiving the neck of the device. The insertion jig is assembled to the implant. The implant is then introduced in a retrograde fashion, through the fracture site, into the proximal fragment and advanced with gentle rotational motion. The head of the device is seated flush on the distal fragment. Under fluoroscopic guidance, in an anatomic lateral view, the tract for the central peg is drilled and the peg is applied in the central hole. This peg fixes the palmar tilt. By use of the jig, the proximal unicortical holes are drilled, and the proximal locking screws, which fix the radial length, are applied. After removal of the insertion jig, the remaining distal pegs are applied. During drilling, the distal fragment must be pushed up against the implant to assure that the head is flush with its surface. After application, the extensor pollicis longus tendon will course proximal to the head of the implant in the subcutaneous position while the tendons of the second and fourth extensor compartments will travel on each side of the implant, thereby avoiding tendon impingement.Postoperative ManagementUse of a palmar synthetic splint for 10 days. Active range of motion of the fingers is allowed immediately after surgery. On the 11th postoperative day, a custom-formed short arm splint is provided and active wrist motion is started. Radiologic control 4 weeks postoperatively.ResultsIn the time between April 2005 and October 2006, 32 distal radius fractures were treated at the author’s institution using the "nail-plate". Two complications were observed: loosening of a locking screw, and rupture of the extensor pollicis longus tendon 4 months postoperatively. In a study of more than 200 cases, only few complications were reported: a wound hematoma in a dialysis patient, loss of fixation of an articular fracture that was poorly indicated, and hypertrophic scar formation. In one patient complaining of persistent discomfort at the implantation site, the implant was removed.
Maria Isabel Queiroz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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growth of aphanothece microscopica nageli on exogenous sugars cultivo da aphanothece microscopica nageli a partir de acucares
Bioscience Journal, 2011Co-Authors: Reinaldo Gaspar Bastos, Paola Rizzo De Paiva, Maurício Rigo, Graziela Veiga, Maria Isabel QueirozAbstract:Biological processes for wastewater treatment generally produce a lot of biomass or active sludge without reuse. In this context, incorporation of organic matter and nutrients from agro industrial effluents into cell mass for single-cell protein allowed application of sustainable process. Cyanobacteria could be used due to its versatile metabolism. So, the aim of this paper was evaluate the growth of cyanobacteria Aphanothece microscopica Nageli growth on heterotrophic medium with glucose, lactose and sucrose. Growth curves indicated that cultivation of cyanobaterial on the dark depend the type of carbon source and there are different mechanisms for glucose, fructose and sucrose consumption. Results suggest a useful application of cyanobacteria on organic matter removal from wastewater.
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Nutritional evaluation of single-cell protein produced by Aphanothece microscopica Nägeli
Bioresource Technology, 2010Co-Authors: Leila Queiroz Zepka, Eduardo Jacob-lopes, Rosana Goldbeck, Leonor Almeida De Souza-soares, Maria Isabel QueirozAbstract:The aim of this research was to evaluate the nutritional characteristics of Aphanothece microscopica Nageli microalgae developed in the effluent of parboiled rice. The biomass was biologically evaluated by rat growth, during 10 days for nitrogen balance studies and 28 days for blood analysis. The feeding of Aphanothece biomass diets resulted in a nitrogen balance of 1.42 g/rat/day, an apparent biological value of 73.33%, an apparent digestibility of 82.12%, an apparent net protein utilization of 60.21% and a net protein retention of 2.40. Significant differences between the glycemic indices of rats fed with the Aphanothece and those fed with the control diet were not observed. However, the total cholesterol levels in the plasma of rats fed the test diet proved to be significantly lower. These results suggest the use of A. microscopica Nageli developed in parboiled rice effluent as a potential source of single-cell protein.
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remocao de nutrientes em aguas residuarias da industria de conservas utilizando aphanothece microscopica nageli
VETOR - Revista de Ciências Exatas e Engenharias, 2005Co-Authors: Elisabete Becker Silva, Loraine Andre Isoldi, Maria Isabel Queiroz, Paulo Koetz, Sergio Renato Noguez PiedrasAbstract:A industria de conservas vegetais e animais tem uma grande tradicao em Pelotas, RS, representando uma fonte importante de recursos e empregos para a regiao. A industria de conservas despeja nos corpos receptores de 4 a 10 l de agua residuaria por kg de materia-prima processada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a eficiencia de remocao de nutrientes do efluente utilizando Aphanothece microscopica Nageli. O efluente foi coletado, semanalmente, no periodo de 4 meses e levado ao laboratorio onde foram realizadas as analises fisico-quimicas. O efluente e proveniente do processamento de milho, pessego e figo de uma industria de conservas de Pelotas, RS. As analises fisico-quimicas foram realizadas segundo a metodologia descrita no Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 1998. Posteriormente, o efluente foi tratado com culturas puras de Aphanotece microscopica Nageli. As porcentagens de remocao para o efluente de milho foram de 42,1% para DQO e 58,5% para nitrogenio total. Para o efluente de pessego e figo, as eficiencias de remocao foram de 53,7% para DQO e de 73,2% para nitrogenio total. Atraves deste trabalho constatou-se que a Aphanothece microscopica Nageli removeu materia orgânica carbonada e nitrogenada do efluente da industria de conservas. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: remocao de nitrogenio, remocao de carbono, efluente industria de conservas, cianobacteria, Aphanothece microscopica Nageli.
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SENSORY CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ODOUR IN Aphanothece microscopic Nägeli DEHYDRATED
Boletim do Centro de Pesquisa de Processamento de Alimentos, 1998Co-Authors: Maria Isabel Queiroz, Rosa De Oliveira Treptow, Paulo KoetzAbstract:The attribute odor of Aphanothece microscopic Nageli has been characterized aiming its application into human feeding. The terminology was addressed with the help of consumers, comparing it to the Spirulina sp and to a commercial seaweed. The team was selected and trained to express the intensity of the scent, in agreement with standards of penetrating, herbs, ration, and sea products, obtained from the terminology described by consumers. The results indicated that both Aphanothece microscopic Nageli and Spirulina sp , as well as the commercial Japanese seaweed, present penetrating scent as predominant characteristic, followed in order by herbal, ration, and sea-product scent. The Aphanothece microscopic Nageli carries a moderately strong herbal scent and a lightly penetrating characteristic.
